Abstract
The single, unmarried, unpartnered, childless, woman physician whether single by choice or by circumstance is a phenomenon to which the culture and workplace are still adapting. She has defied cultural traditions and norms in the pursuit of dedicating herself to her calling as a healer. She manages her work and all of life outside of work, and she does it all alone. She can experience vulnerability, isolation, and loneliness. She strives to cultivate for herself a positive self-image, an attitude of positivity, and a network of social capital that may include family or a “family of friends.” She avoids becoming “married to work,” by taking herself by the hand, knowing that her independence, health, and success are best supported by her interdependence within her greater workplace and social community. She is a catalyst for change, an example of what is possible, and a flourishing queen for such a time as this.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Taylor V, Whittier N. Analytical approaches to social movement culture: the culture of the women’s movement. Soc Mov Cult. 1995;4:163–87.
Moran RF. How second-wave feminism forgot the single woman. Hofstra L Rev. 2004;33(1):223–98.
Evans J. Feminist theory today: an introduction to second-wave feminism. New York: Sage; 1995.
Whelehan I. Modern feminist thought: from the second wave to post-feminism. New York: NYU Press; 1995.
Eisenstein ZR, editor. Capitalist patriarchy and the case for socialist feminism. New York: Monthly Review Press; 1979; Ferguson A, Folbre N. The unhappy marriage of patriarchy and capitalism. Women Revol. 1981;80: 10–11.
Barnett RC, Hyde JS. Women, men, work, and family. Am Psychol. 2001;56(10):781–96; Inglehard R, Welzel C. Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: the human development sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
census.gov. 14 August 2017.
De Paulo BM. Is it true that single women and married men do best? Sex differences in marriage and single life: still debating after 50 years. www.psychologytoday.com. 11 Jan 2017.
Blossfeld H-P, Huinink J. Human capital investments or norms of role transitions? how women’s schooling and career affect the process of family formation. Am J Sociol. 1991;97(1):143–68.
Ridgway EB, Sauerhammer T, Chiou AP, LaBrie RA, Mulliken JB. Reflections on the mating pool for women in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133(1):187–94.
DePaulo BM. Singled out: how singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored, and still live happily ever after. New York: St Martin’s Griffin; 2007.
Martin KL. contributor, Medscape physician lifestyle & happiness report; 2019, 9 Jan 2019.
Ly DP, Seabury SA, Jena AB. Divorce among physicians and other healthcare professionals in the United States: analysis of census survey data. Br Med J. 2015;350(h706):18.
Morris WL, DePaulo BM, Hertel J, Ritter L. Perception of people who are single: A developmental life tasks model. Manuscript submitted for publication; 2006.
Morris WL, Sinclair S, DePaulo BM. The perceived legitimacy of civil status discrimination. Manuscript submitted for publication; 2006.
Crock J, Major B. social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychol Rev. 1989;96(4):608.
Fink PJ. Stigma and Mental Illness. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1992.
Major B, O’Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56(1):393–421.
Faines AK. (blog) “An explanation of the 7 Feminine Archetypes”; 2017. www.womenlovepower.com.
Faines AK. (blog) “13 Feminine seduction archetypes”; 2017. www.womenlovepower.com.
Ellis J. (blog) “Female character archetypes and strong female characters”. www.Jenniferellis.ca. 1 Apr 2015.
Scott AO, Dargis M. Sugar, spice and guts. New York Times (Movies), 3 Sept 2014.
DeVee G. The audacity to be queen: the unapologetic art of dreaming big and manifesting your most fabulous life. New York: Hachette Book Group; 2020.
Maeda E, Hecht ML. Identity search: interpersonal relationships and relational identities of always-single Japanese women over time. West J Commun. 2012;76(1):44–64.
Poortman A-R, Liefbroer AC. Singles’ relational attitudes in a time of individualization. Soc Sci Res. 2010;39(6):938–49.
