Full text loading...
Review Article
Open Access
Social Consequences of Forced and Refugee Migration
- Ellen Percy Kraly1, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi2,3, Lorraine Lizbeth Torres Colón4, and Holly E. Reed5,6
-
View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Program, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 3School of Demography, Research School of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia 4Department of Sociology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA 5Department of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, New York, USA 6CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Vol. 49:129-153 (Volume publication date July 2023) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-090221-040023
- First published as a Review in Advance on April 26, 2023
-
Copyright © 2023 by the author(s).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information
Abstract
This review considers sociological perspectives and research on the outcomes and implications of forced and refugee migration for migrants and communities of settlement. Analytic constraints and opportunities posed by concepts of forced and refugee migration and migrants for empirical research are underscored. The tendencies for research on forced and refugee migration to serve policy and programs are addressed in relationship to the conceptualization of processes of displacement as well as research design. A social demographic lens is used to illustrate a record of research on the consequences of forced and refugee migration and settlement. Accordingly, we review empirical literature on patterns of spatial mobility, health and well-being, social and economic integration, and family and community dynamics at different scales. Implications of global issues such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic are considered. Analytic issues emerge from the intersections, and lack thereof, between forced migration, refugee studies, and migration policy analysis and provide critical opportunities for contributions by sociologists and social scientists more generally.
Article metrics loading...
Literature Cited
- Abbasi-Shavazi MJ. 2021. COVID-19, economic recession, and the refugee situation. Int. Migr. 59:1289–92
- Abbasi-Shavazi MJ, Sadeghi R. 2014. Socio-cultural adaptation of second-generation Afghans in Iran. Int. Migr. 53:689–110
- Abdelaaty L, Steele LG. 2022. Explaining attitudes toward refugees and immigrants in Europe. Political Stud. 70:1110–30
- Adelman H, Barkan E. 2011. No Return, No Refuge New York: Columbia Univ. Press
- Adger WN, Safra de Campos R, Siddiqui T, Gavonel MF, Szaboova L et al. 2021. Human security of urban migrant populations affected by length of residence and environmental hazards. J. Peace Res. 58:150–66
- Ager A, Strang A. 2008. Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. J. Refugee Stud. 21:2166–91
- Akresh IR, Frank R. 2008. Health selection among new immigrants. Am. J. Public Health 98:112058–64
- Alessi EJ, Kahn S, Van Der Horn R. 2017. A qualitative exploration of the premigration victimization experiences of sexual and gender minority refugees and asylees in the United States and Canada. J. Sex Res. 54:7936–48
- Andermann L 2014. Reflections on using a cultural psychiatry approach to assessing and fortifying refugee resilience in Canada. Refuge and Resilience: Promoting Resilience and Mental Health Among Resettled Refugees and Forced Migrants L Simich, L Andermann 61–71. New York: Springer
- Anderson C. 2021. Humanizing studies of refuge and displacement-considering complicity, contingency, and compromise. Refuge 37:270–77
- Andersson H. 2021. Ethnic enclaves, self-employment, and the economic performance of refugees: evidence from a Swedish dispersal policy. Int. Migr. Rev. 55:158–83
- Annamalai A 2014. Refugee Health Care: An Essential Medical Guide New York: Springer
- Apostolova G. 2015. A Rhetoric of Meanings: Exploring the Frontiers of Language Usage Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Cambridge Sch. Publ.
- Arar R, FitzGerald DS. 2023. The Refugee System: A Sociological Approach Cambridge, UK: Polity
- Asgary R, Segar N. 2011. Barriers to health care access among refugee asylum seekers. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 22:2506–22
- Atak I, Abu Alrob Z, Ellis C 2021. Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada's response to secondary refugee movements. J. Refugee Stud. 34:32593–612
- Aydemir G. 2021. Contingent homes: mobility and long-term conflict in the contested periphery of Georgia. J. Refugee Stud. 34:123–45
- Bakewell O. 2008. Research beyond the categories: the importance of policy irrelevant research into forced migration. J. Refugee Stud. 21:4432–53
- Beauchemin C. 2014. A manifesto for quantitative multi-sited approaches to international migration. Int. Migr. Rev. 48:4921–38
