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Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)

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Principles of Neurochemistry

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Abstract

Psychiatric disorders have proliferated very recently, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder that accompanies with traumatic events or stressful situations such as loss of loved person or family member, sexual assault, or war or battle. Children and young adults are more affected than grown up and female are more familiar to face post-traumatic stress disorder than male. To be diagnosed as PTSD patient, the symptoms should be severe enough and last for at least 1 month. Post-traumatic stress disorder’s patients are represented by three kinds of symptoms including intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative alternation in cognition and mood.

Previous studies established three categories of PTSD including delayed PTSD, birth trauma, and complex PTSD that occur according to different circumstances of person’s experience. Most of the people that are suffering from PTSD showed different hormonal imbalance as increased serum catecholamine level and decreased urinary cortisol level with high noradrenaline/cortisol ratio; it is also associated with anatomical changes such as diminished size of brain and hippocampus.

Regimen to suppress symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder includes both psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing psychological symptoms of PTSD, and pharmacotherapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) that showed promising results to decrease symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Regular physical exercises combined with psychological and pharmacological treatment showed auspicious effects on the management of PTSD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

    O. M. Hendawy & Della Thomas Grace Parmbi

  2. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt

    O. M. Hendawy

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Saad Alharbi

  4. Unizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Salem Alshammari

  5. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Mohammad Ajmal Shah

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Pallakad, India

    Bijo Mathew

  2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

    Della Grace Thomas Parambi

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Hendawy, O.M., Alharbi, K.S., Parmbi, D.T.G., Alshammari, M.S., Shah, M.A. (2020). Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD). In: Mathew, B., Thomas Parambi, D.G. (eds) Principles of Neurochemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5167-3_9

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