Abstract
Recent comparative studies have suggested that RLPs are forming new networks and links with social movements (SMs). This chapter maps the linkage attempts of the RLPs studied in this Handbook. It identifies four distinct ‘theses’ regarding the development of the links between RLPs and SMs. Those include the position that the two actors operate in ‘separate spheres’, an interpenetration scenario, a co-variation thesis according to which the two actors are in the process of mutual detachment and finally a co-evolution thesis, that focuses on the changing nature of those linkages. Current empirical research predominantly vindicates the co-evolutionary thesis. The chapter develops expectations about the key factors that shape these linkages. By mapping the nature and scope of RLPs’ societal linkage during the Great Recession, it shows that there is a considerable degree of variation in the links that RLPs have developed with SMs. These differences can be explained by several factors, but the most significant is the ideological and organisational heterogeneity within the radical left party family.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aarts, K. (1995). Intermediate Organisations and Interest Representation. In H. Klingemann & D. Fuchs (Eds.), Citizens and the State (pp. 227–257). Oxford University Press.
Agustín, Ó. G., & Jørgensen, M. (2016). Uplifting the Masses? Radical Left Parties and SMs during the Crisis. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 71–88). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Allern, E. (2010). Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway. ECPR Press.
Allern, E. (2013). The Contemporary Relationship of ‘New Left’ and ‘New Right’ Parties with Interest Groups: Exceptional or Mainstream? The Case of Norway’s Socialist Left and Progress Party. Scandinavian Political Studies, 36(1), 67–90.
Allern, E., & Bale, T. (2012a). Political Parties and Interest Groups Disentangling Complex Relationships. Party Politics, 18(1), 7–25.
Allern, E., & Bale, T. (2012b). Conclusion: Qualifying the Common Wisdom. Party Politics, 18(1), 99–106.
Allern, E., & Bale, T. (Eds.). (2017). Left of Centre Parties and Trade Unions in the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press.
Arter, D. (2002). ‘Communists We Are No Longer, Social Democrats We Can Never Be’: The Evolution of the Leftist Parties in Finland and Sweden. The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 18(3), 1–28.
Bailey, D. (2016). Capitalist Crisis or Crisis of Capitalism? How the Radical Left Conceptualises the Crisis. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left from Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 51–70). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Bailey, D. (2017). Protest Movements and Parties of the Left: Affirming Disruption. Rowman and Littlefield International.
Bale, T., & Dunphy, R. (2011). In from the Cold? Left Parties and Government Involvement Since 1989. Comparative European Politics, 9(3), 269–291.
Bankov, P. (2020). ‘Red Belts’ Anywhere? The Electoral Geography of European Radical Left Parties Since 1990 (PhD thesis). University of Glasgow.
Bartolini, S. (2000). The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage. Cambridge University Press.
Bergan Draege, J., Chironi, D., & Della Porta D. (2017). SMs within Organisations: Occupy Parties in Italy and Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 22(2), 139–156.
Bordandini, P. (2013). Renewal and Tradition: Comparing Italian Radical Left Parties through their Middle-level Elites. South European Society and Politics, 18(1), 61–79.
Bouma, A. (2016). Ideological Confirmation and Party Consolidation: Germany’s Die Linke and the Financial and Refugee Crises. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left from Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 133–154). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Charalambous, G., & Christophorou, G. (2013). A Society within Society: Linkage in the Case of the Cypriot Communist Party. South European Society and Politics, 18(1), 101–119.
Charalambous, G., & Christophorou, C. (2015). The Cypriot Communists between Protest and the Establishment: A Second Look at AKEL’s Linkages with Society. In G. Charalambous & C. Christophorou (Eds.), Party-society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus: Political and Societal Strategies (pp. 19–46). Routledge.
Charalambous, G., & Lamprianou, I. (2014). Societal Responses to the Post-2008 Economic Crisis Among South European and Irish Radical Left Parties: Continuity or Change and Why? Government and Opposition, 51(2), 261–293.