- Beauchemin C 2018. Migration Between Africa and Europe New York: Springer
- Beiser M, Hou F. 2014. Chronic health conditions, labour market participation and resource consumption among immigrant and native-born residents of Canada. Int. J. Public Health 59:3541–47
- BenEzer G, Zetter R. 2015. Searching for directions: conceptual and methodological challenges in researching refugee journeys. J. Refugee Stud. 28:3297–318
- Besier G. 2003. Einleitung: Anpassung, Verfolgung und Widerstand der Religionsgemeinschaften im NS-Staat/Introduction: conformity, persecution and resistance of religious communities in the NS State. Kirchl. Zeitgesch. 16:2273–76
- Betts A, MemiŞoĞlu F, Ali A 2021. What difference do mayors make? The role of municipal authorities in Turkey and Lebanon's response to Syrian refugees. J. Refugee Stud. 34:1491–519
- Bevelander P, Pendakur R. 2014. The labour market integration of refugee and family reunion immigrants: a comparison of outcomes in Canada and Sweden. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 40:5689–709
- Black R. 2001. Fifty years of refugee studies: from theory to policy. Int. Migr. Rev. 35:157–78
- Black R, Adger WN, Dercon D, Geddes A, Thomas D. 2011. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Glob. Environ. Change 21:S3–11
- Black R, Arnell N, Adger WN, Thomas D, Geddes A. 2013. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environ. Sci. Policy 27:S32–43
- Black R, Koser K, eds. 1999. The End of the Refugee Cycle: Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction New York: Berghahn
- Bloch A, Dona G, eds. 2018. Forced Migration: Current Issues and Debates London: Routledge
- Bloemraad I, Hamlin R 2020. Immigration, asylum, integration, and citizenship policy. The New Handbook of Political Sociology J Misra, T Janoski, C de Leon, S Mudge 880–908. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
- Bloemraad I, Menjívar C. 2021. Precarious times, professional tensions: the ethics of migration research and the drive for scientific accountability. Int. Migr. Rev. 56:14–32
- Bogic M, Njoku A, Priebe S. 2015. Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights. 15:29
- Bose P, Lunstrum E 2019. What constitutes environmental displacement? Challenges and opportunities of exploring connections across thematically diverse areas. Mobilizing Global Knowledge: Refugee Research in an Age of Displacement S McGrath, JEE Young 233–52. Calgary, AB: Univ. Calgary Press
- Brekke JP, Aarset MF. 2009. Why Norway? Understanding Asylum Destinations Oslo: Inst. Samf.
- Brekke JP, Brochman G. 2015. Stuck in transit: secondary migration of asylum seekers in Europe, national differences, and the Dublin Regulation. J. Refugee Stud. 28:2145–62
- Brijnath B. 2009. Familial bonds and boarding passes: understanding caregiving in a transnational context. Glob. Stud. Cult. Power 16:183–101
- Bryant R, Zetter R. 2021. Special section introduction: return, remixing and reconciliation after conflict. J. Refugee Stud. 34:14–6
- Canefe N 2019. Rethinking displacement: transitional justice and forced migration studies. Mobilizing Global Knowledge: Refugee Research in an Age of Displacement S McGrath, JEE Young 45–66. Calgary, AB: Univ. Calgary Press
- Carling J. 2014. Scripting remittances: making sense of money transfers in transnational relationships. Int. Migr. Rev. 48:1 Suppl.218–62
- Carling J, Bolognani M, Erdal MB, Ezzati RI, Oeppen C et al. 2015. Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration Oslo: Peace Res. Inst.
- Carling J, Menjívar C. 2012. Central themes in the study of transnational parenthood. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 38:2191–217
- CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) 2021. Guidance for the U.S. domestic medical examination for newly arriving refugees Guid. Doc., Cent. Dis. Control Prev. https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic-guidelines.html
- Cerrutti M, Fargues P, Awumbila M. 2021. The case for a world migration survey Popul. Res. Pap. 25. Int. Union Sci. Study Popul. Paris:
- Cheung SY, Phillimore J. 2014. Refugees, social capital, and labour market integration in the UK. Sociology 48:3518–36
- Chimni BS. 2009. The birth of a ‘discipline’: from refugee to forced migration studies. J. Refugee Stud. 22:111–29
- Clark-Kazak C. 2017. Ethical considerations: research with people in situations of forced migration. Refuge 33:211–17
- Clark-Kazak C. 2021. Ethics in forced migration research: taking stock and potential ways forward. J. Migr. Hum. Secur. 9:3125–38
- Clarke SK, Kumar GS, Sutton J, Atem J, Banerji A et al. 2021. Potential impact of COVID-19 on recently resettled refugee populations in the United States and Canada: perspectives of refugee healthcare providers. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 23:184–89