Sharp EA, Ganong L. I’m a loser, I’m not married, Let’s just all look at me’: ever-single women’s perceptions of their social environment. J Fam Issues. 2011;32(7):956–80.
Greitemeyer T. Stereotypes of singles: are singles what we think? Eur J Soc Psychol. 2009;39(3):368–83.
Thornton A, Freedman D. Changing attitudes toward marriage and single life. Fam Plann Perspect. 1981;14(6):297–303.
Wilson JQ. The marriage problem: how our culture has weakened families. New York: Harper Collins; 2002.
Crocker J, Major B. Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychol Rev. 1989;96(4):608.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 83.
Kay Clifton A, McGrath D, Wick B. Stereotypes of woman: a single category? Sex Roles. 1976;2(2):135–48.
Eagly AH, Steffen VJ. Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984;46(4):735.
Hassouneh-Phillip DS. Marriage is half of faith and the rest is fear of allah’: marriage and spousal abuse among American muslims. Violence Against Women. 2001;7(8):927–46.
Zongker CE. Self-concept differences between single and married school-age mothers. J Youth Adolesc. 1980;9(2):175–84.
Maslow A. A theory of human motivation, vol. 50: Psychol Rev; 1943. p. 370.
Florida R. The rise of the creative class – revisited: revised and expanded. New York: Basic Books; 2014.
Inglehart R. The silent revolution: changing values and political styles among western publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1977.
Reynolds J, Wetherell M. The discursive climate of singleness: the consequences for women’s negotiation of a single identity. Fem Psychol. 2003;13(4):489–510.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 131–2.
Adamczyk K. Krakow, Poland: Libron; 2016. p. 145–62; Slonim G, Gur-Yaish N, Katz R. By choice or by circumstance?: stereotypes of and feelings about single. Peopl. Studia Psychologica. 2015; 57(1): 35–48.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 133–5.
Bur-Yaish GSN, Katz R. By choice or by circumstance?: stereotypes of and feelings about single people. Stud Psychol. 2015;57(1):35–48.
Burt S, Donnellan M, Humbad MN, Hicks BM, McGue M, Iacono WG. Does marriage inhibit antisocial behavior?: an examination of selection vs. causation via a longitudinal twin design. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(12):1309–15.
Garrison M, Scott ES. Marriage at the crossroads: law, policy and the brave New World of twenty-first-century families. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
Koball HL, Moiduddin E, Henderson J, Goesling B, Besculides M. What do we know about the link between marriage and health? J Fam Issues. 2010;31(8):1019–40.
Dupre ME, Meadows SO. Disaggregating the effects of marital trajectories on health. J Fam Issues. 2007;28(5):623–52.
Gove WR, Hughes M, Style CB. Does marriage have positive effects on the psychological Well-being of the individual? J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(2):122–31.
Hughes ME, Waite LJ. Marital biography and health at mid-life. J HealthSoc Behav. 2009;50(3):344–58.
Johnson DR, Wu J. An empirical test of crisis, social selection and roe explanations of the relationship between marital disruption and psychological distress: a pooled time-series analysis of four-wave panel data. J Marriage Fam. 2002;64(1):211–24.
McCreery J. Japanese consumer behaviour: from worker bees to wary shoppers. New York: Routledge; 2014.
Sbarra DA, Nietert PJ. Divorce and death: forty years of the Charleston heart study. Psychol Sci. 2009;20(1):107–13.
Wade TJ, Pevalin DJ. Marital transitions and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45(2):155–70.
Power C, Rodgers B, Hope S. Heavy alcohol consumption and marital status: disentangling the relationship in a National Study of young adults. Addiction. 1999;94(10):1477–87.
Reynolds J. The single woman: a discursive investigation. London: Routledge; 2013.
DePaulo B. How we live now: redefining home and family in the 21st century. Hillsboro: Atria books; 2015.
Weston K. Families we choose: lesbians, gays, kinship. New York: Columbia University Press; 2013.
