Skip to main content
Log in

Leadership Manipulation and Ethics in Storytelling

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article focuses on exerting influence in leadership, namely manipulation in storytelling. Manipulation is usually considered an unethical approach to leadership. We will argue that manipulation is a more complex phenomenon than just an unethical way of acting in leadership. We will demonstrate through an empirical qualitative study that there are various types of manipulation through storytelling. This article makes a contribution to the literature on manipulation through leadership storytelling, offering a more systematic empirical analysis and a more nuanced view of the topic than previously existed by outlining how managers engage in manipulative storytelling and what kind of ethics they link to their manipulation in leadership. Four types of manipulation in storytelling are identified in the study: humorous, pseudo-participative, seductive and pseudo-empathetic. From an ethical perspective, we will show that manipulation is not always self-evidently reprehensible. We will conclude that the dominant ethical justification for manipulation stems from its consequences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahonen, A. (2001). Organisaatio, johtaminen ja edistyksen puhekäytännöt: Liikkeenjohdollisen tiedon kentät, kerrostumat ja kulttuurinen paikka [Organizations, management and the discourse of the progress] Doctoral Dissertation, Turku School of Economics, Turku.

  • Auvinen, T. (2012). The ghost leader: An empirical study on narrative leadership. EJBO Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 17(1), 4–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auvinen, T., Aaltio, I., & Blomqvist, K.-M. (2012). Constructing leadership by storytelling—The meaning of trust and narratives. Leadership and Organization Development Journal. (forthcoming).

  • Auvinen, T., Mangeloja, E., & Sintonen, T. (2010). Is narrative a content of economics and business administration? An essay about why homo economicus is actually homo narrans: From realistic to narrative paradigm. Annual Review of Management and Organizational Inquiry, 6(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M. (1998). The ethics of transformational leadership. In J. B. Ciulla (Ed.), Ethics. The heart of leadership (pp. 169–192). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D. (1991). The storytelling organization: A study of story performance in an office-supply firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(1), 106–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D. (1995). Stories of the storytelling organization: A postmodern analysis of Disney as “Tamara-land”. Academy of Management Journal, 38(4), 997–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D. (1999). Storytelling leaders. Cited 15 March, 2008 from http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/leaders.html (Online).

  • Boje, D. (2001). Narrative methods for organizational and communication research. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D. (2003a). Using narrative and telling stories. In D. Holman & R. Thorpe (Eds.), Management and language (pp. 41–53). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D. (2003b). Theatrics of leadership: Leaders as storytellers and thespians. Cited 8 June, 2010 from http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/theatrics_of_leadership_links.htm (Online).

  • Boje, D. (2006). Book review essay: Pitfalls in storytelling advice and praxis. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 218–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D. (2008). Storytelling organizations. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D., Pullen, A., Rhodes, C., & Rosile, G. A. (2011). The virtual leader. In A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson, & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), Sage handbook of leadership (pp. 518–529). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boje, D., & Rhodes, C. (2006). The leadership of Ronald Mcdonald: Double narration and stylistic lines of transformation. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 94–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bok, S. (1981[1978]). Miksi Valehtelemme [Lying: Moral choice in public and private life]. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Osakeyhtiö.

  • Brand, V. (2009). Empirical business ethics research and paradigm analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 429–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. D., Gabriel, Y., & Gherardi, S. (2009). Storytelling and change: An unfolding story. Organization, 16(3), 323–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J., Groh, K., Prusak, L., & Denning, S. (2005). Storytelling in organizations. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., & Trevinõ, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 595–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(Autumn), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007). Business research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, T. L. (1988). On the definition of lying: A reply to Jones and revisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 7, 509–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciulla, J. B. (1998). Leadership ethics: Mapping the territory. In J. B. Ciulla (Ed.), Ethics. The heart of leadership (pp. 1–25). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciulla, J. B. (2005). The state of leadership ethics and the work that lies before us. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14, 323–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciulla, J. B., & Forsyth, D. R. (2011). Leadership ethics. In A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson, & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), The sage handbook of leadership (pp. 229–241). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clements, C., & Washbush, J. B. (1999). The two faces of leadership: Considering the dark side of leader-follower dynamics. Journal of Workplace Learning, 11, 170–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collinson, C., & Mackenzie, A. (1999). The power of story in organisations. Journal of Workplace Learning, 11(1), 38–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J., Ferres, N., & Travaglione, T. (2003). Engendering trust in manager-subordinate relationships. Predictors and outcomes. Personnel Review, 32, 569–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Business ethics: A European perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennehy, R. (1999). The executive as storyteller. Management Review, 88(3), 40–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denning, S. (2004). Telling tales. Harvard Business Review, 82(5), 122–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denning, S. (2005). The leader’s guide to storytelling. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, P. K. (1978). How to build a universe that doesn’t fall apart two days later. Cited 1 October, 2011 from http://deoxy.org/pkd_how2build.htm (Online).

  • Driscoll, C., & McKee, M. (2007). Restoring a culture of ethical and spiritual values: A role for leader storytelling. Journal of Business Ethics, 73, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2008). Qualitative methods in business research. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eskola, J., & Suoranta, J. (1998). Johdatus laadulliseen tutkimukseen [Introduction to qualitative research]. Tampere: Vastapaino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst, G. T. (2008). Discursive leadership: A communication alternative to leadership psychology. Management Communication Quarterly, 21, 510–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst, G. T. (2011). Discursive approaches to leadership. In A. Bryman, D. Collinson, K. Grint, B. Jackson, & M. Uhl-Bien (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of leadership (pp. 495–517). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst, G. T., & Grant, D. (2010). The social construction of leadership: A sailing guide. Management Communication Quarterly, 24, 171–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. R. (1985). The narrative paradigm: In the beginning. Journal of Communication, 35(4), 74–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flick, U. (2007). Designing qualitative research. London: Sage.