- Cohen N, Margalit T. 2015.. ‘ There are really two cities here’: fragmented urban citizenship in Tel Aviv. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 39:4666–86
- Collyer M. 2010. Stranded migrants and the fragmented journey. J. Refugee Stud. 23:3273–93
- Collyer M, de Haas H. 2012. Developing dynamic categorisations of transit migration. Popul. Space Place 18:4468–81
- Correa-Velez I, Gifford SM, McMichael C, Sampson R. 2017. Predictors of secondary school completion among refugee youth 8 to 9 years after resettlement in Melbourne, Australia. Int. Migr. Integration 18:791–805
- Cranitch M. 2010. Developing language and literacy skills to support refugee students in the transition from primary to secondary school. Aust. J. Lang. Lit. 33:3255–68
- Crawley H, Duvell F, Jones K, Skleparis D. 2016. Understanding the dynamics of migration to Greece and the EU: drivers, decisions and destinations. Unravelling the Mediterranean Migration Crisis (MEDMIG) Res. Brief 2 MEDMIG, Coventry Univ. Coventry, UK:
- Crawley H, Skleparis D. 2018. Refugees, migrants, neither, both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe's ‘migration crisis. .’ J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 44:148–64
- Crea T, Hasson R, Evans K, Cardoso JB, Underwood D. 2018. Moving forward: educational outcomes for unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) exiting foster care in the United States. J. Refugee Stud. 31:2240–56
- Cutter SL. 2003. The vulnerability of science and the science of vulnerability. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 93:11–12
- Czymara C. 2021. Attitudes toward refugees in contemporary Europe: a longitudinal perspective on cross-national differences. Soc. Forces 99:31306–33
- Czymara C, Schmidt-Catran A. 2017. Refugees unwelcome? Changes in the public acceptance of immigrants and refugees in Germany in the course of Europe's “immigration crisis. .” Eur. Sociol. Rev. 33:6735–51
- Dagnelie O, Mayda AM, Maystadt JF. 2019. The labor market integration of refugees in the United States: Do entrepreneurs in the network help?. Eur. Econ. Rev. 111:257–72
- de Haas H. 2010. The internal dynamics of migration processes: a theoretical inquiry. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 36:101587–617
- DesMeules M, Gold J, McDermott S, Cao Z, Payne J et al. 2005. Disparities in mortality patterns among Canadian immigrants and refugees, 1980–1998: results of a national cohort study. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 7:4221–32
- Dicker S, Stauffer W, Mamo B, Nelson C, O'Fallon A. 2010. Initial refugee health assessments. new recommendations for Minnesota. Minn. Med. 93:445–48
- Dookeran NM, Battaglia T, Cochran J, Geltman PL. 2010. Chronic disease and its risk factors among refugees and asylees in Massachusetts, 2001–2005. Prev. Chronic Dis. 7:3A51
- Doomernik J, Glorius B. 2016. Refugee migration and local demarcations: new insight into European localities. J. Refugee Stud. 29:4429–39
- Dreby J. 2007. Children and power in Mexican transnational families. J. Marriage Fam. 69:41050–64
- Eastmond M. 2006. Transnational returns and reconstruction in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. Int. Migr. 44:3141–66
- Elnakib S, Hussein SA, Hafez S, Elsallab M, Hunersen K, Metzler J, Robinson WC. 2021. Drivers and consequences of child marriage in a context of protracted displacement: a qualitative study among Syrian refugees in Egypt. BMC Public Health 21:674
- Enarson E, Morrow BH 1998. Why gender? Why women? An introduction to women and disaster. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women's Eyes E Enarson, BH Morrow 1–8. Westport, CT: Praeger
- Este DC, Tachble AA. 2009. The perceptions and experiences of Russian immigrant and Sudanese refugee men as fathers in an urban center in Canada. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 624:139–55
- Federico V, Baglioni S. 2021. Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers’ Integration in European Labour Markets: A Comparative Approach on Legal Barriers and Enablers New York: Springer
- Fink G, Helm T, Belknap K, Johnson-Agbakwu CE. 2014. Refugee women's health. In Refugee Health Care: An Essential Medical Guide A Annamalai 195–213. New York: Springer
- FitzGerald DS, Arar R. 2018. The sociology of refugee migration. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 44:387–406
- Forget G, Correa-Velez I, Dee M. 2019. Being a father in my new society: a qualitative study of the fathering experiences of men from refugee backgrounds resettled in Australia. J. Refugee Stud. 32:2322–39
- Geddes A, Adger WN, Arnell N, Black R, Thomas D. 2012. Migration, environmental change and the ‘challenges of governance. Environ. Plan. C 30:6951–67
- Gerard A. 2014. Gender, securitization and transit: refugee women and the journey to the EU. J. Refugee Stud. 27:3338–59
