Moral Convictions and Meat Consumption—A Comparative Study of the Animal Ethics Orientations of Consumers of Pork in Denmark, Germany, and Sweden
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Animal Ethics Orientations and Welfare-Enhanced Meat
1.2. What are the Animal Ethical Drivers of Welfare-Enhanced Meat Consumption?
1.3. Segmenting Consumers on the Basis of Animal Ethics Orientations and Attitude Strength
1.4. National Variation
1.5. Research Aims
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Compliance with Ethical Standards
2.3. The Questionnaire
2.4. Measures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Country Differences in Animal Ethics Orientations
3.2. Segmenting Pork Consumers by Animal Ethics Orientation and Attitude Strength
3.3. The Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Consumer Segments
3.4. Consumer Segments and Pork Purchases
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Variables | Denmark (n = 1612) Count (%) |
Germany (n = 1607) Count (%) |
Sweden (n = 1613) Count (% ) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 791 (49.1) | 742 (46.2) | 786 (48.7) |
Female | 821 (50.9) | 865 (53.8) | 827 (51.3) |
Age | |||
18–33 years | 396 (24.6) | 283 (17.6) | 328 (20.3) |
34–49 years | 337 (20.9) | 454 (28.3) | 401 (24.9) |
50–64 years | 421 (26.1) | 567 (35.3) | 408 (25.3) |
65 or more | 458 (28.4) | 303 (18.9) | 476 (29.5) |
Age (in years) Mean (s.e.) |
50.5 (0.45) |
49.4 (0.40) |
48.8 (0.45) |
Education a | |||
Low b | 848 (52.6) | 848 (52.5) | 781 (48.0) |
High c | 764 (47.4) | 763 (47.5) | 832 (52.0) |
Income d | |||
Highest quintiles | 309 (19.2) | 345 (21.5) | 339 (21.0) |
Other income groups | 1303 (80.8) | 1262 (78.5) | 1274 (89.0) |
Questionnaire Items | Denmark (n = 1612) | Germany (n = 1607) | Sweden (n = 1613) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disagree % |
Neither/Nor % |
Agree % | Disagree % |
Neither/Nor % |
Agree% | Disagree % |
Neither/Nor % |
Agree% | |
Animal rights items | |||||||||
1. The use of animals by humans should be prohibited by law. | 56.8 | 30.3 | 12.9 | 46.2 | 35.1 | 18.7 | 56.3 | 28.5 | 15.2 |
2. In principle, the use of animals by humans is unacceptable because animals can feel pain, happiness, etc. | 35.4 | 38.2 | 26.4 | 26.6 | 37.4 | 36.1 | 32.8 | 35.2 | 31.9 |
3. In principle, the use of animals by humans is unacceptable because animals are sentient beings. | 41.8 | 36.4 | 21.8 | 30.4 | 37.3 | 32.3 | 36.5 | 35.7 | 27.8 |
Animal rights score | |||||||||
Mean (s.e.) | 40.8 (0.62) | 47.6 (0.63) | 43.4 (0.65) | ||||||
Cronbach’s α | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.89 | ||||||
Anthropocentric items | |||||||||
4. We have the right to use animals because humans are intellectually superior to animals. | 47.4 | 36.1 | 16.4 | 52.0 | 35.2 | 12.8 | 56.7 | 33.6 | 9.7 |
5. Human interests are more important than those of animals. | 30.8 | 37.9 | 31.3 | 38.6 | 39.5 | 21.9 | 38.2 | 36.7 | 25.1 |
6. We must prioritize humans over animals. | 22.6 | 40.1 | 37.3 | 33.0 | 41.9 | 25.2 | 32.8 | 39.3 | 27.9 |
Anthropocentric score | |||||||||
Mean (s.e.) | 47.0 (0.58) | 40.3 (0.58) | 40.9 (0.57) | ||||||
Cronbach’s α | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.83 | ||||||
Animal protection items | |||||||||
7. Using animals for important human purposes (e.g., medical research) is acceptable if it is done so that the animals do not experience unnecessary stress. | 11.4 | 23.3 | 65.3 | 25.1 | 32.4 | 42.6 | 18.4 | 27.9 | 53.7 |
8. Using animals for important human purposes is acceptable if it is done so that the animals do not experience unnecessary pain. | 7.6 | 21.9 | 70.5 | 23.6 | 31.2 | 45.2 | 13.7 | 24.6 | 61.8 |
9. Using animals for important human purposes is acceptable if the animals have a decent quality of life. | 7.0 | 20.4 | 72.6 | 14.8 | 28.0 | 57.2 | 12.8 | 25.2 | 62.0 |
