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Emerging Issues: Conceptual Clarification

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Emerging Issues in Internal Displacement in Africa

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Law ((BRIEFSLAW))

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Abstract

Having a significant understanding of the various root causes discussed in this book is important in drawing the nexus between these root causes and internal displacement. There are six emerging root causes of internal displacement discussed in this book, namely, climate change, technology, xenophobia, harmful practices, generalized violence and development projects. This chapter discusses these root causes providing an insight into these issues.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Hoegh-Guldberg (2012, 21), Pouch and Zaborska (2015, 75).

  2. 2.

    Notably the IPCC has contributed to knowledge formations on the fact that climate change is happening and its increasing impacts. For detailed reports of the IPCC since its formation in 1988. In understanding this role, see Kimuyu (2016), UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights, Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General, UN Doc A/HRC/10/61 (15 January 2009), 4.

  3. 3.

    See generally Leroux (2006), Michaels and Balling (2009), Booker (2009), Bell (2011), Amber (2011), Burnett (2014), Darwall (2019).

  4. 4.

    Earlier, in its fifth assessment report, the IPCC emphasised high plausibility that ‘more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together.’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013, 16), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018, 53).

  5. 5.

    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018, 81); see Schurer et al. (2017, 563–567).

  6. 6.

    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018, 81).

  7. 7.

    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014).

  8. 8.

    United States Global Change Research Program (2017).

  9. 9.

    Mathez (2009), Foster et al. (2017, 14845).

  10. 10.

    See generally Burns (2000), Climate Change Secretariat (UNFCCC) (2005), Barnett and Campbell (2010), Munro (2010, 145).

  11. 11.

    Ddamulira (2016, 257–262), Egeru et al. (2016, 69), Daily Nation (2018).

  12. 12.

    See McGrath (2018), Watts (2018), Poole (2018), Chestney (2018), Zalasiewicz et al. (2018), Gabbatiss (2018).

  13. 13.

    Crutzen and Steffen (2003, 251–257), Ribot (2014, 667–705), Hoffman et al. (2015, 3), Stager (2016, 17), Delanty and Mota (2017, 20(1) 9–38), Wright et al. (2018, 455–471).

  14. 14.

    See Ackerly and Vandenbergh (2008, 553), Kirton and Kokotsis (2016).

  15. 15.

    According to the IPCC, ‘the gravest effects of climate change may be those on human migration as millions are displaced by shoreline erosion, coastal flooding and severe drought.’ See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1990, 5–9), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1992, 103).

  16. 16.

    See Myers (1993, 752–761), Suhrke (1993), Boykoff and Roberts (2007), Johnson (2010), Martin (2010, 397), Mayer (2011, 91), Jakobeit and Methmann (2012, 301–314), Piguet (2013, 148–162), Campbell and Bedford (2014, 177), Ferris (2014), Thornton (2018, 14–15).

  17. 17.

    Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, adopted by the Intergovernmental Conference on the Global Compact for Migration 2018.

  18. 18.

    See El Hinnawi (1985), Jacobson (1988, 465–477).

  19. 19.

    El Hinnawi 1985, 4.

  20. 20.

    Myers (1997, 168), Myers (2002, 609).

  21. 21.

    Decision 1/CP.16: The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention, adopted at the 16th Session of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, Cancun, Mexico (29 November – 10 December 2010), para 14(f).

  22. 22.

    See Schwab (2017).

  23. 23.

    Mazoyer and Roudart (2006, 4).

  24. 24.

    Meyer (2017).

  25. 25.

    See Kerridge (1967); Overton (1989, 9).

  26. 26.

    Overton (1996, 5).

  27. 27.

    Deane (1979, 4).

  28. 28.

    Smith and Free 2016.

  29. 29.

    Mokyr (n.d.).

  30. 30.

    Schwab and Davis (2018), Skilton and Hovsepian (2018), Penprase (2018).

  31. 31.

    Rifkin (2012).

  32. 32.

    See Scharre (2018), Gorwa (2019, 86), Snowden (2019).

  33. 33.

    Crush and Pendleton (2004), Rydgren (2004, 123), Lewin-Epstein and Levanon (2005, 90), Roemer and van der Straeten (2006, 251), Berezin (2006, 273), Nyamnjoh (2006), Saideman and Ayres (2008), Yakushko (2009, 36), Neocosmos (2010), Bordeau (2010), Misago et al. (2015), Farmbry (2019).

  34. 34.

    Henckaerts (1995), Bekker (2009, 262), Adeola (2015, 253).

  35. 35.

    In General Recommendation 31, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Committee on the Rights of the Child observed that ‘[h]armful practices are persistent practices and forms of behaviour that are grounded in discrimination on the basis of, among other things, sex, gender and age, in addition to multiple and/or intersecting forms of discrimination that often involve violence and cause physical and/or psychological harm or suffering. The harm that such practices cause to the victims surpasses the immediate physical and mental consequences and often has the purpose or effect of impairing the recognition, enjoyment and exercise of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of women and children.’ See UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Joint general recommendation no. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment no. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on harmful practice, UN Doc CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18 (14 November 2014), para 15.

  36. 36.

    Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium in the International Protection of Refugees in Central America, Mexico and Panama (19–22 November 1984), UN Commission on Human Rights, Addendum, ‘Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement’ Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Francis M. Deng, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1997/39, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2 (11 February 1998).

  37. 37.

    Cantor (2014, 34), Kinosian (2016), Simon (2016), Cantor and Plewa (2017).

  38. 38.

    Guidelines on international protection no 12: claims for refugee status related to situations of armed conflict and violence under Article 1A (2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees and the regional refugee definitions (2016), para 58.

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  1. Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Romola Adeola

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Adeola, R. (2021). Emerging Issues: Conceptual Clarification. In: Emerging Issues in Internal Displacement in Africa. SpringerBriefs in Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64562-5_2

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