- Ghezelbash D, Tan NF. 2020. The end of the right to seek asylum? COVID-19 and the future of refugee protection. Int. J. Refugee Law 32:4668–79
- Ghorashi H, van Tilburg M. 2006.. “ When is my Dutch good enough?” Experiences of refugee women with Dutch labour organizations. J. Int. Migr. Integr. 7:151–70
- Giles W, Hyndman J. 2004. Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
- Glastra F. 1999. Benaderingen van intercultureel management. Organisaties en Diversiteit. Naar een Contextuele Benadering van Intercultureel Management F Glastra 25–57. Utrecht, Neth.: Lemma
- Gonzalez Benson O. 2021. Refugee-run grassroots organizations: responsive assistance beyond the constraints of US resettlement policy. J. Refugee Stud. 34:22124–41
- Gonzalez Benson O, Smith R, Son C 2022. Resettlement cities: a mixture model analysis of the dispersion and placement strategy of U.S. refugee policy. Cities 126:103698
- Gottardo C, Cyment P. 2019. The Global Compact for Migration: What could it mean for women and gender relations?. Gend. Dev. 27:167–83
- Grace BL. 2019. Family from afar? Transnationalism and refugee extended families after resettlement. J. Refugee Stud. 32:1125–43
- Graham HR, Minhas RS, Paxton GP. 2016. Learning problems in children of refugee background: a systematic review. Pediatrics 137:6e20153994
- Grant J, Guerin PB. 2019. Motherhood as identity: African refugee single mothers working the intersections. J. Refugee Stud. 32:4583–604
- Harb M, Kassem A, Najdi W. 2019. Entrepreneurial refugees and the city: brief encounters in Beirut. J. Refugee Stud. 32:123–41
- Harrell-Bond B. 1988. The sociology of involuntary migration: an introduction. Curr. Sociol. 36:21–6
- Harrell-Bond B. 1989. Repatriation: Under what conditions is it the most desirable solution for refugees? An agenda for research. Afr. Stud. Rev. 32:141–70
- Hathaway JC. 2007. Forced migration studies: Could we agree just to “date”?. J. Refugee Stud. 20:3349–69
- Hebbani A, Colic-Peisker V, Mackinnon M. 2018.. ‘ Know thy neighbour’: residential integration and social bridging among refugee settlers in greater Brisbane. J. Refugee Stud. 31:182–103
- Hennebry J, Petrozziello A. 2019. Closing the gap? Gender and the Global Compacts for Migration and Refugees. Int. Migr. 57:6115–38
- Hillmann F, Toğral Koca B. 2021.. “ By women, for women, and with women”: on the integration of highly qualified female refugees into the labour markets of Berlin and Brandenburg. Comp. Migr. Stud. 9:13
- Hollander A-C, Bruce D, Ekberg J, Burström B, Borrell C, Ekblad S. 2012. Longitudinal study of mortality among refugees in Sweden. Int. J. Epidemiol. 41:41153–61
- Hondagneu-Sotelo P. 2007. Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press. , 2nd ed..
- Hooper K, Zong J, Capps R, Fix M. 2016. Young Children of Refugees in the United States: Integration Successes and Challenges Washington, DC: Migr. Policy Inst.
- Hugo G, Abbasi-Shavazi MJ, Kraly EP, eds. 2018. Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration New York: Springer
- Hunter LM, Luna JK, Norton RM. 2015. The environmental dimensions of migration. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 41:377–97
- Hyndman J, Giles W. 2011. Waiting for what? The feminization of asylum in protracted situations. Gend. Place Cult. 18:3361–79
- Hyndman J, Giles W. 2016. Refugees in Extended Exile: Living on the Edge London: Routledge
- Hynie M. 2018. The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: a critical review. Can. J. Psychiatr. 63:5297–303
- Hynie M, McGrath S, Bridekirk J, Oda A, Ives N et al. 2019. What role does type of sponsorship play in early integration outcomes? Syrian refugees resettled in six Canadian cities. Refuge 35:236–52
- Islam MR, Khan NA. 2018. Threats, vulnerability, resilience and displacement among the climate change and natural disaster-affected people in South-East Asia: an overview. J. Asia Pac. Econ. 23:2297–323
- Jacobsen K. 2006. Refugees and asylum seekers in urban areas: a livelihoods perspective. J. Refugee Stud. 19:3273–86
- Jacobsen K, Landau LB. 2003. The dual imperative in refugee research: some methodological and ethical considerations in social science research on forced migration. Disasters 27:3185–206
- Jones O. 2009. Customary non-refoulement of refugees and automatic incorporation into the common law: a Hong Kong perspective. Int. Comp. Law Q. 58:2443–68
- Kaczmarczyk P, Salamońska J. 2018. Why we still need ethnosurveys in migration research: empirical evidence from Poland. J. Mixed Methods Res. 12:4458–76
- Kalipeni E, Oppong J. 1998. The refugee crisis in Africa and implications for health and disease: a political ecology approach. Soc. Sci. Med. 46:121637–53
- Keely CB. 1981. Global Refugee Policy: The Case for a Development-Oriented Strategy New York: Popul. Counc.