Animal protection score | |||||||||
Mean (s.e.) | 69.5 (0.49) | 57.7 (0.58) | 63.4 (0.57) | ||||||
Cronbach’s α | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.85 | ||||||
Lay utilitarian items | |||||||||
10. Inflicting serious pain on animals is acceptable if it is necessary in order to achieve a vital human goal, e.g., in medical research. | 54.1 | 29.0 | 16.9 | 64.1 | 25.0 | 10.9 | 59.8 | 24.7 | 15.5 |
11. Inflicting considerable pain on animals is justified if the purpose is sufficiently important, e.g., medical research. | 52.6 | 28.5 | 18.9 | 61.7 | 27.9 | 10.4 | 59.3 | 26.0 | 14.7 |
12. Exposing animals to stress and reducing their welfare is justified if the purpose is sufficiently important. | 43.4 | 35.4 | 21.1 | 60.5 | 28.0 | 11.5 | 52.6 | 29.8 | 17.7 |
Lay utilitarian score | |||||||||
Mean (s.e.) | 38.3 (0.63) | 28.8 (0.62) | 33.5 (0.57) | ||||||
Cronbach’s α | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.87 |
Denmark (n = 1612) | |||||||
Animan ethics orientation | Animal Rights | Anthropo-centric | Animal Protection | Lay Utilitarian | Age | Gender (0 = male/1 = female) | Household income (n = 1329) |
Animal Rights | 1.00 a | −0.437 **,a | −0.547 **,a | −0.342 **,a | −0.018 a | 0.222 **,a | −0.199 **,a |
Anthropocentric | 1.00 a | 0.396 **,a | 0.599 **,a | 0.061 *,a | −0.170 **,a | 0.201 **,a | |
Animal Protection | 1.00 a | 0.335 **,a | −0.010 a | −0.109 **,a | 0.178 **,a | ||
Lay Utilitarian | 1.00 a | −0.076 **,a | −0286 ** | 0.170 **,a | |||
Germany (n = 1607) | |||||||
Animan ethics orientation | Animal Rights | Anthropo-centric | Animal Protection | Lay Utilitarian | Age | Gender (0 = male/1 = female) | Household income (n = 1430) |
Animal Rights | 1.00 a | −0.333 **,a | −0.346 **,a | −0.209 **,a | −0.057 *,a | 0.209 **,a | −0.121 **,a |
Anthropocentric | 1.00 a | 0.368 **,a | 0.665 **,a | 0.018 a | −0.225 **,a | 0.108 **,a | |
Animal Protection | 1.00 a | 0.330 **,a | 0.041 a | −0.167 **,a | 0.099 **,a | ||
Lay Utilitarian | 1.00 a | −0.119 **,a | −0.268 **,a | 0.086 **,a | |||
Sweden (n = 1613) | |||||||
Animan ethics orientation | Animal Rights | Anthropo-centric | Animal Protection | Lay Utilitarian | Age | Gender (0 = male/1 = female) | Household income (n = 1310) |
Animal Rights | 1.00 a | −0.435 **,a | −0.544 **,a | −0.291 **,a | −0.151 a | 0.269 **,a | −0.148 **,a |
Anthropocentric | 1.00 a | 0.432 **,a | 0.649 **,a | 0.061 *,a | −0.283 **,a | 0.120 **,a | |
Animal Protection | 1.00 a | 0.357 **,a | −0.104 a | −0.205 **,a | 0.164 **,a | ||
Lay Utilitarian | 1.00 a | −0.033 **,a | −0.310 ** | 0.117 **,a |
Input Variables in the Latent Profile Analysis | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Neither Eats nor Buys Pork | Vegetarian | Vegan | Total | p-Value (eta2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark (n = 1612) | |||||||||
Population share | 19.8% | 34.8% | 29.8% | 11.3% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 100% | |
Animal rights Mean (s.e.) |
12.4 (0.69) |
50.3 (0.70) |
35.1 (0.89) |
72.8 (1.29) |
44.6 (3.93) |
54.5 (6.09) |
64.3 (10.44) |
40.8 (0.62) |
p < 0.000 (0.514) |
Animal protection Mean (s.e.) | 86.8 (0.70) |
63.9 (0.62) |
75.0 (0.56) |
43.6 (1.59) |
69.0 (3.08) |
65.3 (5.56) |
41.7 (12.55) |
69.5 (0.49) |
p < 0.000 (0.411) |
Anthropocentric Mean (s.e.) |
70.5 (0.95) |
50.0 (0.68) |
41.7 (0.84) |
15.0 (1.11) |
49.5 (3.66) |
22.8 (3.80) |
20.4 (7.06) |
47.0 (0.58) |
p < 0.000 (0.461) |
Attitude strength Mean (s.e.) | 0.7 (0.05) |
0.6 (0.03) |
2.9 (0.03) |
3.2 (0.06) |
n.a. a | n.a. a | n.a. a | 1.6 (0.04) |
p < 0.000 (0.706) |
Germany (n = 1606) | |||||||||
Population share | 8.1% | 44.9% | 25.4% | 12.2% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 100% | |
