Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How Parties Respond to European Integration? Explaining the Mainstream/Protest Dichotomy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Impact of European Integration on West European Politics

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics ((PSEUP))

  • 392 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides an outline of the current literature on opposition/support for the EU, explaining ideological nuances on the pro-/anti-European dimension. It describes a party typology, identifying two main types—the protest anti-European and the mainstream pro-European. By advancing this dichotomy, it is hoped to determine the new mechanics of the party systems and to assess the conflict politicisation. The latter distinction may gain explanatory power in the electoral arena, shedding light on the new direction of political competition, which may have been affected by European integration. This chapter explores the first set of hypotheses, explaining the methodology, the dataset and the party selection criteria to empirically test H1 and H2. It introduces the main typologies and notions used throughout the entire book, providing the readers with theoretical notion and empirical devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    A minor Dutch Eurosceptic list, the Christian Union—Reformed Political Party (CU-SGP), has been excluded from this party cluster, though expressing moderate anti-European positions, it cannot be reconciled with the RRP party family.

  2. 2.

    The ALDE/RE has often included many regionalist actors, such as the National Basque Party (PNV), Convergence and Union (CiU), etc., which are included here among the mainstream pro-European parties.

  3. 3.

    In the 2006 and 2010 CHES rounds the scale ranged from 1 (European integration is of no importance) to 4 (European integration is of great importance). In order to synchronise the different scales, we adopted a normalisation technique (feature scaling) to bring the values in range [0–1], then, we multiplied by 10 to have the same scale as the 2014 round.

  4. 4.

    This work slightly refines their formula, by switching the position of Peu with that of MPeu, in order to obtain a positive score for the Europhile parties and a negative score for the Eurosceptics.

  5. 5.

    The only two cases that are absent from the supply-side analysis, but have been included in the demand-side are Vox (Voice) and the Brexit party in 2019 empirical analysis.