- Keely CB. 1996. How nation states create and respond to refugees. Int. Migr. Rev. 30:41046–66
- Keely CB, Kraly EP 2018. Concepts of refugee and forced migration: considerations for demographic analysis. Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration G Hugo, MJ Abbasi-Shavazi, EP Kraly 21–37. New York: Springer
- Keely CB, Reed HE, Waldman R. 2001. Understanding mortality patterns in complex humanitarian emergencies. Forced Migration and Mortality: Roundtable on the Demography of Forced Migration1–52. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
- Kertzer DI. 1983. ‘Generation’ as a sociological problem. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 9:125–49
- Kibreab G. 1999. Revisiting the debate on people, place, identity and displacement. J. Refugee Stud. 12:4384–410
- Kibreab G. 2002. When refugees come home: the relationship between stayees and returnees in post-conflict Eritrea. J. Contemp. Afr. Stud. 20:153–80
- Koizumi K, Hoffstaedter G, eds. 2015. Urban Refugees: Challenges in Protection, Services and Policy London: Routledge
- Kraly EP 2018. Behind and beyond disaggregation by sex: forced migration, gender and the place of demography. Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration G Hugo, MJ Abbasi-Shavazi, EP Kraly 125–53. New York: Springer
- Kraly EP, Hovy B. 2020. Data and research to inform global policy: the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Comp. Migr. Stud. 8:11
- Kraly EP, Reed HE, Majmundar M, McGrath S, Orrenius P et al. 2021. The role of migration research in promoting refugee well-being in a post-pandemic era. J. Migr. Hum. Secur. 9:3197–205
- Kunz EF. 1973. The refugee in flight: kinetic models and forms of displacement. Int. Migr. Rev. 7:2125–46
- Kunz EF. 1981. Exile and resettlement: refugee theory. Int. Migr. Rev. 15:1/242–51
- Kuschminder K. 2019. The multi-level governance of asylum in Italy: understanding Eritrean's secondary movement in search of relocation within Italy. J. Refugee Stud. 34:1285–304
- Landau J. 2007. Enhancing resilience: families and communities as agents for change. Fam. Process 46:3351–65
- Landau LB. 2012. Communities of knowledge or tyrannies of partnership: reflections on north-south research networks and the dual imperative. J. Refugee Stud. 25:4555–69
- Landau LB 2014. Urban refugees and IDPs. The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies E Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G Loescher, K Long, N Sigona 139–50. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
- Landau LB 2019. Capacity, complicity, and subversion: revisiting collaborative refugee research in an era of containment. Mobilizing Global Knowledge: Refugee Research in an Age of Displacement S McGrath, JEE Young 25–44. Calgary, AB: Univ. Calgary Press
- Landau LB, Jacobsen K. 2005. The value of transparency, replicability and representativeness. Forced Migr. Rev. 22:46
- Lichtenstein G, Puma JE. 2019. The Refugee Integration Survey and Evaluation (RISE): results from a four-year longitudinal Study. J. Refugee Stud. 32:3397–416
- Liebig T, Tronstad K. 2018. Triple disadvantage? A first overview of the integration of refugee women Soc. Employ. Migr. Work. Pap. 2016 Organ. Econ. Co-op. Dev. Paris:
- Loizos P. 2007. ‘Generation’ in forced migration: towards greater clarity. J. Refugee Stud. 20:2193–209
- Long K. 2013. In search of sanctuary: border closures, “safe” zones and refugee protection. J. Refugee Stud. 26:3458–76
- Lønning MN 2020. Layered journeys: experiences of fragmented journeys among young Afghans in Greece and Norway. J. Refugee Stud. 33:2316–35
- Losoncz I. 2016. Building safety around children in families from refugee backgrounds: ensuring children's safety requires working in partnership with families and communities. Child Abuse Negl. 51:416–26
- Ludwig B, Reed HE. 2016.. “ When you are here, you have high blood pressure”: Liberian refugees’ health and access to healthcare in Staten Island, NY. Int. J. Migr. Health Soc. Care 12:126–37
- Macdonald A, Porter H. 2020. The politics of return: understanding trajectories of displacement and the complex dynamics of “return” in Central and East Africa. J. Refugee Stud. 33:4639–62
- Mahler S, Chaudhuri M, Patil V. 2015. Scaling intersectionality: advancing feminist analysis of transnational families. Sex Roles 73:3–4100–12
- Malkki LH. 1992. National geographic: the rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees. Cult. Anthropol. 7:124–44
- Malkki LH. 1995. Refugees and exile: from “refugee studies” to the national order of things. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 24:495–523
- Marchezini V. 2020.. “ What is a sociologist doing here?” An unconventional people-centered approach to improve warning implementation in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 11:218–29
- Marks J. 2014. Rural refugee resettlement: secondary migration and community integration in Fort Morgan, Colorado Res. Pap. 269 New Issues Refugee Res., UNHCR Geneva, Switz.:
- Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R, Bloomer E, Goldblatt P. 2012. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. Lancet 380:98461011–29
- Marshall G, Schell T, Elliott M, Berthold SM, Chun C-A. 2005. Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States. JAMA 294:5571–79
