Abstract
After decades of European society’s preoccupation with usage of the Islamic headscarf, the debate remains ongoing, and related legal claims are met with conflicting decisions at the European, national and regional levels. In this chapter, couched within the broader European context, an analysis of the unique Spanish example offers insight into why legal contestations regarding the veil are managed on a case by case basis, rather than met with more uniform regulation or rulings. As part of this, a qualitative study of Muslim youth in Madrid illustrates the veil’s multiple and varied meaning, and highlights encounters with hijab discrimination. Such encounters, both within this study and as evidenced throughout Europe, have been repeatedly argued to infringe upon fundamental rights to non-discrimination and religious freedom enshrined in European legal frameworks. Going forward, in ensuring the protection of rights in increasingly heterogeneous European societies, the veil controversy could move towards a better resolution via legal and policy approaches to rights as being interdependent rather than hierarchical, reflecting the intersectional nature of the debate.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Ajrouch, K. J. (2007). Global contexts and the veil: Muslim integration in the United States and France. Sociology of Religion, 68(3), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/68.3.321
Álvarez-Miranda Navarro, B. (2009). Las identidades nacionales y transnacionales de los inmigrantes musulmanes en Europa. Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 80, 133–150.
Álvarez, P. (2013, April 2). El Tribunal Superior avala al centro que vetó a una alumna por llevar velo. El Pais. http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/04/02/madrid/1364932389_921756.html [Accessed 25 November 2019].
Arigita, E. (2006). Representing Islam in Spain: Muslim identities and the contestation of leadership. The Muslim World, 96, 563–584.
Astor, A., & Griera, M. (2016). La gestión de la diversidad religiosa en la España contemporánea. Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración (2015–2016), 248–270.
Audiencia Nacional Sentencía 195 de 17 de Julio 2017.
Boland, C. (2019). Second generation Muslims in Madrid: Hybrid identities, experiences of discrimination and rights expectations (PhD diss.). Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid.
Bravo López, F. (2004). El musulmán como alter-ego irreductible: la expansión del discurso culturalista. In B. López, M. Berriane, F. Bravo, P. García, A. Planet, & A. Ramírez (Eds.), Atlas de la inmigración marroquí en España (pp. 433–437). UAM-Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración.
Brubaker, R. (2012). Categories of analysis and categories of practice: A note on the study of Muslims in European countries of immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(1), 1–8.
Bruquetas-Callejo, M., Garcés-Mascareñas, B., Morén-Alegret, Z., Penninx, R., & Ruiz-Vieytez, E. (2011). The case of Spain. In G. Zincone, R. Pennix, & M. Bokert (Eds.), Migration policymaking in Europe: The dynamics of actors and contexts in past and present (pp. 291–326). IMISCOE Research. Amsterdam University Press.
Bustelo, M. (2009). Spain: Intersectionality faces the strong gender norm. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 11(4), 530–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740903237491
Cea D’Ancona, M. Á. (2016). Immigration as a threat: Explaining the changing pattern of xenophobia in Spain. International Migration & Integration, 17, 569–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0415-3
Cebolla, H., & Requena, M. (2010). Marroquíes en España, los Países Bajos y Francia: gestión de la diversidad e integración. Documentos de Trabajo, Real Instituto Elcano de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos, 11. Real Instituto Elcano.
Chia, L., & De Graeve, K. (2014). From happy to critical diversity: Intersectionality as a paradigm for gender and diversity research. DiGeSt, Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 1(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.11116/jdivegendstud.1.1.0033
Comisión Islámica de España. (2015). Estatutos de Septiembre de 2015: Estatutos CIE 2015. http://www.hispanomuslim.es/panya/estatutos_cie_2015.pdf [Accessed 19 October 2019].
Comunidad de Madrid. (2018). Plan de Inmigración de la Comunidad de Madrid. 2019–2021. Consejero de Políticas Sociales y Familia.
Consejo para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial o Étnica. (2018). El Consejo: Conoce el nuevo organismo para la promoción de la igualdad. http://www.igualdadynodiscriminacion.igualdad.mpr.gob.es/elConsejo/portada/home.htm [Accessed 16 November 2019].
