Abstract
Children exposed to various forms of adversity early in life are at increased risk for a broad range of developmental difficulties affecting the stress system, cognitive function, and emotional adjustment. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can begin as young as in the early stages of fetal development in utero and can have a lasting impact throughout the life course. In addition to the typical ACEs such as childhood maltreatment, adversity that occurs with prenatal exposures in the intrauterine environment such as to viruses and poor nutrition could alter neurodevelopment and contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy from viruses or a pro-inflammatory diet can impair neurodevelopment. ACEs increase vulnerability to substance use disorders that could result in intergenerational cycles if adult survivors of ACEs use substances during pregnancy and parenting. Marijuana and alcohol use by pregnant women and adolescents may be increasing because people think they are safe because they are legal. However, exposure to alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and/or other substances during fetal development and/or throughout adolescence and into adulthood can irreversibly impair neurodevelopment and brain function. Even paternal substance use can impair the child’s neurodevelopment. Potential interventions for prevention and optimal brain function are described here but more so throughout the chapters of Part IV. COVID-19 trauma is addressed briefly here and more so in Chap. 7.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aas, M., Henry, C., Andreassen, O. A., Bellivier, F., Melle, I., & Etain, B. (2016). The role of childhood trauma in bipolar disorders. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 4(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-015-0042-0
al’Absi, M. (2020). The influence of stress and early life adversity on addiction: Psychobiological mechanisms of risk and resilience. International Review of Neurobiology, 152, 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.012
al’Absi, M., Ginty, A. T., & Lovallo, W. R. (2021). Neurobiological mechanisms of early life adversity, blunted stress reactivity and risk for addiction. Neuropharmacology, 188, 108519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108519
Albaugh, M. D., Ottino-Gonzalez, J., Sidwell, A., Lepage, C., Juliano, A., Owens, M. M., Chaarani, B., Spechler, P., Fontaine, N., Rioux, P., Lewis, L., Jeon, S., Evans, A., D’Souza, D., Radhakrishnan, R., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Quinlan, E. B., Conrod, P., … IMAGEN Consortium. (2021). Association of cannabis use during adolescence with neurodevelopment. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM–5). American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Bach, A. M., Xie, W., Piazzoli, L., Jensen, S. K. G., Afreen, S., Haque, R., Petri, W. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2022). Systemic inflammation during the first year of life is associated with brain functional connectivity and future cognitive outcomes. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 53, 101041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101041
Bartlett, K., Kaarid, K., Gervais, N., Vu, N., Sharma, S., Patel, T., & Shea, A. K. (2020). Pregnant Canadians’ perceptions about the transmission of cannabis in pregnancy and while breastfeeding and the impact of information from health care providers on discontinuation of use. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 42(11), 1346–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2020.04.015
Bernard, K., Frost, A., Bennett, C. B., & Lindhiem, O. (2017). Maltreatment and diurnal cortisol regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.005
Beydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., Gamaldo, A. A., Teel, A., Zonderman, A. B., & Wang, Y. (2014). Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 14, 643. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-643
Boelig, R. C., Manuck, T., Oliver, E. A., Di Mascio, D., Saccone, G., Bellussi, F., & Berghella, V. (2020). Labor and delivery guidance for COVID-19. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 2(2), 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100110
Bordeleau, M., Fernández de Cossío, L., Chakravarty, M. M., & Tremblay, M. (2020). From maternal diet to neurodevelopmental disorders: A story of neuroinflammation. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14, 612705. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.612705
Boulanger-Bertolus, J., Pancaro, C., & Mashour, G. A. (2018). Increasing role of maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 230–230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00230
Boutté, A. K., Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Wilcox, S., Liu, J., Eberth, J. M., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2021). Associations of maternal stress and/or depressive symptoms with diet quality during pregnancy: A narrative review. Nutrition Reviews, 79(5), 495–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa019
Brady, J. P., Posner, M., Lang, C., & Rosati, M. J. (1994). Risk and reality: The implications of prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/risk-reality-implications-prenatal-exposure-alcohol-other-drugs
Brewer-Smyth, K., & Burgess, A. W. (2021). Neurobiology of female homicide perpetrators. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19–20), 8915–8938. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519860078
Carvalho, J. C. N., Donat, J. C., Brunnet, A. E., Silva, T. G., Silva, G. R., & Kristensen, C. H. (2016). Cognitive, neurobiological and psychopathological alterations associated with child maltreatment: A review of systematic reviews. Child Indicators Research, 9(2), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9314-6
CDC. (2020). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and congenital CMV infection. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/index.html
Cerda, M., Mauro, C., Hamilton, A., Levy, N. S., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Hasin, D., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., & Martins, S. S. (2020). Association between recreational marijuana legalization in the United States and changes in marijuana use and cannabis use disorder from 2008 to 2016. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254
Chang, M. W., Brown, R., & Nitzke, S. (2016). Fast food intake in relation to employment status, stress, depression, and dietary behaviors in low-income overweight and obese pregnant women. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(7), 1506–1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-1949-5
Cheeran, M. C., Lokensgard, J. R., & Schleiss, M. R. (2009). Neuropathogenesis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Disease mechanisms and prospects for intervention. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22(1), 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00023-08. Table of Contents.