- Martin S. 2004. Making the UN work: forced migration and institutional reform. J. Refugee Stud. 17:3301–18
- Martin S, Bergmann J. 2021. (Im)mobility in the age of COVID-19. Int. Migr. Rev. 55:3660–87
- Massey D, Arango J, Hugo G, Kouaouci A, Pellegrino A, Taylor JE. 1998. Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium Oxford, UK: Clarendon
- Massey D, Durand J, Pren KA. 2016. The precarious position of Latino immigrants in the United States: a comparative analysis of ethnosurvey data. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 666:191–109
- Mawani FN. 2014. Social determinants of refugee mental health. In Refuge and Resilience: Promoting Resilience and Mental Health Among Resettled Refugees and Forced Migrants L Simich, L Andermann 27–50. New York: Springer
- Mayblin L. 2016. Troubling the exclusive privileges of citizenship: mobile solidarities, asylum seekers, and the right to work. Citizsh. Stud. 20:2192–207
- McAdam J. 2016. From the Nansen initiative to the platform on disaster displacement: shaping international approaches to climate change, disasters and displacement. Univ. N. S. W. Law J. 39:41518–46
- McGrath S, Young JEE, eds. 2019. Mobilizing Global Knowledge: Refugee Research in an Age of Displacement Calgary, AB: Univ. Calgary Press
- McNeely CA, Morland L. 2016. The health of the newest Americans: how US public health systems can support Syrian refugees. Am. J. Public Health 106:113–15
- McNicoll G. 1995. Population growth and revisionism: further questions. Popul. Dev. Rev. 21:2307–40
- Mirza M, Luna R, Mathews B, Hasnain R, Hebert E et al. 2014. Barriers to healthcare access among refugees with disabilities and chronic health conditions resettled in the US Midwest. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 16:4733–42
- Morris M, Popper S, Rodwell T, Brodine S, Brouwer K. 2009. Healthcare barriers of refugees post-resettlement. J. Community Health 34:6529–38
- Morrissey J. 2009. Environmental change and forced migration Backgr. Pap. Refugee Stud. Cent. Oxford, UK:
- Munt SR. 2012. Journeys of resilience: the emotional geographies of refugee women. Gend. Place Cult. 19:5555–77
- Naidoo L. 2009. Developing social inclusion through after-school homework tutoring: a study of African refugee students in greater western Sydney. Br. J. Sociol. Educ. 30:3261–73
- NASEM (Natl. Acad. Sci. Eng. Med.) 2019. Forced Migration Research: From Theory to Practice in Promoting Migrant Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
- Nelson F, Mann T. 2011. Opportunities in public policy to support infant and early childhood mental health: the role of psychologists and policymakers. Am. Psychol. 66:2129–39
- Nelson KA, Marston C. 2020. Refugee migration histories in a meatpacking town: blurring the line between primary and secondary migration. J. Int. Migr. Integr. 21:177–91
- Newbold KB, McKeary M. 2018. Journey to health: (re)contextualizing the health of Canada's refugee population. J. Refugee Stud. 31:4687–704
- Nolan C. 2006. Transnational Ruptures: Gender and Forced Migration Aldershot, UK: Ashgate
- Norris F, Stevens S, Pfefferbaum B, Wyche K, Pfefferbaum R. 2008. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am. J. Community Psychol. 41:1–2127–50
- Osman F, Klingberg-Allvin M, Flacking R, Schön U-K. 2016. Parenthood in transition—Somali-born parents’ experiences of and needs for parenting support programmes. BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights 16:7
- Pallmann I, Ziegler J, Pfeffer-Hoffmann C. 2019. Refugee women as a target group of labour market policies. Rep., Minor–Projektkontor für Bildung und Forschung Berlin: https://minor-kontor.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Minor_FE_BA_Refugee-Women-as-a-Target-Group-of-Labour-Market-Policies_2019.pdf.pdf
- Parreñas RS. 2008. Transnational fathering: gendered conflicts, distant disciplining and emotional gaps. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 34:71057–72
- Pendley SC, VanLandingham MR, Pham NM, Do M. 2021. Resilience within communities of forced migrants: updates and the path forward. J. Migr. Hum. Secur. 9:3154–64
- Perfetti AR, Abboud S, Behme M, Barg F. 2019. Understanding wellness and barriers to care among Iraqi refugee women in the United States. Health Soc. Care Community 27:61430–37
- Petersen W. 1978. International migration. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 4:533–75
- Pickren WE 2014. What is resilience and how does it relate to the refugee experience? Historical and theoretical perspectives. Refuge and Resilience: Promoting Resilience and Mental Health Among Resettled Refugees and Forced Migrants L Simich, L Andermann 7–26. New York: Springer
- Plamondon K, Bottorff J, Caxaj CS, Graham I. 2020. The integration of evidence from the Commission on Social Determinants of Health in the field of health equity: a scoping review. Crit. Public Health 30:4415–28
- Porter G, Hampshire K, Kyei P, Adjaloo M, Rapoo G, Kilpatrick K. 2008. Linkages between livelihood opportunities and refugee-host relations: learning from the experiences of Liberian camp-based refugees in Ghana. J. Refugee Stud. 21:2230–52
- Portes A, Rumbaut RG. 1996. Immigrant America Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press. , 2nd ed..
