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Title:      Consider Her Ways (1947)
Author:     Frederick Philip Grove (1879-1948)
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A Project Gutenberg of Australia eBook

Title:      Consider Her Ways (1947)
Author:     Frederick Philip Grove (1879-1948)




Go to the ant, thou sluggard;
consider her ways, and be wise.

PROVERBS VI, v.6






CONTENTS

Author's Note

Introduction

I  The Isthmus

II  The Mountains

III  The Slope

IV  The Plain

V  The Seaboard

Appendix




AUTHOR'S NOTE


Certain human myrmecologists to whom the present book was submitted
in manuscript--the editor wishing to make sure of his facts, from
the human point of view--suggested that, among ants, the suspicion
would arise that definite individuals had served as models for the
characters of the story.

As a matter of fact, they have--to the ant.  The publication is
sponsored by an ant, namely, Wawa-quee, who, for reasons unknown to
the editor, wished mankind to become acquainted with her work.
Authors are notoriously vain.

If the editor's private opinion is asked for, he can only say that,
while he believes the picture of antdom given in these pages to be
essentially true to fact, and while he can vouch for the veracity
of the introduction, he suspects the remaining five chapters to be
the product of the ant's imagination and, therefore, pure fiction.


Pronunciation of names

In transcribing names the Pacific International Convention's rules
have been followed: all vowels have the Spanish values; all
consonants the German.  Thus e = English ay; a = English ah; w =
English v; qu = English kw.  A mute h is used to lengthen vowel
sounds.

A brief description of the city and the mode of life of Atta
Gigantea will be found in the appendix.

Here I will give a list of the chief characters of the book:

WAWA-QUEE (pronounce Vahvah-quay), organizer, leader and commander-
in-chief of the expedition.

BISSA-TEE (pronounce Bissa-tay), zoologist-in-chief.

ANNA-ZEE (pronounce Anna-zay), botanist-in-chief and renowned
philosopher.

LEMMA-NEE (pronounce Lemma-nay), geographer-in-chief and most
intimate friend of Wawa-quee.

ADVER-TEE (pronounce Adver-tay), expert in communication.

AZTE-CA (pronounce Aztay-cah), chief signaller and recorder.

ASSA-REE (pronounce Assah-ray), military commander-in-chief of the
escort of the expedition.

MINNA-CA (pronounce Minnah-cah), commander-in-chief of Pogonomyrmex
armies.

Names ending in 'ee' indicate that their bearers belong to the
highest nobility; if translation were aimed at, the syllable would
have to be rendered by 'Lord'.

Names ending in 'a' indicate that their bearers belong to the
second rank of the aristocracy, as in English the title 'Sir' would
indicate a member of the lesser nobility or gentry.

All characters are, of course, directly transcribed from life.

F. P. G.



INTRODUCTION

It has long been a question interesting both to the zoologist and
the psychologist how to interpret the social life of certain
members of the order Hymenoptera, In fact, scholastics and
ethologists have fought some of their most memorable battles over
this problem.  On one side stood those who regarded instinct as a
mere mechanism of unconscious and hereditary impulses; on the
other, those who saw in it something closely approaching to plastic
intelligence.  In other words, according as the human-race conceit
of the investigator was strongly or weakly developed, the behaviour
of these insects, and especially of the ants, was placed either in
contrast or in comparison with the behaviour of man.

The present book, I believe, will settle that question.  The
Formicarian author, whether writing of her own congeners or, as she
occasionally does, of us humans, reveals a world of which, I
venture to say, few men have ever dreamt.

But let me explain how the book came into my hands.

For decades I had been an amateur myrmecologist; myrmecology had
been my hobby.  My study of ants went back to a time when the
science was just developing into something like a systematic
survey; and, I being by training a classicist, it had taken its
starting-point from such ancient observations as those of Pliny and
Aristotle.  In more recent times, footing on Latreille's and
Mueller's investigations, men like Forel, Huber, Emery, and, quite
lately, Wheeler had in the light of the evolutionary theory
attacked the various problems presented by the mass of known fact;
and while adding considerably to the foundations, both by
observation in the field and by dissection under the microscope,
they gave their special attention to the task of ethologic
interpretation.  Guided by the conclusions they had arrived at, I
improved what opportunities I had of observing such species as were
locally represented where I lived.  Yet, until I met with the works
of Bates and Belt, my interest remained casual.  These two authors,
who were not myrmecologists, properly speaking, and who, perhaps
for that very reason, kept the wider connections of the subject
more clearly in view, aroused in me, through the records of their
observations, the desire to see a little more for myself; and
since, while I remained at home, the demands on my time were always
manifold, I made up my mind, a few decades ago, to devote a
prolonged holiday to the purpose of hunting down one or two
colonies of the leaf-cutter ant of inter-tropical America.  I
intentionally restricted the scope of my investigation to a single
genus; nor had I, so far, any idea of furthering science; I merely
wished to satisfy my own curiosity.