Animal rights Mean (s.e.) |
7.5 (0.86) |
46.8 (0.74) |
46.3 (1.11) |
65.3 (1.62) |
61.2 (2.71) |
67.3 (3.07) |
82.3 (5.42) |
47.6 (0.63) |
p < 0.000 (0.305) |
Animal protection Mean (s.e.) | 81.7 (1.11) |
57.1 (0.64) |
69.6 (0.83) |
26.5 (1.11) |
56.1 (3.07) |
41.9 (3.48) |
44.1 (8.46) |
57.7 (0.58) |
p < 0.000 (0.450) |
Anthropocentric Mean (s.e.) |
68.0 (1.33) |
49.1 (0.63) |
32.3 (0.99) |
17.3 (1.11) |
29.5 (3.19) |
21.9 (3.48) |
26.4 (4.32) |
40.3 (0.58) |
p < 0.000 (0.385) |
Attitude strength Mean (s.e.) | 0.6 (0.06) |
0.6 (0.02) |
2.7 (0.03) |
3.0 (0.05) |
n.a.a | n.a.a | n.a.a | 1.5 (0.03) |
p < 0.000 (0.735) |
Sweden (n = 1613) | |||||||||
Population share | 21.0% | 24.2% | 36.5% | 9.5% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 1.7% | 100% | |
Animal rights Mean (s.e.) |
15.8 (0.88) |
48.6 (0.85) |
42.4 (0.86) |
73.0 (1.88) |
60.0 (3.28) |
65.5 (2.91) |
84.7 (4.11) |
44.4 (0.65) |
p < 0.000 (0.446) |
Animal protection Mean (s.e.) | 85.5 (0.66) |
57.4 (0.73) |
68.5 (0.55) |
26.0 (1.48) |
48.3 (3.33) |
50.2 (3.39) |
31.4 (5.50) |
63.3 (0.57) |
p < 0.000 (0.542) |
Anthropocentric Mean (s.e.) |
64.8 (0.87) |
48.6 (0.72) |
32.5 (0.70) |
12.6 (1.07) |
35.2 (3.04) |
27.0 (2.78) |
17.0 (3.53) |
40.9 (0.57) |
p < 0.000 (0.491) |
Attitude strength Mean (s.e.) | 1.4 (0.06) |
0.6 (0.03) |
3.0 (0.03) |
3.2 (0.07) |
n.a. a | n.a. a | n.a. a | 2.0 (0.04) |
p < 0.000 (0.622) |
Socio-Demographic Variables | Class 1 (%) |
Class 2 (%) |
Class 3 (%) |
Class 4 (%) |
p-Value (Χ2(df)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark (n = 1536) | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 0.691 | 0.512 | 0.454 | 0.243 | p < 0.001 (104.5(3)) |
Female | 0.309 | 0.488 | 0.546 | 0.757 | |
Income | |||||
Highest quintiles | 0.318 | 0.122 | 0.223 | 0.086 | p < 0.01 (13.6(3)) |
Other income groups | 0.682 | 0.878 | 0.777 | 0.914 | |
Age (in years) Mean (s.e.) | 49.7 (0.91) |
49.6 (0.81) |
53.4 (0.79) |
50.1 (1.39) |
p < 0.001 (49.6(3)) |
Germany (n = 1474) | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 0.831 | 0.493 | 0.416 | 0.271 | p < 0.001 (87.6(3)) |
Female | 0.169 | 0.507 | 0.584 | 0.729 | |
Household income | |||||
Highest quintiles | 0.361 | 0.188 | 0.257 | 0.179 | p < 0.001 (48.5(3)) |
Other income groups | 0.639 | 0.812 | 0.743 | 0.821 | |
Age (in years) Mean (s.e.) | 55.3 (0.97) |
47.5 (0.59) |
51.0 (0.73) |
50.4 (0.97) |
p < 0.01 (14.8(3)) |
Sweden (n = 1482) | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 0.779 | 0.592 | 0.359 | 0.198 | p < 0.001 (221.8(3)) |
Female | 0.221 | 0.408 | 0.641 | 0.802 | |
Income | |||||
Highest quintiles | 0.323 | 0.150 | 0.208 | 0.150 | p < 0.001 (20.2(3)) |
Other income groups | 0.677 | 0.850 | 0.792 | 0.850 | |
Age (in years) Mean (s.e.) | 55.783 (0.86) |
46.587 (0.94) |
54.416 (0.71) |
49.628 (1.43) |
p < 0.001 (65.9(3)) |
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Lund, T.B.; Denver, S.; Nordström, J.; Christensen, T.; Sandøe, P. Moral Convictions and Meat Consumption—A Comparative Study of the Animal Ethics Orientations of Consumers of Pork in Denmark, Germany, and Sweden. Animals 2021, 11, 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020329
Lund TB, Denver S, Nordström J, Christensen T, Sandøe P. Moral Convictions and Meat Consumption—A Comparative Study of the Animal Ethics Orientations of Consumers of Pork in Denmark, Germany, and Sweden. Animals. 2021; 11(2):329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020329
Chicago/Turabian StyleLund, Thomas B., Sigrid Denver, Jonas Nordström, Tove Christensen, and Peter Sandøe. 2021. "Moral Convictions and Meat Consumption—A Comparative Study of the Animal Ethics Orientations of Consumers of Pork in Denmark, Germany, and Sweden" Animals 11, no. 2: 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020329