- Portes A, Zhou M. 1993. The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 530:74–96
- Puma JE, Lichtenstein G, Stein P. 2018. The RISE survey: developing and implementing a valid and reliable quantitative measure of refugee integration in the United States. J. Refugee Stud. 31:4605–25
- Rabin M, Willard C. 2014. Torture and refugees. In Refugee Health Care: An Essential Medical Guide A Annamalai 181–92. New York: Springer
- Reed HE, Barbosa GY. 2017. Investigating the refugee health disadvantage among the US immigrant population. J. Immigr. Refugee Stud. 15:153–70
- Reed HE, Keely CB, eds. 2001. Forced Migration and Mortality: Roundtable on the Demography of Forced Migration Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
- Reed HE, Kraly EP, eds. 2021. Special issue on new demographic directions in forced migrant and refugee research. J. Migr. Hum. Secur. 9:3)
- Reed HE, Kraly EP, Bloemraad I. 2021. The role of demographic research in promoting refugee resettlement and integration in the United States. J. Migr. Hum. Secur. 9:3113–24
- Reed RV, Fazel M, Jones L, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. 2012. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet 379:9812250–65
- Riosmena F, Kuhn R, Jochem WC. 2017. Explaining the immigrant health advantage: self-selection and protection in health-related factors among five major national-origin immigrant groups in the United States. Demography 54:1175–200
- Roth BJ, Grace BL. 2015. Falling through the cracks: the paradox of post-release services for unaccompanied child migrants. Children Youth Serv. Rev. 58:244–52
- Ryan D, Dooley B, Benson C. 2008. Theoretical perspectives on post-migration adaptation and psychological well-being among refugees: towards a resource-based model. J. Refugee Stud. 21:11–18
- Ryder N. 1965. The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. Am. Sociol. Rev. 30:6843–61
- Schewel K. 2020. Understanding immobility: moving beyond the mobility bias in migration studies. Int. Migr. Rev. 54:2328–55
- Seker BD, Sirkeci I. 2015. Challenges for refugee children at school in eastern Turkey. Econ. Sociol. 8:4122–33
- Shakya Y, Gurunge S, Hynie M, Akbari A, Malik M et al. 2010. Aspirations for higher education among newcomer refugee youth in Toronto: expectations, challenges, and strategies. Refuge Can. J. Refugees 27:265–78
- Shields A. 2008. Who else hires a Somali? The challenges of incorporating newcomers in new immigration destinations: the case of Emporia, Kansas Master's Thesis Univ. Kansas Lawrence, KS:
- Sidhva D, Zuntz AC, Akash RA, Nashwan A, Al-Majali A. 2021. ‘In exile, the woman became everything’: middle-aged Syrian women's contributions to family livelihoods during protracted displacement in Jordan. J. Humanit. Aff. 3:14–15
- Sim A, Fazel M, Bowes L, Gardner F. 2018. Pathways linking war and displacement to parenting and child adjustment: a qualitative study with Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Soc. Sci. Med. 200:19–26
- Simich L, Andermann L, eds. 2014. Refuge and Resilience: Promoting Resilience and Mental Health Among Resettled Refugees and Forced Migrants New York: Springer
- Singer A, Hardwick S, Brettell C. 2008. 21st century gateways: immigrants in suburban America. Poverty Race 17:41–15
- Singer A, Hill JH. 2006. From ‘there’ to ‘here’: refugee resettlement in metropolitan America Rep. Brookings Inst. Washington, DC:
- Sirkeci I, Cohen JH. 2016. Cultures of migration and conflict in contemporary human mobility in Turkey. Eur. Rev. 24:3381–96
- Skov G. 2016. Transfer back to Malta: refugees’ secondary movement within the European Union. J. Immigr. Refugee Stud. 14:166–82
- Skran C, Easton-Calabria E. 2020. Old concepts making new history: refugee self-reliance, livelihoods and the ‘refugee entrepreneur. .’ J. Refugee Stud. 33:11–21
- Smyth G, Stewart E, Da Lomba S. 2010. Introduction: critical reflections on refugee integration: lessons from international perspectives. J. Refugee Stud. 23:4411–14
- Solé-Auró A, Crimmins EM. 2008. Health of immigrants in European countries. Int. Migr. Rev. 42:4861–76
- Spehar A. 2021. Navigating institutions for integration: perceived institutional barriers of access to the labour market among refugee women in Sweden. J. Refugee Stud. 34:43907–25
- Stephan WG, Stephan CW. 2000. An integrated threat theory of prejudice. Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination S Oskamp 23–45. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
- Stepputat F, Sørensen NN 2014. Sociology and forced migration. The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies E Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G Loescher, K Long, N Sigona 86–98. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
- Stewart M, Dennis CL, Kariwo M, Kushner KE, Letourneau et al. 2015. Challenges faced by refugee new parents from Africa in Canada. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 17:1146–56
- Stewart MJ. 2014. Social support in refugee resettlement. In Refuge and Resilience: Promoting Resilience and Mental Health Among Resettled Refugees and Forced Migrants L Simich, L Andermann 91–107. New York: Springer
- Strang A, Ager A. 2010. Refugee integration: emerging trends and remaining agendas. J. Refugee Stud. 23:4589–607
- Sumathy S. 2009. Salt, sand and water: movement and citizenship in the narratives of displaced women. Soc. Identities 15:111–42
- Sundquist J, Johansson SE. 1996. The influence of exile and repatriation on mental and physical health. A population-based study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 31:121–28
- Swe H, Ross M. 2010. Refugees from Myanmar and their health care needs in the US: a qualitative study at a refugee resettlement agency. Int. J. Migr. Health Soc. Care 6:115–25
- Taylor B. 2015. A change of heart? British policies towards tubercular refugees during 1959 World Refugee Year. Twentieth Century Br. Hist. 26:197–121
- Tegenbos J, Vlassenroot K. 2018. Going home? A systematic review of the literature on displacement, return and cycles of violence Work. Pap. Conflict Res. Progr., Lond. Sch. Econ. Political Sci. London:
- Tingvold L, Middelthon A-L, Allen J, Hauff E 2012. Parents and children only? Acculturation and the influence of extended family members among Vietnamese refugees. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 36:2260–70
- Turner S. 2016a. What is a refugee camp? Explorations of the limits and effects of the camp. J. Refugee Stud. 29:2139–48
- Turner S 2016b. Special issue: What is a camp?. J. Refugee Stud. 29:2)
- Tyldum G. 2021. A paradise without people. Ambivalence in representations of migration and its outcomes when Syrian refugees talk about secondary migration to Europe. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 47:173911–27
- Uba L. 1992. Cultural barriers to health care for southeast Asian refugees. Public Health Rep 107:5544–48
- UN Dep. Econ. Soc. Aff 2019. World Population Prospects 2019 New York: UN
- UNHCR (UN High Comm. Refugees) 2022. Global trends: forced displacement in 2021 Rep. UN High Comm. Refugees Copenhagen, Den:.