Camacho AS, Soto CA, Gonzalez-Cutre D, Moreno-Mucia JA. Postmodern values and motivation towards leisure and exercise in sports centre users. RICYDE: Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. 2011;7(25):320–35.
Llopis-Goig R. Sports participation and cultural trends: running as a reflection of individualisation and post-materialism processes in Spanish society. Eur J Sport Soc. 2014;11(2):151–69.
A table for one: a critical reading of singlehood, gender, and time. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2017).
Lauri, response to Bella DePaulo, Is it bad to notice discrimination?” Psychology today, on 16 June 2008. www.psychologytoday.com/blog/living-single/200805/is-it-bad-notice-discrimination.
Baumeister RF, Campbell JD, Krueger JI, Vohs KD. Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2003;4(1):1–44.
Caprara GV, Steca P, Gerbino M, Paciello M, Vecchio GM. Looking for adolescents’ well-being: self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. epidemiologia e psichiatria soiale. 2006;15(1):30–43.
Schimmack U, Diener E. Predictive validity of explicit and implicit self-esteem for subjective well-being. J Res Pers. 2003;37(2):100–6.
Rachel, A call for single action,” Rachel’s Musings. 16 Sept 2013. www.rabe.org/a-call-for-single-action/.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 91–2.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 91–4.
Winner LF. Real sex: the naked truth about chastity. Theol Sex. 2015;26(1):84.
Anonymous. When singlutionary is “sick of being single!” singlutionary. 9 Oct 2011. http://singlutionary.blogspot.com.
Morris WL, Osburn BK. Do you take this marriage? perceived choice over marital status affects the stereotypes of single and married people. In: Singlehood from individual and social perspectives; 2016. p. 145–62.
Cohn D’V, Passel JS, Wang W, Livingston G. Barely half of U.S. adults are married – a record low. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; 2011.
Bolier L, Haverman M, Westerhof GJ, Riper H, Smit F, Bohlmeijer E. Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):119.
Turner HA, Turner RJ. Gender, social status, and emotional reliance. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(4):360–73.
West DA, Kellner R, Moore-West M. The effects of loneliness: a review of the literature. Compr Psychiatry. 1986;27(4):351–63.
McKenzie JA. Disabled people in rural south africa talk about sexuality. Cult Health Sex. 2013;15(3):372–86.
Spielmann SS, MacDonald G, Maxwell JA, Joel S, Peragine D, Muise A, Impett EA. Settling for less out of fear of being single. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013;105(6):1049.
Spielmann SS, MacDonald G, Joel S, Impert EA. Longing for ex-partners out of fear of being single. J Pers. 2016;84(6):799–808.
Gatz M, Zarit SH. A good old age: paradox or possibility. In: Handbook of theories of aging. New York: Springer; 1999. p. 396–416.
Fokkema T, Gierveld JDJ, Dykstra PA. Cross-national differences in older adult loneliness. J Psychol. 2012;146(1–2):201–28.
Clare Wenger G, Davies R, Shahtahmasebi S, Scott A. Social isolation and loneliness in old age: review and model refinement. Ageing Soc. 1996;16(3):333–58.
Jylha M. Old age and loneliness: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in the Tampere longitudinal study on aging. Can J Ageing/La revue canadienne du viellissement. 2004;23(2):157–68.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 57–77.
Woolcock M. Social capital and economic development: toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory Soc. 1998;27(2):151–208.
Wikipedia, Social capital. (July, 2019).
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 119–24.
Hampton KN, Sessions LF, Her EJ. Core networks, social isolation, and new media: how internet and mobile phone use is related to network size and diversity. Inf Commun Soc. 2011;14(1):130–55.
Solomon P. Peer support/peer provided services underlying processes, benefits, and critical ingredients. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2004;27(4):392.
Amato PR, Booth A, Johnson DR, Rogers SJ. Alone together: how marriage in America is changing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2007.
Gerstel N, Sarkisian N. Marriage: the good, the bad, and the greedy. Contexts. 2006;5(4):16–21.