Constitución Española. (1978). Boletín Oficial del Estado, 29 December 1978 (311): 29313–29424.
Corpas Aguirre, M. Á. (2010). Las comunidades islámicas en la España actual (1960–2008) génesis e institucionalización de una minoría de referencia. UNED.
Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3b04.html [Accessed 2 October 2019].
Council of Europe. (2018). ECRI Report on Spain (fifth monitoring cycle). ECRI Secretariat. https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Spain/ESP-CBC-V-2018-002-ENG.pdf [Accessed 2 October 2019].
De Lemus Diego, M. T. (2016). Libertad religiosa, simbología y derecho comparado. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Diehl, C., Koenig, M., & Ruckdeschel, K. (2009). Religiosity and gender equality: Comparing natives and Muslim migrants in Germany. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(20), 278–301.
Edmunds, J. (2012). The limits of post-national citizenship: European Muslims, human rights and the hijab. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(7), 1181–1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.593640
El Guindi, F. (1999). Veil: Modesty, privacy and resistance. Bloomsbury Academic.
Equality and Human Rights Commission of Britain [EHRCB]. (2017). Religious symbols ruling does not mean staff can be targeted for dismissal. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/our-work/news/religious-symbols-ruling-does-not-mean-staff-can-be-targeted-dismissal [Accessed 2 November 2019].
Equality and Human Rights Commission of Britain [EHRCB]. (2018). What we do. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/about-us/what-we-do [Accessed 2 November 2019].
Esposito, J. L. (Ed.). (2018). Hijab. In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e839 [Accessed 29 October 2019].
European Union. (2012, October 26). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. 2012/C 326/02. http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3b70.html [Accessed 2 October 2019].
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2017). Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II): Muslims—Selected findings. Publications Office of the European Union.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2010). Experience of discrimination, Social marginalisation and violence: A comparative study of Muslim and non-Muslim youth in three EU member states. Available at: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/1202-Pub-racism-marginalisation_en.pdf [Accessed 16 November 2019].
Fokas, E., & Richardson, J. T. (2017). The European Court of Human Rights and minority religions: Messages generated and messages received. Religion, State & Society, 45(3–4), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2017.1399577
Gavira, G. R. (2008). Inmigrantes marroquíes en España: permanencia o retorno. Entelequia: revisita interdisciplinary, 8, 173–192.
Gest, J. (2010). Apart: Alienated and engaged Muslims in the West. Hurst & Company.
Godenau, D., Rinken, S., de Lizarrondo Artola, A. M. & Moreno Marquez, G. (2015). La integracion de los inmigrantes en España: Una propuesta de medición a escala regional. Documentos del Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración, 30. Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social.
Halrynjo, S., & Jonker, M. (2016). Naming and framing of intersectionality in hijab cases—Does it matter? An analysis of discrimination cases in Scandinavia and The Netherlands. Gender, Work and Organization, 23, 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12089
Hackett, C., Connor, P., Stonawski, M., & Potančoková, M. (2017). Europe’s growing Muslim population. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/ [Accessed 29 October 2019].
Harkness, G. (2019). Hijab micropractices: The strategic and situational use of clothing by Qatari women. Sociological Forum, 34, 71–90.
Harnois, C. E. (2015). Jeopardy, consciousness, and multiple discrimination: Intersecting inequalities in contemporary Western Europe. Sociological Forum, 30, 971–994.
Heath, J. (Ed.). (2008). The veil: Women writers on its history, lore, and politics. University of California Press.
Howard, E. (2012). Banning Islamic veils. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 12(3), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229112464450
Howard, E. (2017). Religious clothing and symbols in employment: A legal analysis of the situation in the EU Member States. Publications Office of the European Union.
Junta de Gobierno de la Ciudad de Madrid. (2019). Acuerdo de 4 de julio de 2019 de la Junta de Gobierno de la Ciudad de Madrid de organización y competencias del Área de Gobierno de Familias, Igualdad y Bienestar Social. BOAM nº 8434. https://sede.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCBOAM/2019Junio/JuntaGobCiudad/ApoyoInstitucional/EstructurasJG/2019-07-04%20Ac.JG.%20BOAM%20ANEXO%20Estructura%20Familias.pdf [Accessed 19 October 2019].