- UNOPGA (UN Off. Pres. Gen. Assem.) 2018. Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration Glob. Compact UN, Geneva, Switz.:
- USA UNHCR 2020. Protracted refugee situations explained Fact Sheet, USA UN High Comm. Refugees Washington, DC: https://www.unrefugees.org/news/protracted-refugee-situations-explained/
- Van der Klaauw J. 2009. Refugee rights in times of mixed migration: evolving status and protection issues. Refugee Surv. Q. 28:459–86
- van Ee E, Sleijpen M, Kleber R, Jongmans M. 2013. Father-involvement in a refugee sample: relations between posttraumatic stress and caregiving. Fam. Process 52:4723–35
- Van Hear N. 2012. Forcing the issue: migration crises and the uneasy dialogue between refugee research and policy. J. Refugee Stud. 25:12–24
- Van Ommeren M, Bhogendra S, Sharma G, Komproe I, Cardeña E, de Jong J. 2002. The relationship between somatic and PTSD symptoms among Bhutanese refugee torture survivors: examination of comorbidity with anxiety and depression. J. Trauma. Stress 15:5415–21
- Voutira E, Dona G. 2007. Refugee research methodologies: consolidation and transformation of a field. J. Refugee Stud. 20:2163–71
- Vromans L, Schweitzer RD, Brough M, Correa-Velez I, Murray K, Lenette C. 2019. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional loss scale with refugee women-at-risk recently arrived in Australia. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 21:2271–77
- Wagner J, Burke G, Kuoch T, Scully M, Armeli S, Rajan TV. 2013. Trauma, healthcare access, and health outcomes among southeast Asian refugees in Connecticut. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 15:61065–72
- Waldfogel J. 2004. Welfare reform and the child welfare system. Children Youth Serv. Rev. 26:10919–39
- Wanigaratne S, Cole DC, Bassil K, Hyman I, Moineddin R, Urquia ML. 2016. The influence of refugee status and secondary migration on preterm birth. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 70:6622–28
- Warner D. 1994. Voluntary repatriation and the meaning of return to home: a critique of liberal mathematics. J. Refugee Stud. 7:2–3160–74
- Weinstein H, Sarnoff R, Gladstone E, Lipson J. 2000. Physical and psychological health issues of resettled refugees in the United States. J. Refugee Stud. 13:3303–27
- Weng SS, Choi S. 2021. Examining refugee integration: perspective of community members. J. Refugee Stud. 34:1354–73
- WHO (World Health Organ.) 2018. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals Rep. WHO Geneva, Switz:.
- Worbs S, Baraulina T. 2017. Female refugees in Germany: language, education and employment Rep. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) Forschungszentrum Migration, Integration und Asyl (FZ) Nürnberg, Ger:.
- Zetter R. 1999. Reconceptualizing the myth of return: continuity and transition amongst the Greek-Cypriot refugees of 1974. J. Refugee Stud. 12:11–22
- Zetter R. 2011. Protracted displacement of refugees and internally displaced persons: an overview. Refugee Surv. Q. 30:41–13
- Zetter R. 2018. Conceptualising forced migration: praxis, scholarship and empirics. Forced Migration: Current Issues and Debates A Bloch, G Dona 19–43. London: Routledge
- Zetter R. 2021. Theorizing the refugee humanitarian-development nexus: a political-economy analysis. J. Refugee Stud. 34:21766–86
- Zolberg A, Suhrke A, Aguayo S. 1989. Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
- Zong J. 2015. Profile of Syrian immigrants in the United States Fact Sheet, Migr. Policy Inst. Washington, DC:
- Article Type: Review Article
Most Read This Month
Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed
-
-
Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks
Vol. 27 (2001), pp. 415–444
-
-
-
Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology
Vol. 24 (1998), pp. 1–24
-
-
-
-
-
Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment
Vol. 26 (2000), pp. 611–639
-
-
-
-
-
The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences
Vol. 28 (2002), pp. 167–195
-
-
-
Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research
Vol. 28 (2002), pp. 443–478
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- More Less