Bibliography

  • Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Werner Krause. 2020. The Causal Effect of Radical Right Success on Mainstream Parties’ Policy Positions: A Regression Discontinuity Approach. British Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 829–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, James, Michael Clark, Lawrence Ezrow, and Garrett Glasgow. 2006. Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties’ Policy Shifts, 1976–1998. American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 513–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akkerman, Tjitske, Sarah L. De Lange, and Matthijs Rooduijn. 2016. Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream? London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, Sonia, Laura Cabeza, and Braulio Gómez. 2015. Parties’ Electoral Strategies in a Two-Dimensional Political Space: Evidence from Spain and Great Britain. Party Politics 21 (6): 851–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, Ryan, Catherine de Vries, Erica Edwards, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Gary Marks, Jonathan Polk, Jan Rovny, Marco Steenbergen, and Milada Vachudova. 2015. Measuring Party Positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999–2010. Party Politics 21(1): 143–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, Ryan, Seth Jolly, and Jonathan Polk. 2012. Complexity in the European Party Space: Exploring Dimensionality with Experts. European Union Politics 13 (2): 219–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolini, Stefano. 2000. The Class Cleavage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Presss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartolini, Stefano, and Peter Mair. 1990. Policy Competition, Spatial Distance and Electoral Instability. West European Politics 13 (4): 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. 2018. From the Euro to the Schengen Crises: European Integration Theories, Politicization, and Identity Politics. Journal of European Public Policy 25 (1): 83–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, Daniela, Sebastastian Adrian Popa, and Hermann Schmitt. 2019. Responding to the Crisis: Eurosceptic Parties of the Left and Right and Their Changing Position towards the European Union. European Journal of Political Research 58 (3): 797–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bressanelli, Edoardo. 2013. Competitive and Coherent? Profiling the Europarties in the 2009 European Parliament Elections. Journal of European Integration 35 (6): 653–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Europarties after Enlargement: Organization, Ideology and Competition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calossi, Enrico. 2016. Anti-Austerity Left Parties in the European Union. Competition, Coordination and Integration. Pisa: Pisa University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrieri, Luca. 2014. Il Partito Socialista Europeo: stabilità senza successo (The Party of European Socialists: Stability without Success). In Le elezioni Europee 2014 (The European Parliament Elections of 2014), ed. Lorenzo De Sio, Vincenzo Emanuele, and Nicola Maggini, 289–93. Roma: Luiss Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2019. Awakening the Sleeping Giant?: The Euro Crisis and EU Issue Voting in Germany. Partecipazione e Conflitto 11(3): 838–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2020. The Limited Politicization of European Integration in Italy: Lacking Issue Clarity and Weak Voter Responses. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 50(1): 52–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramme, Olaf, and Sara B. Hobolt (eds.). 2014. Democratic Politics in a European Union under Stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, Russell J., David M. Farrell, and Ian McAllister. 2011. Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Sio, Lorenzo, Mark N. Franklin, and Till Weber. 2016. The Risks and Opportunities of Europe: How Issue Yield Explains (Non-) Reactions to the Financial Crisis. Electoral Studies 44: 483–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, Catherine E. 2018. Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, Catherine E., and Erica E. Edwards. 2009. Taking Europe to Its Extremes: Extremist Parties and Public Euroscepticism. Party Politics 15 (1): 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, Catherine E., Armen Hakhverdian, and Bram Lancee. 2013. The Dynamics of Voters’ Left/Right Identification: The Role of Economic and Cultural Attitudes. Political Science Research and Methods 1 (2): 223–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, Catherine E., and Sara B. Hobolt. 2012. When Dimensions Collide: The Electoral Success of Issue Entrepreneurs. European Union Politics 13 (2): 246–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinas, Elias, and Kostas Gemenis. 2010. Measuring Parties’ Ideological Positions with Manifesto Data: A Critical Evaluation of the Competing Methods. Party Politics 16 (4): 427–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolezal, Martin, and Johan Hellström. 2016. The Radical Right as Driving Force in the Electoral Arena. In Politicising Europe, ed. Swen Hutter, Edgar Grande, and Hanspeter Kriesi, 156–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Politicising Europe.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy. Journal of Political Economy 65 (2): 135–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easton, David. 1965. A Framework for Political Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emanuele, Vincenzo. 2014. EPP Loses Votes and Seats but Remains the First Party in the European Parliament. In The European Parliament Elections of 2014, ed. De Sio, Lorenzo, Vincenzo Emanuele and Nicola Maggini, 37–42. Roma: Luiss Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018. Cleavages, Institutions, and Competition: Understanding Vote Nationalization in Western Europe (1965–2015). London: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escalona, Fabien, and Mathieu Vieira. 2014. ‘It Does Not Happen Here Either’: Why Social Democrats Fail in the Context of the Great Economic Crisis. In European Social Democracy during the Global Economic Crisis, ed. D. David Bailey, Jean-Michele De Waele, Fabien Escalona an Mathieu Viera, 19–41. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabbrini, Sergio. 2013. Intergovernmentalism and Its Limits: Assessing the European Union’s Answer to the Euro Crisis. Comparative Political Studies 46 (9): 1003–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green-Pedersen, Christoffer. 2007. The Growing Importance of Issue Competition: The Changing Nature of Party Competition in Western Europe. Political Studies 55 (3): 607–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hix, Simon. 