Juzgado de lo Social, Palma de Mallorca, Resolución de 6 de febrero 2017. ECLI: ES:JSO:2017:2.
Kennedy, H. (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political history of al-Andalus. Longman.
Koenig, M. (2014). The right to freedom of religion—A modern pattern of differentiation. In M. C. Foblets, K. Alidadi, & Z. Yanasmayan (Eds.), Belief, law and politics: What future for a secular Europe? (pp. 71–78). Ashgate.
La Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia. (2016). Presentación. http://www.pluralismoyconvivencia.es/quienes_somos/index.html [Accessed 16 November 2019].
Lettinga, D., & Saharso, S. (2014). Outsiders within: Framing and regulation of headscarves in France, Germany and The Netherlands. Social Inclusion, 2(3), 29–39.
Ley Orgánica 7/1980, de 5 de julio. de libertad religiosa. Publicado en BOE de 24 de Julio de 1980. https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1980-15955 [Accessed 16 October 2019].
Ley Orgánica 1/1992. sobre Protección de la Seguridad ciudadana. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-4252 [Accessed 16 October 2019].
Ley Orgánica 10/2002, de 23 de diciembre. de Calidad de la Educación. BOE-A-2002-25037. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2002-25037 [Accessed 16 October 2019].
Llorent Bedmar, V. (2013). El velo islámico: controversias ante su uso en los centros escolares españoles. Interacções, 9(23), 56–70.
López García, B. (2009). El proceso de asentamiento y el perfil de los marroquíes en España. Diálogo mediterráneo, 50, 45–49.
López García, B., Ramírez Fernández, A., Herrero Galiano, E. Kirhlani, S., & Tello Weiss, M. (2007). Arraigados. Minorías religiosas en la Comunidad de Madrid. Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia.
Mahmood, S. (2001). Feminist theory, embodiment, and the docile agent: Some reflections on the Egyptian Islamic revival. Cultural Anthropology, 16(2), 202–236.
Malik, M. (2014). The return of a persecuting society? Criminalizing facial veils in Europe. In M. Malik & E. Brem (Eds.), The experiences of face veil wearers in Europe and the law (pp. 232–250). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415591.013
Martín Muñoz, G., García Castaño, F. J., López Sala, A. M., & Crespo, R. (Eds.). (2003). Marroquíes en España: Estudio sobre su integración. Fundación REPSOL.
Masbah, M. (2017). Morocco’s Salafi. Ex-Jihadis: Co-optation, engagement, and the limits of inclusion (Middle East Brief, 108). Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies.
Medina, I., & Peña-Ramos, J. A. (2012). Musulmanes y Política: Las comunidades islámicas como grupos de interés religioso. Política y Sociedad, 49(3), 591–608, 628.
Menon, A. (2018). Article 50 one year on. The UK in a Changing Europe. Kings College London. http://ukandeu.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Article-50-one-year-on.pdf [Accessed 2 November 2019].
Mijares, L., & Lems, J. M. (2018). Luchando contra la subalternidad: las reivindicaciones de la población musulmana en Madrid. Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 24, 109–128.
Mijares, L., & Ramírez, A. (2008). The islamisation of immigration. Some hypotheses about the Spanish case. Quaderns de la Mediterrania, 9, 189–195.
Moreras, J. (2007). Muslims in Spain: Between the historical heritage and the minority construction. The Muslim World, 92, 129–142.
Morondo Taramundi, D. (2015). Between Islamophobia and post-feminist agency: Intersectional trouble in the European face-veil bans. Feminist Review, 110(1), 55–67.
Moruzzi, N. (1994). A problem with headscarves: Contemporary complexities of political and social identity. Political Theory, 22(4), 653–672.
Nielsen, J., Akgönül, S., Alibašić, A., & Racius, E. (2014). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe (Vol. 6). Brill.
Observatorio Andalusí. (2016). Estudio Demográfico de la Población Musulmana. UCIDE.
Observatorio del Pluralismo Religioso en España. (2018) What is the observatory? http://www.observatorioreligion.es/corporativo/what_is_the_observatory_.html [Accessed 16 November 2019].
Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia [OBERAXE]. (2018). Quiénes Somos? http://www.mitramiss.gob.es/oberaxe/es/quienessomos/index.htm [Accessed 16 November 2019].
Pascual Llanos, E. (2015). El Hiyab. Revista de ciencias de las religions, 20, 165–191.
Pérez-Díaz, V., Álvarez-Miranda, B., & González-Enríquez, C. (2001). España ante la inmigración. Colección Estudios Sociales, 8. Fundación la Caixa.
Planet Contreras, A., & Moreras, J. (2008). Islam e Inmigración. Inmigración Y Ciudadanía, 17. Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales.
Quintavalla, A., & Heine, K. (2019). Priorities and human rights. The International Journal of Human Rights, 23(4), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1562917
Ramírez, A. (2014). Introducción y estructura de la obra. In A. Ramirez (Ed.), La Alteridad Imaginada: El pánico moral y la construcción de lo musulmán en España y Francia (pp. 9–22). Bellaterra.
Rea, A., & Rea, A. (2017). The three “i”s of workplace accommodation of Muslim religious practices: Instrumental, internal, and informal. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(15), 2711–2730.
Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre. por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores. Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social BOE-A-2015-11430. https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2015-11430 [Accessed 16 November 2019].
Ricca, M. (2020). Don’t uncover that face! Covid-19 masks and the niqab: Ironic transfigurations of the ECtHR’s intercultural blindness. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law/Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09703-y
Rodríguez-García, D., Solana, M., Ortiz, A., & Ballestín, B. (2019). Blurring of colour lines? Ethnoracially mixed youth in Spain navigating identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47, 838–860. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654157.1080/1369183X.2019.1654157
Sauer, B. (2009). Headscarf regimes in Europe: Diversity policies at the intersection of gender, culture and religion. Comparative European Politics, 7(1), 75–94.
Schiek, D., & Chege, V. (2008). European Union non-discrimination law: Comparative perspectives on multidimensional equality law. Routledge Cavendish.
Scott, J. (2009). Sexularism. Ursula Hirschmann annual lecture on gender and Europe. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy.
Shadid, W., & van Koningsveld, P. S. (2005). Muslim dress in Europe: Debates on the headscarf. Journal of Islamic Studies, 16(1), 35–61.
Soysal, Y. N. (1997). Changing parameters of citizenship and claims-making: Organized Islam in European public spheres. Theory and Society, 26(4), 509–527.
Swami, V., Miah, J., Noorani, N., & Taylor, D. (2014). Is the hijab protective? An investigation of body image and related constructs among British Muslim women. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 352–363.
Tribunal Superior de Justicia de La Rioja, Sala de lo Social, Sección 1, de 22 de Junio de 2017. ECLI: ES:TSJLR:2017:351.
Truong, T.-D., Gasper, D., & Handmaker, J. (2014). Migration, gender, social justice, and human insecurity. In T.-D. Truong, D. Gasper, & J. Handmaker (Eds.), Migration, gender and social justice (pp. 3–26). Springer.
UN General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III). http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html [Accessed 2 October 2019].
Verloo, M. (2016). Multiple inequalities, intersectionality and the European Union. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506806065753
Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity. International Social Science Journal, 61(199), 83–95.
Vidal Gallardo, M. M. (2016). Las garantías procesales frente al uso del velo islámico: las razones de un conflicto. Anales de derecho, 34(2).
Zapata Barrero, R. (2006). Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: A European approach. In T. Modood, A. Triandafyllidou, & R. Zapata-Barrero (Eds.), Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: A European approach (pp. 143–161). Routledge.
Zapata Barrero, R. (2010). Managing diversity in Spanish society: A practical approach. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 31(4), 383–402.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Boland, C. (2021). The Veil as Perceived and Real Boundary for Spanish Muslim Youth: Case by Case Regulation in Light of Discrimination and Individual Rights Claims. In: Profanter, A., Maestri, E. (eds) Migration and Integration Challenges of Muslim Immigrants in Europe. Politics of Citizenship and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75626-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75626-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-75625-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-75626-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)