  • Foucault, M. (1980[1975]). Tarkkailla ja rangaista [Surveiller et punir]. Helsinki: Otava.

  • Gabriel, Y. (1995). The unmanaged organization: Stories, fantasies and subjectivity. Organization Studies, 16(3), 477–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, Y. (2000). Storytelling in organizations: Facts, fiction and fantasies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, Y. (2008). Seduced by the text: The desire to be deceived in story, memoir and drama. Tamara Journal, 7(2), 154–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, Y., & Griffiths, D. S. (2004). Stories in organizational research. In C. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, M., & Gergen, K. (2006). Narratives in action. Narrative Inquiry, 16(1), 112–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. Great Britain: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, D. (2001). Narrative discourse and management action. The Journal of Business Communication, 38(4), 476–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. R., & George, J. F. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23, 531–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kets de Vries, M. (1993). Leaders, fools and imposters: Essays on the psychology of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knuuttila, S. (1992). Kansanhuumorin mieli. Kaskut maailmankuvan aineksina [The mind of folk humour]. Helsinki: SKS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujala, J., Lämsä, A.-M., & Penttilä, K. (2011). Managers’ moral decision-making patterns over time: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(2), 191–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lämsä, A.-M., & Sintonen, T. (2001). A discursive approach to understanding women leaders in working life. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(3–4), 255–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauerma, H. (2006). Usko, Toivo ja Huijaus [Belief, hope and swindle]. Jyväskylä: Gummerrus Kirjapaino Oy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehtonen, M. (2004). Merkitysten maailma: Kulttuurisen tekstintutkimuksen lähtökohtia [The world of meanings]. Tampere: Vastapaino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (2005). Power. A radical view. Basingstone/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, A. (2007[1981]). Hyveiden jäljillä [After virtue: A study in moral theory]. Helsinki: Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press.

  • McClelland, D. C. (1970). The two faces of power. Journal of International Affairs, 24, 29–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. W. (1990[1959]). Sosiologinen mielikuvitus [The sociological imagination]. Helsinki: Tutkijaliitto.

  • Molinsky, A., & Margolis, J. (2005). Necessary evils and interpersonal sensitivity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30, 245–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oring, E. (1987). Jokes and the discourse on disaster. The Journal of American Folklore, 100(397), 276–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oxford English Dictionary. (2012). Cited 14 May, 2012 from http://oxforddictionaries.com (Online).

  • Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, M. (2004). Using storytelling to develop people and organizations. London/Sterling, IL: Kogan Page Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, K., & Hansen, H. (2007). Organizational story as leadership. Leadership, 3(3), 281–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, T. (1990). Get innovative or get dead. California Management Review, 33(2), 9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorne, D. E. (2007). Validity issues in narrative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 13(4), 471–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulton, M. S. (2005). Organizational storytelling, ethics and morality: How stories frame limits of behavior in organizations. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10(2), 4–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhode, D. (2006). Introduction: Where is the leadership in moral leadership. In D. Rhode (Ed.), Moral leadership. The theory and practice of power, judgment, and policy (pp. 1–53). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rost, J. (1993). Leadership for the twenty-first century. London: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, M. (2002). How we become moral. The sources of moral motivation. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Shane (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 499–512). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, E. R. (1986). The NASA joke cycle: The astronauts and the teacher. Western Folklore, 45(4), 261–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sintonen, T., & Auvinen, T. (2009). Who is leading, leader or story? The power of stories to lead. Tamara Journal, 8(1), 95–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, W. (1986). Challenger jokes and the humor of disaster. Western Folklore, 45(4), 243–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Søderberg, A. (2003). Sensegiving and sensemaking in an integration process: A narrative approach to the study of an international acquisition. In B. Czarniawska & P. Gagliardi (Eds.), Narratives we organize by (pp. 3–35). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sole, D., & Wilson, D. G. (2004). Storytelling in organizations: The power and traps of using stories to share knowledge in organizations. Cited 1 January, 2007 from LILA Harvard University Web Site: http://www.providersedge.com/docs/km_articles/Storytelling_in_Organizations.pdf.

  • Steinar, K. (2007). Doing interviews. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, R. M. (1951). Conflict and control functions of humor. American Journal of Sociology, 56(6), 569–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. S., Fisher, D., & Dufresne, R. L. (2002). The aesthetics of management storytelling: A key to organizational learning. Management Learning, 2002(33), 313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, P., & Tepper, B. J. (2007). Introduction to The Leadership Quarterly special issue: Destructive leadership (Editorial). The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 171–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez, M. G. (1998). Business ethics. Concepts and cases (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E., & Browning, L. D. (1986). Argument and narration in organizational communication. Yearly Review of Management of the Journal of Management, 12(2), 243–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicks, A. C., Berman, S. I., & Jones, T. M. (1999). The structure of optimal trust: Moral and strategic implications. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 99–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrong, D. (2004). Power. Its forms, bases and uses. London: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tuomo Takala.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Auvinen, T.P., Lämsä, AM., Sintonen, T. et al. Leadership Manipulation and Ethics in Storytelling. J Bus Ethics 116, 415–431 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1454-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1454-8

Keywords

Navigation