Quiroz PA. From finding the perfect love online to satellite dating and ‘loving-the-one-you’re near’: A Look at Grindr, Skout, Plenty of Fish, Meet Moi, Zoosk and Assisted Serendipity. Humanit Soc. 2013;37(2):181.
Alden DL, JBE S, Batra R. Brand positioning through advertising in asia, north america, and europe: the role of global consumer culture. J Market. 1999;63:75–87.
Ewen S. Captains of consciousness: advertising and the social roots of the consumer culture. New York: Basic Books; 2008.
Yee CD. Re-urbanizing Downtown Los Angeles: Micro housing densifying the city’s core. Master of Architecture thesis, University of Washington; 2013.
Helliwell JF, Barrington-Leigh CP. How much is social capital worth? In: Jetten J, Haslam C, Haslam SA, editors. The social cure. London: Psychology Press; 2010. p. 55–71.
Winkelmann R. Unemployment, social capital, and subjective well-being.
Helliwell JF. How’s life? combining individual and national variable to explain subjective well-being. Econ Model. 2003;20(2):331–60.
Pichler F. Subjective quality of life of young europeans: feeling happy but who knows why? Soc Indic Res. 2006;75(3):419–44.
Cornwell EY, Waite LJ. Social disconnectedness perceived isolation, and health among older adults. J Health Soc Behav. 2009;50(1):31–48.
Hayo B, Seifer W. Subjective economic well-being in Eastern Europe. J Econ Psychol. 2003;24(3):329–48.
Helliwell JF, Putnam RD. The social context of well-being. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359:1435–46.
Rodrik D. Where did all the growth go? external shocks, social conflict and growth collapses. J Econ Growth. 1999;4(4):385–412; Zak PJ, Knack S. Trust and growth. Econ J. 2001;111(470):295–321.
Haber D. Health promotion and ageing: practical applications for health professionals. New York: Springer; 2013.
Tomas JM, Sancho P, Gutierrez M, Galiana L. Predicting life satisfaction in the oldest-old: a moderator effects study. Soc Indic Res. 2014;177(2):601–13.
McDermott R, Fowler JH, Christakis NA. Breaking up is hard to do, unless everyone else is doing it too: social network effects on divorce in a longitudinal sample. Soc Forces. 2013;92(2):491–519. (page 116).
Louis J. Single and …’#6 Parenting. Medium (blog), 22 May 2016. https://medium.com/@jacqui_84.
Functional Independence Measure (FIM). www.physio-pedia.com
Activities of Daily Living, Wikipedia 8/3/2109.
Williams B. Consideration of function & functional decline. In: Current diagnosis and treatment: geriatrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2014. p. 3–4. ISBN 978–0–079208-0.
Bookman A, Harrington M, Pass L, Reisner E. Family caregiver handbook. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2007.
Williams C. CURRENT diagnosis & treatment in family medicine, 3e, chapter 39. In: healthy aging & assessing older adults. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
Roley SS, DeLany JV, Barrows CJ, et al. Occupational therapy practice framework: domain & practice, 2nd edition. Am J Occup Ter. 2008;62(6):625–83. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.62.6.625. PMID 19024744. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13.
Blair JE, Files JA. In search of balance: medicine, motherhood, and madness. J Am Med Women’s Assoc. 2003;58(4):212–6.
Pawdthavee N. What happens to people before and after disability? Focusing effects, Lead effects, and adaptation in different areas of life. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(12):1834–44.
Singleton P. Insult to injury disability, earnings, and divorce. J Hum Resour. 2012;47(4):972–90.
Wrzesniewski A, McCauley C, Rozin P, Schwartz B. Jobs, careers, and callings: people’s relations to their work. J Res Pers. 1997;31(1):21–33.
Haybron DM. Happiness, the self and human flourishing. Utilitas. 2008;20(1):21–49.
Gewirth A. Self-fulfillment. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1998.
