Tragedy or farce? The repetition of Australian industrial relations history, 1929 and 2007

^1.CitationMarx, The Eighteenth Brumaire.

^2.CitationCanfora,L'uso politico dei paradigmi storici.

^3.CitationGunther and Diamond, “Types and Functions of Parties”; CitationKatz and Mair, “Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy” and CitationMcIlroy, “The Enduring Alliance?.”

^4.CitationCook, “Unions and the ALP,” 34–5.

^5.CitationGreenstone, Labor in American Politics and Dark, The Unions and the Democrats.

^6.CitationArcher, Why Is There No Labor Party, 6.

^7.CitationValenzuela, “Labour Movements and Political Systems,” 78.

^8.CitationGentile and Tarrow, “Charles Tilly, Globalization,” 467–8 and Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 46.

^9.CitationHowell, “From New Labour to No Labour?”; CitationAylott, “After the Divorce”; CitationHyman and Gumbrell-McCormick, “Trade Unions, Politics and Parties”; CitationPiazza, “De-linking Labor” and Upchurch et al., “The Crisis of ‘Social Democratic’ Unionism.”

^10. McIlroy, “The Enduring Alliance?” and CitationQuinn, “New Labour and the Trade Unions.”

^11.CitationLavelle, “The Ties that Unwind?”; Cook, “Unions and the ALP”; CitationGriffin et al., “Trade Unions, the Australian Labor Party” and Pierson and Castles, “Australian Antecedents of the Third Way.”

^12.CitationBowden, “The Rise and Decline of Australian Unionism,” 66 and CitationEllem and Franks, “Trade Union Structure and Politics,” 48.

^13. Piazza, “De-linking Labor.”

^14.CitationBramble and Kuhn, Labor's Conflict, 72–3 and Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 272–6.

^15. Bramble and Kuhn, Labor's Conflict, 173.

^16. Ellem and Franks, “Trade Union Structure and Politics,” 47 and Bowden, “The Rise and Decline of Australian Unionism,” 67–8 and 70.

^17. Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 167–9 and CitationRawson, Unions and Unionists in Australia, 48–50.

^18.CitationALP National Committee of Inquiry, Discussion Papers, 86.

^19.CitationCavalier, Power Crisis, 31.

^20. Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 164–7.

^21. Valenzuela, “Labour Movements and Political Systems”; CitationPanebianco, Political Parties; Quinn, “New Labour and the Trade Unions”; Howell, “From New Labour to No Labour?”; CitationLeigh, “How Do Unionists Vote?”; CitationManning, “The ALP and the Union Movement” and CitationSmith, “Campaigning and the Catch-All Party.”

^22. Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 45–9; CitationTattersall, Power in Coalition; CitationNess and Eimer, Central Labor Councils and the Revival of American Unionism and CitationBaines, “In a Different Way.”

^23.CitationCrosby, Power at Work; Bowden, “The Rise and Decline of Australian Unionism” and CitationPeetz and Pocock, “An Analysis of Workplace Representatives.”

^24. Gentile and Tarrow, “Charles Tilly, Globalization,” 480–8.

^25. Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 46 and Gentile and Tarrow, “Charles Tilly, Globalization,” 467–8.

^26. Cook, “Unions and the ALP.”

^27. The Commonwealth tribunal had the following titles:

• Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration (CCCA) 1905–56,

• Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (CCAC) 1956–73,

• Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (ACAC) 1973–88,

• Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) 1988–2007,

• Fair Work Australia (FWA) 2007 to the present.

^28.CitationDeery and Plowman, Australian Industrial Relations, 125–77.

^29.CitationHagan, The History of the ACTU, 278–82; Ellem and Franks, “Trade Union Structure and Politics,” 47 and Bowden, “The Rise and Decline of Australian Unionism,” 48.

^30.CitationMarkey, In Case of Oppression, 158–9, 163 and 246–7 and Hagan, The History of the ACTU, 358–9 and 406–9.

^31.CitationDabscheck, Australian Industrial Relations in the 1980s, 150–1.

^32. The Nationalist Party was formed in 1917 from a merger of the Liberal Party and ALP parliamentary dissidents, led by Billy Hughes the ALP Prime Minister, who supported conscription for the First World War against ALP policy. The Nationalists took government in 1917 after the ALP government lost its parliamentary majority as a result of the expulsion of a number of its members for supporting conscription. The Nationalist Party became the main centre-right conservative party in Australia, usually governing in coalition with the Country Party at national and state levels. In 1931, the Nationalists merged with another group of ALP parliamentary dissidents to form the UAP led by the former Treasurer in the ALP government of 1929–1931, Joe Lyons. In 1945, the United Australia Party (UAP) was supplanted by the Liberal Party as the main centre-right conservative party in Australia, usually governing in coalition with the Country Party and its successors at national and state levels.

^33. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers and rural voters generally, the Australian Country Party has usually been the minor party in a centre-right coalition with the Nationalist Party and its successors in government. In 1975, the Country Party adopted the name of National Country Party, and in 1982 the party's name was changed to the National Party of Australia, referred to later in this article.