1999. The Political System of the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hobolt, Sara B. 2015. Public Attitudes towards the Euro Crisis. In Democratic Politics in a European Union under Stress, 2014, ed. Olaf Cramme, and Sara B. Hobolt, 48–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobolt, Sara B., and James Tilley. 2014. Blaming Europe?: Responsibility without Accountability in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. “Fleeing the Centre: The Rise of Challenger Parties in the Aftermath of the Euro Crisis.” West European Politics 39(5): 971–991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobolt, Sara B., and Catherine E. De Vries. 2015. Issue Entrepreneurship and Multiparty Competition. Comparative Political Studies 48 (9): 1159–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, Michael, and Simon Lightfoot. 2016. To EU or Not to EU? The Transnational Radical Left and the Crisis. In Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream?, ed. Daniel Keith and Luke March. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, Liesbet, Ryan Bakker, Anna Brigevich, Catherine de Vries, Erica Edwards, Gary Marks, Jan Rovny, Marco Steenbergen, and Milada Vachudova. 2010. Reliability and Validity of Measuring Party Positions: The Chapel Hill Expert Surveys of 2002 and 2006. European Journal of Political Research 49: 684–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks. 2005. Calculation, Community and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration. European Union Politics 6 (4): 419–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus. British Journal of Political Science 39(1): 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018. Cleavage Theory Meets Europe’s Crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the Transnational Cleavage. Journal of European Public Policy 25(1): 109–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Marks, and Carole J. Wilson. 2002. Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration? Comparative Political Studies 35 (8): 965–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutter, Swen, Daniela Braun, and Alena Kerscher. 2016. Constitutive Issues as Driving Forces of Politicisation. In Politicising Europe, ed. Swen Hutter, Edgar Grande, and Hanspeter Kriesi, 137–55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, Ronald. 2015. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, Ronald, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. 1976. Party Identification, Ideological Preference and the Left-Right Dimension among Western Mass Publics. In Party Identification and Beyond, ed. Ian Budge, Ivor Crewe, and Dennis Farlie, 243–73. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, Seth Kincaid. 2007. The Europhile Fringe? Regionalist Party Support for European Integration. European Union Politics 8 (1): 109–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. 1995. Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics 1 (1): 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, Daniel, and Luke March. 2016. Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? London: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchheimer, O. 1966. The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems. In Political Parties and Political Development, ed. Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, 177–200. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopecký, Petr, and Cas Mudde. 2002. The Two Sides of Euroscepticism: Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe. European Union Politics 3 (3): 297–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1998. The Transformation of Cleavage Politics The 1997 Stein Rokkan Lecture. European Journal of Political Research 33 (2): 165–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. The Role of European Integration in National Election Campaigns. European Union Politics 8(1): 83–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The Populist Challenge. West European Politics 37(2): 361–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Roman Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier, and Timotheus Frey. 2006. Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared. European Journal of Political Research 45 (6): 921–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laffan, Brigid. 2014. Testing Times: The Growing Primacy of Responsibility in the Euro Area. West European Politics 37 (2): 270–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkofridi, Zoe, and Elie Michel. 2014. Exclusive Solidarity? Radical Right Parties and the Welfare State. Radical Right Parties and the Welfare State (December 2014). Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper (2014/120).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. Free press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggini, Nicola. 2014. The Populist and Eurosceptic Right: The Evolution of its Electoral Success. In The European Parliament Elections of 2014, ed. Lorenzo De Sio, Vincenzo Emanuele, and Nicola Maggini, 79–86. Roma: Luiss Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mair, Peter. 2002. Populist Democracy vs Party Democracy. In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, ed. Yves Meny and Yves Surel, 81–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Political Opposition and the European Union. Government and Opposition 42(1): 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London:Verso Trade.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mair, Peter, and Cas Mudde. 1998. The Party Family and Its Study. Annual Review of Political Science 1 (1): 211–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • March, Luke, and Cas Mudde. 2005. What’s Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation. Comparative European Politics 3 (1): 23–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • March, Luke, and Charlotte Rommerskirchen. 2015. Out of Left Field? Explaining the Variable Electoral Success of European Radical Left Parties. Party Politics 21 (1): 40–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Gary, Liesbet Hooghe, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Ryan Bakker. 2007. Crossvalidating Data on Party Positioning on European Integration. Electoral Studies 26 (1): 23–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Gary, and Carole J. Wilson. 2000. The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration. British Journal of Political Science 30 (3): 433–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medrano, Juan Diez. 2010. Framing Europe: Attitudes to European Integration in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meguid, Bonnie. 2005. Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success. American Political Science Review 99 (3): 347–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mény, Yves, and Yves Surel. 2002. The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism. In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, ed. Yves Mény and Yves Surel, 1–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Morlino, Leonardo, and Francesco Raniolo. 