Zika S, Chamberlain K. On the relation between meaning in life and psychological Well-being. Br J Psychol. 1992;83(1):133–45.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 146.
Johnson MK. Family roles and work values: processes of selection and change. J Marriage Fam. 2005;67(2):352–69.
Wein R. The ‘always singles’: moving from a ‘problem’ perception. Psychother Australia. 2003;9(2):60–5.
Donn JE. Adult development and well-being of mid-life never married singles. PhD diss., Miami University; 2005.
Philipson I. Married to the job: why we live to work and what we can do about it. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2003.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 149.
Sahu K, Gupta P. Burnout among married and unmarried women teachers. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing. 2013;4(2):286.
Tugsal T. The effects of socio-demographic factors and work-life balance on employees’ emotional exhaustion. J Human Sci. 2017;14(1):653–65.
Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52(1):397–422.
Engler K, Frohlich K, Descarries F, Fernet M. Single, childless working women’s construction of wellbeing: on balance, being dynamic and tensions between them. Work. 2011;40(2):173–86.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 151.
Herman JB, Gyllstrom KK. Working men and women: inter- and intra-role conflict. Psychol Women Q. 1977;1(4):319–33.
Casper WJ, DePaulo B. A new layer to inclusion: creating singles-friendly work environments. In: Reilly NP, Joseph Sirgy M, Allen Gorman C, editors. Work and quality of life: ethical practices in organizations. Dordrecht: Springer; 2012. p. 217–34.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 152.
Hamilton EA, Gordon JR, Whelan-Berry KS. Understanding the work-life conflict of never-married women without children. Women Manag Rev. 2006;21(5):393–415.
Keeney J, Boyd EM, Sinha R, Westring AF, Ryan AM. From ‘work-family’ to ‘work-life’: broadening our conceptualization and measurement. J Vocat Behav. 2013;82(3):221–37.
Kislev E. Happy singlehood: the rising acceptance and celebration of solo living. Oakland: University of California Press; 2019. p. 153–60.
Crowther MR, Parker MW, Achenbaum WA, Larimore WL, Koenig HG. Rowe and Kahn’s model of successful aging revisited positive spirituality – the forgotten factor. Gerontologist. 2002;42(5):613–20.
Ghaderi D. The survey of relationship between religious orientation and happiness among the elderly man and woman in Tehran. Iran J Ageing. 2011;5(4):64–71.
Levin J. Religion and happiness among Israeli Jews: findings from the ISSP religion III survey. J Happiness Stud. 2014;15(3):593–611.
Tapanya S, Nicki R, Jarusawad O. Worry and intrinsic/extrinsic religious orientation among Buddhist (Thai) and Christian (Canadian elderly persons). Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1997;44(1):73–83.
Di Benedetto M, Swadling M. Burnout in Australian psychologists: correlations with work-setting, mindfulness and self-care behaviours. Psychol Health Med. 2014;19(6):705–15.
Hulsheger UR, Alberts HJEM, Feinholdt A, Lang JWB. Benefits of mindfulness at work: the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. J Appl Psychol. 2013;98(2):310.
Ghasemian D, Kuzehkanan AZ, Hassanzadeh R. Effectiveness of MBCT on decreased anxiety and depression among divorced women living in Tehran, Iran. J Novel Appl Sci. 2014;3(3):256–9.
Teasdale JD, Segal ZB, Williams JMG, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615–23.
Rahimi A, Anoosheh M, Ahmadi F, Foroughan M. Exploring spirituality in iranian healthy elderly people: a qualitative content analysis. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013;18(2):163–70.
Udhayakumar P, Ilango P. Spirituality, stress and wellbeing among the elderly practicing spirituality. Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu. 2012;2(20):37–42.
Mood YS, Kim DH. Association between religiosity/spirituality and quality of life or depression among living-alone elderly in a South Korean City. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2013;5(4):293–300.
Antonovics K, Town R. Are all the good men married? uncovering the sources of the marital wage premium. Am Econ Rev. 2004;94(2):317–21.