^34. Hagan, The History of the ACTU, 25–32 and Markey, In Case of Oppression, 186–7 and 201–5.

^35. Markey, In Case of Oppression, 203–11 and CitationWildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 8–10 and 123–38.

^36. Markey, In Case of Oppression, 208–10 and CitationTurner and Sandercock, In Union is Strength, 75–7 and 80.

^37. Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 11–40.

^38. Ibid., 90–4.

^39. Ibid., 33–9 and Hagan, The History of the ACTU, 42–3.

^40. Markey, In Case of Oppression, 246–7.

^41. Hagan, The History of the ACTU, 42–4 and Turner and Sandercock, In Union is Strength, 77 and 80 and Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 11–40, 98–104 and 124–5.

^42. Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 133.

^43. “Federal Arbitration to be Abolished” (Sydney Morning Herald, May 29, 1929) and Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 140–2.

^44.Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, vol. 121, August 23, 1929, 280–91 and Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 186–90.

^45.CitationSchedvin, Australia and the Great Depression, 109–10.

^46.CitationCaiden, Career Service, 200–9.

^47. Editorial and “Keep It: Federal Arbitration Court” (Sun, September 19, 1929); “The Arbitration Scrap Heap” [Red Tape (journal of the New South Wales Public Service Association), September 25, 1929, 202] and “Arbitration” (Red Tape, October 25, 1929, 231–2).

^48. “Tariffs and Arbitration” (Sydney Morning Herald, January 12, 1929) and “Peace in Industry” (Sydney Morning Herald, February 11, 1929).

^49. “Mr Hughes on Arbitration” (Sydney Morning Herald, September 17, 1929) and Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 143–82.

^50. “Federal Unions Oppose Proposal” (Sydney Morning Herald, May 29, 1929); “Arbitration: Federal Withdrawal” (Sydney Morning Herald, May 30, 1929, 11); CitationLouis, Trade Unions and the Depression, 13 and Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 194–6.

^51. “Editorial: Federal Arbitration” (Red Tape, June 25, 1929, 130); Caiden, Career Service, 210–11; Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 202–9 and CitationMarkey, “Organisational Concolidation and Unionateness,” 106–7.

^52. “Fighting for Labor” (Labor Daily, October 5, 1929; newspaper of the NSW ALP); “Council Activities” (Red Tape, October 25, 1929, 228–9); “Principles Precede Politics” (Red Tape, November 25, 1929, 254) and Markey, “Organisational Concolidation and Unionateness,” 106–7.

^53. “Broadcasting From Trades Hall” (Sydney Morning Herald, November 2, 1925) and Markey, In Case of Oppression, 266.

^54. “Public Service Association Meeting” (Sydney Morning Herald, March 26, 1930); CitationGreenwood, “Development in the Twenties, 1919–1929,” 329 and Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 234–48.

^55. Wildavsky and Carboch, Studies in Australian Politics, 213–33, 239–41 and 251–6.

^56. Hagan, The History of the ACTU, 93–4 and 160–5.

^57. Markey, In Case of Oppression, 256–8 and Turner and Sandercock, In Union is Strength, 84–7.

^58.CitationCommonwealth Bureau of Statistics, Labour Report.

^59. Dabscheck, Australian Industrial Relations in the 1980s and Dabscheck, The Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations.

^60. Dabscheck, The Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations, 104–13.

^61.CitationPeetz, Unions in a Contrary World, 6 and 145–73.

^62.CitationMcDermott, “Industrial Legislation in 1996” and Peetz, Unions in a Contrary World, 164–72.

^73. Ellem, “Trade Unionism in 1998”; Watts, “Wages and Wage Determination in 2002,” 195–7; Watts and Mitchell, “Wages and Wage Determination in 2003,” 176–8; Riley, “Industrial Legislation in 2003,” 187 and Riley and Sarina, “Industrial Legislation in 2005,” 352–4.

^63.CitationAustralian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Trade Union Members and CitationABS, Employee Earnings and Hours.

^64.CitationHall, “Australian Industrial Relations in 2006.”

^65.CitationWilson and Spies-Butcher, “When Labour Makes a Difference.”

^66. Ibid.

^67.CitationHall, “The Politics of Industrial Relations.”

^68. Wilson and Spies-Butcher, “When Labour Makes a Difference.”

^69.CitationSutherland, “Industrial Legislation in 2008”; CitationSutherland and Riley, “Industrial Legislation in 2009”; Wilson and Spies-Butcher, “When Labour Makes a Difference,” 21 and CitationBrigden, “Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2008,” 368.

^70.CitationJames and Markey, “Class and Labour,” 35 and CitationBlumenfeld, “Collective Bargaining.”

^71. Cook, “Unions and the ALP,” 115–21.

^72. Personal communication with secretary of public sector union and ACTU executive member, 4 February 2012.