Chiocchetti, P. (2017). The Radical Left Party Family in Western Europe, 1989–2015. Routledge.
Dean, J., & Aune, K. (2015). Feminism Resurgent? Mapping Contemporary Feminist Activisms in Europe. Social Movement Studies, 14(4), 375–395.
Della Porta, D. (2007). The Global Justice Movement: Cross-national and Transnational Perspectives. Paradigm.
Della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (2009). SMs: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Della Porta, D., Fernández, J., Kouki, H., & Mosca, L. (2017). Movement Parties against Austerity. John Wiley & Sons.
Dunphy, R. (2007). In Search of an Identity: Finland’s Left Alliance and the Experience of Coalition Government. Contemporary Politics, 13(1), 37–55.
Dunphy, R. (2016). Struggling for Coherence: Irish Radical Left and Nationalist Responses to the Austerity Crisis. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 191–210). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Dunphy, R., & Bale, T. (2011). The Radical Left in Coalition Government: Towards a Comparative Measurement of Success and Failure. Party Politics, 17(4), 488–504.
Dunphy, R., & March, L. (2019). The European Left Party. Manchester University Press.
Duverger, M. (1954). Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. Methuen.
Eleftheriou, C. (2016). Greek Radical Left Responses to the Crisis: Three Types of Political Mobilisation, One Winner. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 273–289). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Fominaya, C. F. (2007). Autonomous Movement and the Institutional Left: Two Approaches in Tension in Madrid’s Anti-globalization Network. South European Society & Politics, 12(3), 335–358.
Fominaya, C. F. (2014). Debunking Spontaneity: Spain’s 15M/Indignados as Autonomous Movement. Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, 14(2), 142–163.
Fraussen, B., & Halpin, D. R. (2018). Political Parties and Interest Organizations at the Crossroads: Perspectives on the Transformation of Political Organizations. Political Studies Review, 16(1), 25–37.
Goldstone, J. (2003). Introduction: Bridging Institutionalised and Noninstitutionalised Politics. In J. A. Goldstone (Ed.), States, Parties & SMs. Cambridge University Press.
Handl, V., & Goffin, A. (2016). Czech Communists and the Crisis: Between Radical Alternative and Pragmatic Europeanisation. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 211–231). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Heaney, M. T. (2010) Linking Political Parties and Interest Groups. In L. Sandy Maisel, J. M. Berry, & G. C. Edwards III (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of American Political Parties and Interest Groups (pp. 568–588). Oxford University Press.
Hough, D., & Verge, T. (2009). A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing or a Gift from Heaven? Left-Left Coalitions in Comparative Perspective. Regional & Federal Studies, 19(1), 37–55.
Iglesias, P. (2015). Understanding Podemos. New Left Review, 93, 7–22.
Ioannou, G., & Charalambous, G. (2016). The Left and the Crisis in Cyprus: ‘In the Midst of Change They Were not Changing.’ In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 273–289). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics, 1(1), 5–28.
Keith, D. (2016). Stop TTIP: An Emerging Transnational Eurosceptic Movement? In N. Startin, J. FitzGibbon, & B. Leruth (Eds.), Euroscepticism as a Transnational and Pan-European Phenomenon (pp. 97–113). Routledge.
Keith, D. (2017). Radical Left Parties and Left Movements in Northern Europe. In M. Wennerhag, C. Fröhlich, & G. Piotrowski (Eds.), Radical Left Movements in Europe (pp. 43–62). Routledge.
Keith, D., & Charalambous, G. (2016). On the (Non) Distinctiveness of Marxism-Leninism: The Portuguese and Greek Communist Parties Compared. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 49(2), 147–161.
Keith, D., & March, L. (2016). The European Radical Left: Past Present, No Future? In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 353–380). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Keith, D., & Verge, T. (2016). Nonmainstream Left Parties and Women’s Representation in Western Europe. Party Politics, 24(4), 397–409.
Kirchheimer, O. (1966). The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems. In Political Parties and Political Development (pp. 177–200). Princeton University Press.
Kitschelt, H. (2006). Movement Parties. In R. Katz & W. Crotty (Eds.), Handbook of Party Politics (pp. 278–290). Sage.
Kriegel, A. (1972). French Communists: Profile of a People. University of Chicago Press.
Kriesi, H. (2015). Party Systems, Electoral Systems, and SMs. In D. Della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of SMs (pp. 667–680). Oxford University Press.
Lawson, K. (1980). Political Parties and Linkage. In K. Lawson (Ed.), Political Parties and Linkage: A Comparative Perspective (pp. 3–24). Yale University Press.
Lazar, M. (1988). Communism in Western Europe in the 1980s. The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 4(3), 243–257.
Lisi, M. (2013). Rediscovering Civil Society? Renewal and Continuity in the Portuguese Radical Left. South European Society and Politics, 18(1), 21–39.
Maiguashca, B., Dean, J., & Keith, D. (2016). Pulling together in a Crisis? Anarchism, Feminism and the Limits of Left-Wing Convergence in Austerity Britain. Capital & Class, 40(1), 37–57.
March, L. (2011). Radical Left Parties in Europe. Routledge.
March, L. (2017). Radical Left Parties and Movements: Allies, Associates or Antagonists. In M. Wennerhag, C. Fröhlich, & G. Piotrowski (Eds.), Radical Left Movements in Europe (pp. 22–42). Routledge.
March, L., & Mudde, C. (2005). What’s Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation. Comparative European Politics, 3(1), 23–49.
McGowan, F., & Keith, D. (2016). The Radical Left and Immigration: Resilient or Acquiescent in the Face of the Radical Right? In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 89–112). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Medina, I., Teruel, J., & Barrio A. (2016, September 10). Assessing the Identity Politics Hypothesis: Political Parties and Interest Groups Linkages in the Case of Catalan Juntos pel Sí. Paper Presented at the ECPR General Conference. Charles University.
Merkl, P., & Lawson, K. (1988). When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organisations. Princeton University Press.
Newell, J. (2010). Between a Rock and a Hard Place. The Governing Dilemmas of Rifondazione Communista. In J. Olsen, M. Koß, & D. Hough (Eds.), Left Parties in National Governments (pp. 52–68). Palgrave.
Norris, P. (2005). Radical Right, Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge.
Nunns, A. (2012). Greece: More Than a Demonstration, Less Than a Revolt. Red Pepper. http://www.redpepper.org.uk/greece-more-than-a-demonstration-less-than-a-revolt/
Olsen, J., Koß, M., & Hough, D. (2010). Left Parties in National Governments. Palgrave.
Peace, T. (2012). All I’m Asking, is for a Little Respect: Assessing the Performance of Britain’s Most Successful Radical Left Party. Parliamentary Affairs, 66(2), 405–424.
Piccio, D. R. (2015). How SMs Impact Political Parties. In M. Giugni, L. Bosi, & K. Uba (Eds.), The Consequences of SMs: People, Policies, and Institutions. Cambridge University Press.
Piotrowski, G., & Wennerhag, M. (2015). Always Against the State? An Analysis of Polish and Swedish Radical Left-libertarian Activists’ Interaction with Institutionalised Politics. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 8(3), 845–875.
Poguntke, T. (2003). Party Organizational Linkage: Parties without Firm Social Roots? In K. R. Luther & F. Müller-Rommel (Eds.), Political Parties in the New Europe: Political and Analytical Challenges (pp. 43–62). Oxford University Press.
Porcaro, M. (2013). Occupy Lenin. Socialist Register, 49, 84–97.
Ramiro, L. (2016). Riders on the Storm: United Left and Podemos During the 2008 Great Recession. In L. March & D. Keith (Eds.), Europe’s Radical Left: From Marginality to the Mainstream? (pp. 311–330). Rowman and Littlefield International.
Ramiro, L., & Gomez, R. (2017). Radical-left Populism during the Great Recession: Podemos and Its Competition with the Established Radical Left. Political Studies, 65(1), 108–126.
Ramiro, L., & Verge, T. (2013). Impulse and Decadence of Linkage Processes: Evidence from the Spanish Radical Left. South European Society and Politics, 18(1), 41–60.
Sampedro, V., & Lobera, J. (2014). The Spanish 15-M movement: A Consensual Dissent? Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 15(1), 61–80.
Sassoon, D. (1996). One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the 20th Century. I.B. Tauris.
Schwartz, M. A. (2005). Linkage Processes in Party Networks. In A. Römmele, D. M. Farrell, & P. Ignazi (Eds.), Political Parties and Political Systems: The Concept of Linkage Revisited (pp. 37–60). Praeger.
Schwartz, M. A. (2010). Interactions between SMs and US Political Parties. Party Politics, 16(5), 587–607.
Steiner, B. (2010). Communists We Are No Longer Social Democrats We Can Never Be: The Swedish Left Party. In B. Daiber, C. Hildebrandt, & A. Striethorst (Eds.), From Revolution to Coalition—Radical Left Parties in Europe (pp. 65–78). Rosa Luxenburg-Foundation.
Tarrow, S. (2015). Contentious Politics. In D. Della Porta & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of SMs (pp. 86–107). Oxford University Press.
Tarrow, S., & McAdam, D. (2010). Ballots and Barricades: On the Reciprocal Relationship Between Elections and SMs. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 529–542.
Thomas, C. (Ed.). (2001). Political Parties and Interest Groups. Shaping Democratic Governance. Lynne Rienner.
Tiersky, R. (1985). Ordinary Stalinism: Democratic Centralism and the Question of Communist Political Development. George Allen and Unwin.
Tilly, C. (2003). Afterword: Agendas for Students of SMs. In J. A. Goldstone (Ed.), States, Parties & SMs (pp. 246–257). Cambridge University Press.
Tsakatika, M. (2016). SYRIZA’s Electoral Rise in Greece: Protest, Trust and the Art of Political Manipulation. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 1–22.
Tsakatika, M., & Eleftheriou, C. (2013). The Radical Left’s Turn Towards Civil Society in Greece: One Strategy, Two Paths. South European Society and Politics, 18(1), 81–99.
Tsakatika, M., & Lisi, M. (2013). ‘Zippin’ Up My Boots, Goin’ Back to My Roots’: Radical Left Parties in Southern Europe. South European Society and Politics, 18(1), 1–19.
Wagener, S. (2012). The Left in Luxembourg. In B. Daiber, C. Hildebrandt, & A. Striethorst (Eds.), From Revolution to Coalition-radical Left Parties in Europe (pp. 129–144). Rosa-Luxemburg-Foundation.
Waller, M. (1981). Democratic Centralism: An Historical Commentary. Manchester University Press.
Warner, C. (2000). Confessions of an Interest Group. The Catholic Church and Political Parties in Europe. Princeton University Press.
Wennerhag, M. (2017). Radical Left Movements in Europe: An Introduction. In M. Wennerhag, C. Fröhlich, & G. Piotrowski (Eds.), Radical Left Movements in Europe (pp. 1–21). Routledge.
Witko, C. (2009). The Ecology of Party-organized Interest Relationships. Polity, 41(2), 211–234.
Yishai, Y. (2001). Bringing Society Back in Post-cartel Parties in Israel. Party Politics, 7(6), 667–687.
Zald, M. N., & Berger, M. A. (1978). SMs in Organizations: Coup d’etat, Insurgency, and Mass Movements. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 823–861.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Keith, D., Tsakatika, M. (2023). Linkages Between Radical Left Parties and Social Movements: Mapping Co-Evolution, Explaining Variation. In: Escalona, F., Keith, D., March, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Radical Left Parties in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56264-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56264-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56263-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-56264-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)