Liebenson D. Young married men make more money than single men do. Business Insider 16 Apr 2015.
De Paulo BM. Singled out: how singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored, and still live happily ever after. New York: St Martin’s Griffin; 2007.
Martin SC, Arnold RM, Parker RM. Gender and medical socialisation. J Health Soc Behav. 1988;29:191–205.
Allen I. Doctors and their careers. a new generation. London: Policy Studies Institute; 1994.
Tracy EE, Wiler JL, Hoschen JC, Patel SS, Ligda KO. Topics to ponder: part-time practice and pay parity. Gend Med. 2010;7(4):350–6.
Lahad K. A table for one: a critical reading of singlehood, gender and time. Manchester: University of Manchester; 2017.
Morris WL, Sinclair S, DePaulo BM. No shelter for singles: the perceived legitimacy of marital status discrimination. Group Process Intergroup Relat. 2007;10(4):457–70.
Jordan AH, Zitek EM. Marital status bias in perceptions of employees. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2012;334:474–81.
Pisani MA. Women in medicine struggle with mentorship and sponsorship. Op-Med.doximity.com, 12 Oct 2018.
Matsui T, Sato M, Kato Y, Nishigori H. Professional identity formation of female doctors in japan – gap between the married and unmarried. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):55.
Gjerber E. Women doctors in Norway: the challenging balance between career and family life. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57:1327–41.
Lorber J. Women physicians: careers, status and power. New York: Tavistock; 1984.
Keizer M. Gender and career in medicine. Neth J Soc Sci. 1997;33:94–112.
Desai S, Waite LJ. Women’s employment during pregnancy and after the first birth: occupational characteristics and work commitment. Am Sociol Rev. 1991;56:551–6.
Berquist S, Duchac BW, Schalin VA, Zastrow JF, Barr VL, Borowiecki T. Perceptions of freshman medical students of gender differences in medical specialty choice. J Med Educ. 1985;60:379–83.
Chertoff JD, Bird CE, Amick BC III. Career paths in diagnostic radiology: scope and effect of part-time work. Radiology. 2001;221:485–94.
Arnold L, Campbell C. The high price of being single in america. The Atlantic. 14 Jan 2013.
DePaulo B. Discrimination against singles in the health care system. Psychology Today (website). 21 March 2018.
Fischer AR, Shaw CM. African Americans’ mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: the moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. J Couns Psychol. 1999;46(3):395.
Noh S, Beiser M, Kaspar V, Hou F, Rummens J. Perceived racial discrimination, depression and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):193–207.
Huntre HER, Williams DR. The association between perceived discrimination and obesity in a population-based multiracial and multiethnic adult sample. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(7):1285–92.
Kriegar N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the cardia study of young black and white adults. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(10):1370–8.
Borrell LN, Diez Roux AV, Jacobs DR, Shea S, Jackson SA, Shrager S, Blumenthal RS. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, smoking and alcohol consumption in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Prev Med. 2010;51(3):307–12.
Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Cleveland MJ, Wills TA, Brody G. Perceived discrimination and substance use in african american parents and their children: a panel study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86(4):517–29.
Noh S, Kasper V. Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):232.
United Nations General Assembly. Sixty-fifth session, Agenda item 15, Culture of peace, 27 Apr 2011.
Zuckerberg M. Celebrating friends day at Facebook HQ, Facebook. 4 Feb 2016. www.facebook.com/zuck/videos /vb.4/10102634961507811.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Expenditures in 2014. In: Consumer expenditure survey. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2016.
Klinenberg E, Solo G. The extraordinary rise and surprising appeal of living alone. New York: Penguin; 2012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paynter, K.S. (2020). Going It Alone: The Single, Unmarried, Unpartnered, Childless Woman Physician. In: Stonnington, C., Files, J. (eds) Burnout in Women Physicians. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44459-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44459-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44458-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44459-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)