Chernek, B. A., & Skelton, K. R. (2022). Attitudes toward cannabis use during labor in the United States. Women’s Health Report (New Rochelle), 3(1), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2021.0125
Committee Opinion No. 722: Marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation. (2017). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130(4), e205–e209. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002354
Copeland, W. E., Hill, S. N., & Shanahan, L. (2022). Adult psychiatric, substance, and functional outcomes of different definitions of early cannabis use. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(4), 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.824
Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019
De Bellis, M. D., Spratt, E. G., & Hooper, S. R. (2011). Neurodevelopmental biology associated with childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(5), 548–587. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.607753
De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014). The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 185–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002, vii.
Desai, R., Fong, H. K., Shah, K., Kaur, V. P., Savani, S., Gangani, K., Damarlapally, N., & Goyal, H. (2019). Rising trends in hospitalizations for cardiovascular events among young cannabis users (18–39 years) without other substance abuse. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 55(8), 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080438
Desai, R., Singh, S., Patel, K., Goyal, H., Shah, M., Mansuri, Z., Patel, S., Mahuwala, Z. K., Goldstein, L. B., & Qureshi, A. I. (2020). Stroke in young cannabis users (18-49 years): National trends in hospitalizations and outcomes. International Journal of Stroke, 15(5), 535–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493019895651
Di Gesù, C. M., Matz, L. M., & Buffington, S. A. (2021). Diet-induced dysbiosis of the maternal gut microbiome in early life programming of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroscience Research, 168, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2021.05.003
Di Mascio, D., Khalil, A., Saccone, G., Rizzo, G., Buca, D., Liberati, M., Vecchiet, J., Nappi, L., Scambia, G., Berghella, V., & D’Antonio, F. (2020). Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 2(2), 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107
Dileep, A., ZainAlAbdin, S., & AbuRuz, S. (2022). Investigating the association between severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 3024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07093-8
Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2013). Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present, and future. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 Pt 2), 1359–1373. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000667
Epstein, C. M., Houfek, J. F., Rice, M. J., & Weiss, S. J. (2021). Integrative review of early life adversity and cortisol regulation in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 50(3), 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2020.12.006
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2015). Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: Findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(9), 1317–1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1070-x
Ferrara, A., Hedderson, M. M., Zhu, Y., Avalos, L. A., Kuzniewicz, M. W., Myers, L. C., Ngo, A. L., Gunderson, E. P., Ritchie, J. L., Quesenberry, C. P., & Greenberg, M. (2022). Perinatal complications in individuals in California with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Internal Medicine, 182(5), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0330
Fisher, P. A., Beauchamp, K. G., Roos, L. E., Noll, L. K., Flannery, J., & Delker, B. C. (2016). The neurobiology of intervention and prevention in early adversity. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
Fitzpatrick, S., Saraiya, T., Lopez-Castro, T., Ruglass, L. M., & Hien, D. (2020). The impact of trauma characteristics on post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder outcomes across integrated and substance use treatments. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 113, 107976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.01.012
Gama, C. M. F., Portugal, L. C. L., Gonçalves, R. M., de Souza Junior, S., Vilete, L. M. P., Mendlowicz, M. V., Figueira, I., Volchan, E., David, I. A., de Oliveira, L., & Pereira, M. G. (2021). The invisible scars of emotional abuse: A common and highly harmful form of childhood maltreatment. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03134-0
Garcia-Casal, M. N., Estevez, D., & De-Regil, L. M. (2018). Multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy: Implementation considerations for integration as part of quality services in routine antenatal care. Objectives, results, and conclusions of the meeting. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14(Suppl 5), e12704. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12704
Garland, E. L., Reese, S. E., Bedford, C. E., & Baker, A. K. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences predict autonomic indices of emotion dysregulation and negative emotional cue-elicited craving among female opioid-treated chronic pain patients. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000622
Garrison-Desany, H. M., Hong, X., Maher, B. S., Beaty, T. H., Wang, G., Pearson, C., Liang, L., Wang, X., & Ladd-Acosta, C. (2022). Individual and combined association between prenatal polysubstance exposure and childhood risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Network Open, 5(3), e221957. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.1957
Gielen, N., Havermans, R. C., Tekelenburg, M., & Jansen, A. (2012). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with substance use disorder: It is higher than clinicians think it is. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17734
Gonzalez, R., Pacheco-Colón, I., Duperrouzel, J. C., & Hawes, S. W. (2017). Does cannabis use cause declines in neuropsychological functioning? A review of longitudinal studies. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(9–10), 893–902. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000789
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
Gullo, G., Scaglione, M., Cucinella, G., Riva, A., Coldebella, D., Cavaliere, A. F., Signore, F., Buzzaccarini, G., Spagnol, G., Laganà, A. S., Noventa, M., & Zaami, S. (2022). Congenital Zika syndrome: Genetic avenues for diagnosis and therapy, possible management and long-term outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(5), 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051351
Gumusoglu, S. B., & Stevens, H. E. (2019). Maternal inflammation and neurodevelopmental programming: A review of preclinical outcomes and implications for translational psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry, 85(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.008
Haas, D. M., Mahnke, B., Yang, Z., Guise, D., Daggy, J., Simhan, H. N., Silver, R. M., Grobman, W. A., Wapner, R. J., Makhoul, J., Parry, S., Mercer, B. M., & Saade, G. R. (2020). Profile of reported alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use in nulliparous women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 135(6), 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003826
Hantsoo, L., Kornfield, S., Anguera, M. C., & Epperson, C. N. (2019). Inflammation: A proposed intermediary between maternal stress and offspring neuropsychiatric risk. Biological Psychiatry, 85(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.018
Hawkins, M., Ciciolla, L., Colaizzi, J., Keirns, N., Smith, C., Stout, M., Addante, S., Armans, M., & Erato, G. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and cognitive function among adults with excess adiposity. Obesity Science and Practice, 6(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.385
Hawkins, M. A. W., Layman, H. M., Ganson, K. T., Tabler, J., Ciciolla, L., Tsotsoros, C. E., & Nagata, J. M. (2021). Adverse childhood events and cognitive function among young adults: Prospective results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 115, 105008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105008
Herringa, R. J. (2017). Trauma, PTSD, and the developing brain. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(10), 69–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0825-3
HHS. (2021). Child maltreatment 2019. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/report/child-maltreatment-2019
Hoover, D. W., & Kaufman, J. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences in children with autism spectrum disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(2), 128–132. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000390
Ihunwo, A. O., Perego, J., Martino, G., Vicenzi, E., & Panina-Bordignon, P. (2022). Neurogenesis and viral infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 826091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.826091
Infante, M. A., Eberson, S. C., Zhang, Y., Brumback, T., Brown, S. A., Colrain, I. M., Baker, F. C., Clark, D. B., De Bellis, M. D., Goldston, D., Nagel, B. J., Nooner, K. B., Zhao, Q., Pohl, K. M., Sullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A., Tapert, S. F., & Thompson, W. K. (2022). Adolescent binge drinking is associated with accelerated decline of gray matter volume. Cerebral Cortex, 32(12), 2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab368
Irigara, T. Q., PachecoI, J. B., Grassi-Oliveira, R., Fonseca, R. P., de Carvalho Leite, J. C., & Kristensen, C. H. (2013). Child maltreatment and later cognitive functioning: A systematic review. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(2), 376–387. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722013000200018
Jairaj, C., O’Leary, N., Doolin, K., Farrell, C., McCarthy, A., McAuliffe, F. M., O’Grady-Walshe, A., Sheehan, J., & O’Keane, V. (2020). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the perinatal period: Its relationship with major depressive disorder and early life adversity. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 21(7), 552–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2020.1740318
Jarlenski, M., Koma, J. W., Zank, J., Bodnar, L. M., Bogen, D. L., & Chang, J. C. (2017). Trends in perception of risk of regular marijuana use among US pregnant and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217(6), 705–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.015
Karhunen, V., Bond, T. A., Zuber, V., Hurtig, T., Moilanen, I., Järvelin, M.-R., Evangelou, M., & Rodriguez, A. (2021). The link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and obesity-related traits: Genetic and prenatal explanations. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 455. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01584-4
Kerns, C., & Lee, B. (2015). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and autism spectrum disorder in an epidemiological sample from the United States. European Psychiatry, 30, 737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(15)30585-X
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Ustün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2011). The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 18(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00001421
Kim, H. M., Bone, R. M., McNeill, B., Lee, S. J., Gillon, G., & Woodward, L. J. (2021). Preschool language development of children born to women with an opioid use disorder. Children (Basel), 8(4), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040268
Knaappila, N., Marttunen, M., Fröjd, S., Lindberg, N., & Kaltiala, R. (2020). Changes in cannabis use according to socioeconomic status among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Cannabis Research, 2(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00052-y
Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018). Annual research review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 59(4), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12784
Lebrun-Harris, L. A., Ghandour, R. M., Kogan, M. D., & Warren, M. D. (2022). Five-year trends in US children’s health and well-being, 2016-2020. JAMA Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0056
Lee, S. J., Bora, S., Austin, N. C., Westerman, A., & Henderson, J. M. T. (2020). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born to opioid-dependent mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Academic Pediatrics, 20(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2019.11.005
Levey, D. F., Gelernter, J., Polimanti, R., Zhou, H., Cheng, Z., Aslan, M., Quaden, R., Concato, J., Radhakrishnan, K., Bryois, J., Sullivan, P. F., Million Veteran Program, & Stein, M. B. (2020). Reproducible genetic risk loci for anxiety: Results from approximately 200,000 participants in the million veteran program. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19030256
Levis, S. C., Baram, T. Z., & Mahler, S. V. (2021). Neurodevelopmental origins of substance use disorders: Evidence from animal models of early-life adversity and addiction. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 55(9–10), 2170–2195. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15223
Liberzon, I., & Ressler, K. (2016). Neurobiology of PTSD: From brain to mind. Oxford University Press.
Liu, Y., Kaaya, S., Chai, J., McCoy, D. C., Surkan, P. J., Black, M. M., Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., Verdoux, H., & Smith-Fawzi, M. C. (2017). Maternal depressive symptoms and early childhood cognitive development: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 47(4), 680–689. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329171600283x
Lovallo, W. R., Cohoon, A. J., Acheson, A., Sorocco, K. H., & Vincent, A. S. (2019a). Blunted stress reactivity reveals vulnerability to early life adversity in young adults with a family history of alcoholism. Addiction, 114(5), 798–806. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14501
Lovallo, W. R., Cohoon, A. J., Sorocco, K. H., Vincent, A. S., Acheson, A., Hodgkinson, C. A., & Goldman, D. (2019b). Early-life adversity and blunted stress reactivity as predictors of alcohol and drug use in persons with COMT (rs4680) Val158Met genotypes. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(7), 1519–1527. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14079
Mantel, Ä., Örtqvist, A. K., Hirschberg, A. L., & Stephansson, O. (2022). Analysis of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of mothers with eating disorders in Sweden. JAMA Network Open, 5(1), e2143947. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43947
Marchand, G., Masoud, A. T., Govindan, M., Ware, K., King, A., Ruther, S., Brazil, G., Ulibarri, H., Parise, J., Arroyo, A., Coriell, C., Goetz, S., Karrys, A., & Sainz, K. (2022). Birth outcomes of neonates exposed to marijuana in utero: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 5(1), e2145653. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45653
Marsico, C., & Kimberlin, D. W. (2017). Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Advances and challenges in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 43(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-017-0358-8
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019). Childhood adversity and neural development: A systematic review. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 277–312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950
Mehrjardi, M. Z. (2017). Is Zika virus an emerging TORCH agent? An invited commentary. Virology, 8, 1178122X17708993. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178122X17708993
Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S., McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(40), E2657–E2664. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206820109
Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., Houts, R., Arseneault, L., & Moffitt, T. E. (2018). Associations between adolescent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline: A longitudinal co-twin control study. Addiction, 113(2), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13946
Mlakar, J., Korva, M., Tul, N., Popović, M., Poljšak-Prijatelj, M., Mraz, J., Kolenc, M., Rus, K. R., Vipotnik, T. V., Vodušek, V. F., Vizjak, A., Pižem, J., Petrovec, M., & Avšič Županc, T. (2016). Zika virus associated with microcephaly. The New England Journal of Medicine, 374(10), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
Morin, J. G., Afzali, M. H., Bourque, J., Stewart, S. H., Séguin, J. R., O’Leary-Barrett, M., & Conrod, P. J. (2019). A population-based analysis of the relationship between substance use and adolescent cognitive development. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020202
Mullins, N., Forstner, A. J., O’Connell, K. S., Coombes, B., Coleman, J. R. I., Qiao, Z., Als, T. D., Bigdeli, T. B., Børte, S., Bryois, J., Charney, A. W., Drange, O. K., Gandal, M. J., Hagenaars, S. P., Ikeda, M., Kamitaki, N., Kim, M., Krebs, K., Panagiotaropoulou, G., & Psychiatry, H. A.-I. (2021). Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nature Genetics, 53(6), 817–829. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00857-4
Netsi, E., Pearson, R. M., Murray, L., Cooper, P., Craske, M. G., & Stein, A. (2018). Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4363
Nguyen, V. T., Chong, S., Tieng, Q. M., Mardon, K., Galloway, G. J., & Kurniawan, N. D. (2017). Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 43, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2017.06.012
NIMH. (2021). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
Nutt, D., Hayes, A., Fonville, L., Zafar, R., Palmer, E. O. C., Paterson, L., & Lingford-Hughes, A. (2021). Alcohol and the brain. Nutrients, 13(11), 3938. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3938
Oei, J. L., Melhuish, E., Uebel, H., Azzam, N., Breen, C., Burns, L., Hilder, L., Bajuk, B., Abdel-Latif, M. E., Ward, M., Feller, J. M., Falconer, J., Clews, S., Eastwood, J., Li, A., & Wright, I. M. (2017). Neonatal abstinence syndrome and high school performance. Pediatrics, 139(2), e20162651. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2651
Park, Y.-M., Shekhtman, T., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2020). Effect of the type and number of adverse childhood experiences and the timing of adverse experiences on clinical outcomes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Brain Sciences, 10(5), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050254
Patel, R. S., Gonzalez, M. D., Ajibawo, T., & Baweja, R. (2021). Cannabis use disorder and increased risk of arrhythmia-related hospitalization in young adults. The American Journal on Addictions, 30(6), 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13215
Patel, R. S., Manocha, P., Patel, J., Patel, R., & Tankersley, W. E. (2020). Cannabis use is an independent predictor for acute myocardial infarction related hospitalization in younger population. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.024
Pfefferbaum, A., Kwon, D., Brumback, T., Thompson, W. K., Cummins, K., Tapert, S. F., Brown, S. A., Colrain, I. M., Baker, F. C., Prouty, D., De Bellis, M. D., Clark, D. B., Nagel, B. J., Chu, W., Park, S. H., Pohl, K. M., & Sullivan, E. V. (2018). Altered brain developmental trajectories in adolescents after initiating drinking. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040469
Reddaway, J., & Brydges, N. M. (2020). Enduring neuroimmunological consequences of developmental experiences: From vulnerability to resilience. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, 109, 103567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103567
Robinson, N., & Bergen, S. E. (2021). Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and their relationship to genetic risk: Current knowledge and future directions. Frontiers in Genetics, 12, 686666. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.686666
Rock, K. D., & Patisaul, H. B. (2018). Environmental mechanisms of neurodevelopmental toxicity. Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(1), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0185-0
Rogers, A., Obst, S., Teague, S. J., Rossen, L., Spry, E. A., Macdonald, J. A., Sunderland, M., Olsson, C. A., Youssef, G., & Hutchinson, D. (2020). Association between maternal perinatal depression and anxiety and child and adolescent development: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(11), 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2910
SAMHSA. (2022, January 3). HHS announces new reports and grant program addressing the health needs of pregnant women and children affected by substance use. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/20220203/grants-pregnant-women
Schain, M., & Kreisl, W. C. (2017). Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders—A review. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 17(3), 1–11.
Schneider, M., VanOrmer, J., & Zlomke, K. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and family resilience among children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 40(8), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000703
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Copeland, W. E., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M., & Quednow, B. B. (2021). Frequent teenage cannabis use: Prevalence across adolescence and associations with young adult psychopathology and functional well-being in an urban cohort. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109063
Shook, L. L., Sullivan, E. L., Lo, J. O., Perlis, R. H., & Edlow, A. G. (2022). COVID-19 in pregnancy: Implications for fetal brain development. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 28(4), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.004
Shuffrey, L. C., Firestein, M. R., Kyle, M. H., Fields, A., Alcántara, C., Amso, D., Austin, J., Bain, J. M., Barbosa, J., Bence, M., Bianco, C., Fernández, C. R., Goldman, S., Gyamfi-Bannerman, C., Hott, V., Hu, Y., Hussain, M., Factor-Litvak, P., Lucchini, M., & Dumitriu, D. (2022). Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(6), e215563. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5563
Slotkin, T. A., Levin, E. D., & Seidler, F. J. (2021). Paternal cannabis exposure prior to mating, but not Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, elicits deficits in dopaminergic synaptic activity in the offspring. Toxicological Sciences, 184(2), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfab117
Smid, M. C., Metz, T. D., & Gordon, A. J. (2019). Stimulant use in pregnancy: An under-recognized epidemic among pregnant women. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 62(1), 168–184. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000418
Smith, B. L. (2021). Improving translational relevance: The need for combined exposure models for studying prenatal adversity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Health, 16, 100294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100294
Smith, B. L., & Reyes, T. M. (2017). Offspring neuroimmune consequences of maternal malnutrition: Potential mechanism for behavioral impairments that underlie metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 47, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.007
Spann, M. N., Monk, C., Scheinost, D., & Peterson, B. S. (2018). Maternal immune activation during the third trimester is associated with neonatal functional connectivity of the salience network and fetal to toddler behavior. The Journal of Neuroscience, 38(11), 2877–2886. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2272-17.2018
Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M. P., Quednow, B. B., & Shanahan, L. (2021). Polysubstance use in early adulthood: Patterns and developmental precursors in an urban cohort. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15, 797473. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.797473
Štrafela, P., Vizjak, A., Mraz, J., Mlakar, J., Pižem, J., Tul, N., Županc, T. A., & Popović, M. (2017). Zika virus-associated micrencephaly: A thorough description of neuropathologic findings in the fetal central nervous system. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 141(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2016-0341-SA
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 57(3), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 17(10), 652–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.111
Tong, L., & Kalish, B. T. (2021). The impact of maternal obesity on childhood neurodevelopment. Journal of Perinatology, 41(5), 928–939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-00871-0
Topiwala, A., Ebmeier, K. P., Maullin-Sapey, T., & Nichols, T. E. (2021). No safe level of alcohol consumption for brain health: Observational cohort study of 25,378 UK Biobank participants. medRxiv, 2021.2005.2010.21256931. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.10.21256931
Uddin, J., Alharbi, N., Uddin, H., Hossain, M. B., Hatipoğlu, S. S., Long, D. L., & Carson, A. P. (2020). Parenting stress and family resilience affect the association of adverse childhood experiences with children’s mental health and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 272, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.132
WHO. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
WHO. (2022). Mental health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health#tab=tab_2
Wouldes, T. A., & Woodward, L. J. (2020). Neurobehavior of newborn infants exposed prenatally to methadone and identification of a neurobehavioral profile linked to poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 24 months. PLoS One, 15(10), e0240905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240905
Yehuda, R., & LeDoux, J. (2007). Response variation following trauma: A translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron, 56(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.006
Zhou, Y.-P., Mei, M.-J., Wang, X.-Z., Huang, S.-N., Chen, L., Zhang, M., Li, X.-Y., Qin, H.-B., Dong, X., Cheng, S., Le Wen, B. Y., An, X.-F., He, A.-D., Zhang, B., Zeng, W.-B., Li, X.-J., Lu, Y., Li, H.-C., & Luo, M.-H. (2022). A congenital CMV infection model for follow-up studies of neurodevelopmental disorders, neuroimaging abnormalities, and treatment. JCI insight, 7(1), e152551. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.152551
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brewer-Smyth, K. (2022). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neurodevelopment. In: Adverse Childhood Experiences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08801-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08801-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-08800-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-08801-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)