2017. The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mudde, Cas. 2004. The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39 (4): 541–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Three Decades of Populist Radical Right Parties in Western Europe: So What? European Journal of Political Research 52(1): 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 2019. New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand, and Thomas Poguntke. 2013. Green Parties in National Governments. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Otjes, Simon, Gilles Ivaldi, Anders Ravik Jupskås, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 2018. It’s Not Economic Interventionism, Stupid! Reassessing the Political Economy of Radical Right-wing Populist Parties. Swiss Political Science Review 24 (3): 270–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pardos-Prado, Sergi. 2015. How Can Mainstream Parties Prevent Niche Party Success? Center-Right Parties and the Immigration Issue. The Journal of Politics 77 (2): 352–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirro, Andrea L.P., Paul Taggart, and Stijn van Kessel. 2018. The Populist Politics of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: Comparative Conclusions. Politics 38 (3): 378–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polk, Jonathan Jan, Ryan Bakker Rovny, Erica Edwards, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Jelle Koedam, Filip Kostelka, Gary Marks, Gijs Schumacher, Marco Steenbergen, Milada Vachudova, and Marko Zilovic. 2017. Explaining the Salience of Anti-Elitism and Reducing Political Corruption for Political Parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Data. Research & Politics 4 (1): 2053168016686915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, Leonard. 1999. Measuring Party Orientations towards European Integration: Results from an Expert Survey. European Journal of Political Research 36 (2): 283–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Validity of Measured Party Positions on European Integration: Assumptions, Approaches, and a Comparison of Alternative Measures. Electoral Studies 26(1): 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riker, William H. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrschneider, Robert, and Stephen Whitefield. 2016. Responding to Growing European Union-Skepticism? The Stances of Political Parties toward European Integration in Western and Eastern Europe Following the Financial Crisis. European Union Politics 17 (1): 138–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Tjitske Akkerman. 2017. Flank Attacks: Populism and Left-Right Radicalism in Western Europe. Party Politics 23 (3): 193–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sartori, Giovanni. 2005. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Colchester: ECPR press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitter, Nick. 2001. The Politics of Opposition and European Integration in Scandinavia: Is Euro-scepticism a Government-opposition Dynamic? West European Politics 24 (4): 22–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Christopher Williams. 2017. It Takes Two: How Eurosceptic Public Opinion and Party Divisions Influence Party Positions. West European Politics 40 (4): 741–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenbergen, Marco R., and Gary Marks. 2004. Introduction: Models of Political Conflict in the European Union. In European Integration and Political Conflict, ed. Gary Marks and Marco R. Steenburgen, 1–10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Evaluating Expert Judgments. European Journal of Political Research 46(3): 347–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczerbiak, Aleks, and Paul Taggart. 2008. Theorizing Party-Based Euroscepticism: Problems of Definition, Measurement, and Causality. In Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 1, ed. Paul Taggart and Alexs Szczerbiak, 238–62. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taggart, Paul. 1998. A Touchstone of Dissent: Euroscepticism in Contemporary Western European Party Systems. European Journal of Political Research 33 (3): 363–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taggart, Paul, and Aleks Szczerbiak. 2002. Europeanisation, Euroscepticism and Party Systems: Party-based Euroscepticism in the Candidate States of Central and Eastern Europe. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 3 (1): 23–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Biezen, Ingrid, Peter Mair, and Thomas Poguntke. 2012. Going, Going, … Gone? The Decline of Party Membership in Contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research 51 (1): 24–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Brug, Wouter, and Joost Van Spanje. 2009. Immigration, Europe and the ‘New’ Cultural Dimension. European Journal of Political Research 48(3): 309–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Eijk, Cees, Mark N. Franklin, Tom Mackie, and Henry Valen. 1992. Cleavages, Conflict Resolution and Democracy. In Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries, ed. Mark Franklin, Tom Mackie, and Henry Valen, 406–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Eijk, Cees, and Mark N. Franklin. 2004. Potential for Contestation on European Matters at National Elections in Europe. In European Integration and Political Conflict, ed. Gary Marks and Marco R. Steenburgen, 32–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Eijk, Cees, Hermann Schmitt, and Tanja Binder. 2005. Left–Right Orientations and Party Choice. In The European Voter: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies, ed. Jacques Thomassen. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Elsas, Erika J., Armen Hakhverdian, and Wouter Van der Brug. 2016. United against a Common Foe? The Nature and Origins of Euroscepticism among Left-Wing and Right-Wing Citizens. West European Politics 39(6): 1181–1204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasilopoulou, Sofia. 2017. Far Right Parties and Euroscepticism: Patterns of Opposition. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LUISS University, Rome, Italy

    Luca Carrieri

Authors
  1. Luca Carrieri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luca Carrieri .

Appendix

Appendix

The Tables 3.1 and 3.2 report the list of parties, which have been included in at least one empirical round of this work. Parties are classified on the basis of their party family location, as shown in the following tables.

Table 3.1 List of protest parties
Full size table
Table 3.2 List of mainstream parties
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carrieri, L. (2021). How Parties Respond to European Integration? Explaining the Mainstream/Protest Dichotomy. In: The Impact of European Integration on West European Politics. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48103-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation