Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exemplified how an urban health risk can rapidly spread to become a global health emergency. Throughout history, cities have been the sites of infectious disease outbreaks that present unique challenges to those leading response, as was evident in Ebola, SARS, MERS, and presently, the COVID-19. As the opening chapter of this present volume this chapter takes the role to present the detailed trajectory of the present pandemic. In the introductory section, we tried to portray the present pandemic as a member in the chain of evidences where the spillover of the virus from the animals to humans invited the health emergency situation. We tried to present a vivid discussion about the propagation of the disease epicenter. And, the last section of the chapter is devoted to explore the opportunities arising out of this pandemic, especially for the developing nations for whom India is a representative.
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Notes
- 1.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published this document entitled ‘Workplace Safety and Health Topic’ which is available in the website of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/avianflu/.
- 2.
The article entitled ‘Recommendations for Worker Protection and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to Reduce Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses: Avian Influenza (Flu)’ was published by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention and it is available in their official website under the URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h5/worker-protection-ppe.htm.
- 3.
Dr. Margaret Chan, Director General, WHO announced on 10 August 2010 that the H1N1 influenza virus has moved into the post-pandemic period. See the official websites under the URL: https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/.
- 4.
WHO reported in its official website under the headline ‘Pandemic (H1N1) 2009—update 112’, published on 6 August 2010 which is available under the URL: https://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_08_06/en/.
- 5.
CDC report entitled ‘First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration’ was published on 25 June 2012 in its official website which is available under the URL: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/pandemic-global-estimates.htm.
- 6.
CDC listing in the official website under the URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/crimean-congo/index.html.
- 7.
Indian daily newspaper, the Indian Express covered the news on 19 January 2011, which is available in their archive under the URL: http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/deadly-virus-makes-first-appearance-in-india-kills-three-in-gujarat/739292.
- 8.
Indian electronic media India TV telecasted the news on 15 July 2013, which is archived as India TV News under the URL: http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/congo-fever-seven-die-in-amreli-in-a-week-25097.html.
- 9.
Indian daily newspaper, the Times of India reported on 26 January 2015, which is archived under the URL: http://m.timesofindia.com/city/jaipur/Health-officials-confirm-congo-fever-death-of-Jaisalmer-man/articleshow/46017452.cms.
- 10.
Indian daily newspaper, the Indian Express reported on 29 March 2015, which is achieved under the URL: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat/kutch-resident-dies-of-confo-fever/.
- 11.
Reported by the Otbreak New Today on 09 October 2015 which is available under the URL: http://outbreaknewstoday.com/crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-spreads-across-india-82283/.
- 12.
UK Government factsheet available under the URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ebola-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines/ebola-overview-history-origins-and-transmission.
- 13.
CDC Report entitled ‘2018 Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo Outbreak’ which is available under the URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/drc/2018-august.html.
- 14.
A rapid onset of muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system.
- 15.
Microcephaly (my-kroh-SEF-uh-lee) is a rare neurological condition in which an infant’s head is significantly smaller than the heads of other children of the same age and sex.
- 16.
See WHO Factsheet about Zika virus disease which is available under the URL: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus.
- 17.
The WHO podcast 2017 is available under the URL: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2017/en/.
- 18.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) factsheet on Nipah virus which is archived under the URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html.
- 19.
See WHO factsheet on NiV, available under the URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus.
- 20.
Indian English daily the Hindustan Times covered the news under the headline ‘Nipah virus outbreak: Death toll rises to 14 in Kerala, two more cases identified’ on 27 May 2018 which is available under the URL: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipah-virus-outbreak-death-toll-rises-to-14-in-kerala-two-more-cases-identified/story-f4QenFXeOtJnWhw7NrVawJ.html.
- 21.
Indian print media Frontline covered the outbreak on 20 July 2018 with the headline ‘After the outbreak’ which is available under the URL: https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/public-health/article24200872.ece.
- 22.
- 23.
WHO’s dedicated COVID-19 dashboard is available under the URL: https://covid19.who.int/.
- 24.
See WHO website: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
- 25.
See WHO statement on 9th January 2020. Available under this URL: https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china.
- 26.
See WHO statement on 13th January 2020. Available under this URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/13-01-2020-who-statement-on-novel-coronavirus-in-thailand.
- 27.
See WHO briefing on 14th January 2020 via tweet: https://twitter.com/UNGeneva/status/1217146107957932032.
- 28.
See WHO’s News Released on “2019-nCoV outbreak: first cases confirmed in Europe”, available under the URL: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/pages/news/news/2020/01/2019-ncov-outbreak-first-cases-confirmed-in-europe.
- 29.
See the statement released by the Director, WHO on 30th January 2020, entitled “WHO Director-General’s statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)”, available under the URL: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov.
- 30.
See CDC newsletter entitled “How COVID-19 Spreads”, available under the URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html.
- 31.
See English daily India Today, dated 12th March 2020, available under this URL: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-tracking-country-s-first-50-covid-19-cases-what-numbers-tell-1654468-2020-03-12.
- 32.
See the Time Magazine’s coverage on 9th April 2020, available under the URL: https://time.com/5818819/imf-coronavirus-economic-collapse/.
- 33.
See BBC Report on 9th April 2020, available under the URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52236936.
- 34.
See the Indian daily, Times of India’s news report dated 24th March 2020. URL: https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-put-under-a-complete-lockdown-starting-march-25-to-control-deadly-coronavirus-pandemic-509188.html.
- 35.
See the Times of India news coverage dated 31 August 2020, available under the URL: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-gdp-data-live-updates-indian-economy-q1-2020/liveblog/77846410.cms.
- 36.
See the Times of India dated 31 August 2020, available under the URL: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/fiscal-deficit-crosses-full-year-budget-target-in-4-months/articleshow/77851470.cms.
- 37.
The wage/salaried workers who are not eligible for paid leave and do not have written job contract and enjoy social security benefits are considered as informal workers in this report.
- 38.
MGNREGA is an Indian labor law and social security measure that aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
- 39.
See Zee Media Bureau news coverage on 9 April 2020, available under the URL: https://zeenews.india.com/india/centre-issues-advisory-to-address-social-stigma-associated-with-coronavirus-covid-19-2274974.html.
- 40.
See the MoHFW, Govt. of India advisory dated 09 April 2020 under the URL: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AddressingSocialStigmaAssociatedwithCOVID19.pdf.
- 41.
- 42.
See the press release note at Press Information Bureau dated 9 April 2020, available under the URL: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1612534.
- 43.
WHO’s report on ‘Healthcare Workforce in India’, available hunder the URL: https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/16058health_workforce_India.pdf.
- 44.
See Business Standard news coverage on 29 November 2019. Available under the URL: https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/doctor-patient-ratio-in-india-less-than-who-prescribed-norm-of-1-1000-govt-119111901421_1.html.
- 45.
See One India news coverage, available under the URL: https://www.oneindia.com/india/7-740-dedicated-covid-19-health-facilities-in-483-districts-identified-health-ministry-3086182.html.
- 46.
See the ICMR website (accessed on 1 September 2020): https://www.icmr.gov.in/.
- 47.
See The Print dated 22 August, 2020: https://theprint.in/health/india-crosses-10-lakh-daily-covid-tests-milestone-within-month-of-boosting-screening-process/487265/.
- 48.
- 49.
See the Times of India news coverage on 2 May 2020: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-ramps-up-production-of-covid-19-protective-gears-medical-equipment/articleshow/75507915.cms.
- 50.
See Times Now News on 14 August 2020: https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/self-reliant-for-ppes-india-s-effort-to-fight-covid-19-globally/637055.
- 51.
See the report posted in the website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GOI: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1639340.
- 52.
See the Ordinance in the official website of the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, GOI: http://agricoop.nic.in/recentinitiatives/farmers-produce-trade-and-commerce-promotion-and-facilitation-ordinance-2020.
- 53.
See the details in the official website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1629750.
- 54.
See the Gazztte of India dated 5 June 2020: http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/219748.pdf.
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Singh, R.B., Mishra, M. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic Trajectory: Challenges and Opportunities for India. In: Mishra, M., Singh, R.B. (eds) COVID-19 Pandemic Trajectory in the Developing World. Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6440-0_1
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