My choice of locality fell on Venezuela; and, during an otherwise
uneventful passage from Cuba to La Guaira, I had the good fortune
of falling in with an American planter naturalized in that country
and living on the very edge of the tropical forest in the eastern
part of the coastal plateau where he grew sugar-cane and coffee.
On hearing of my plans he very hospitably placed his house at my
disposal; and although I knew that Spanish-Americans will do so
without dreaming of the possibility that they might be taken at
their word, I thought it safe--he hailing by birth from Illinois--
to accept his invitation as being meant sincerely.  After landing
at La Guaira, I accompanied him first to Caracas and then into the
interior.

Since my purpose is not to write a book of general travel in the
tropics but simply to explain how this book came into being, I will
not expatiate upon the scenery or the flora and fauna of the
country which many an abler writer has depicted for the curious
reader.  Suffice it to say that, arrived at my friend's plantation,
I at once settled down to a monotonous routine.  Daily I rose at
five in the morning, before sun-up, and an hour later went to the
margin of the jungle where I soon located three colonies of the
species Atta Gigantea.  About eleven I returned to the plantation
and, after partaking of a refreshment prepared by my bachelor-
host's Chinese servant, lay down in my hammock on the large, shady
veranda which had been assigned to me as my part of the spacious
house.  At four o'clock, when the westering sun began to beat down
less scorchingly, and when the often violent showers of the early
post-prandial hours had somewhat cooled the air, I returned to my
ant-hill to watch.

Often nothing worth recording happened for many days.  Yet even
uneventful hours served to establish a certain relationship between
the ants and myself--a relationship which led to most extraordinary
developments.

I had arranged a not uncomfortable seat by cutting the arm-thick
stems of two hanging lianas close to the ground and twisting their
ends together so as to form a sort of swing, out of reach of
possible inroads of ants and other terrestrial insects.

Close by my aerial seat, a foot or so to the left--I faced south--
led one of the beaten tracks of the colony which I had singled out
as the largest.  The main part of the hill which measured thirty
feet in diameter and which consisted of the coalesced crater-
entrances, each two inches across, to the subterranean burrows was
a few yards to the south and to the right or west of myself.  A
second colony was established a hundred yards beyond the first; a
third, as many rods to the south-east.  My detailed observations
remained restricted to the nearest one.

I always took a book along to read while I was perched on my seat;
for, since things extraordinary happened rarely, it would otherwise
have been tedious.  I soon developed the power of subconsciously
keeping an eye on the ants; not, of course, on individual members
of the colony, but on their masses.  Any unusual commotion at once
focused my attention; and, laying down my book, I could concentrate
on whatever happened.

I shall try to sketch the routine activities of these ants as they
would have gone on had I not been present or had my presence been
ignored.

The crowded craters of the hill always presented the spectacle of
numberless multitudes of ants entering and issuing forth.  There
was no confusion; everything proceeded methodically; and
continually order evolved out of a seeming chaos.  The ants
dispersed on the various paths radiating in all directions from the
burrow.  On the track which passed at my feet and which was worn to
a marvellous smoothness, much more smoothly than human work could
have made it, three currents could be distinguished.  The total
width of the path being about twenty inches, the central ten inches
were covered by a dense stream of ants returning to the colony;
each individual carried in its jaws, projecting perpendicularly
upward and backward, a small, circular leaf-disk which gave its
bearer the appearance of a medium-sized butterfly sitting with its
wings folded up.  These ants, however, were not sitting still.
Each disk was nearly an inch in diameter while the ant carrying it
was somewhat over half an inch in length.  One author has compared
the procession to Birnam wood advancing up the hill to Dunsinane.
On both sides of this returning column there was a counter-current
of out-going ants each about five inches wide; these ants, of
course, went empty-handed or rather empty-jawed.

By and by I came to know that, besides the main entrances in those
crater-like depressions in the mound, the colony had many other
exits or approaches which rose slantwise from the subterranean
cavities and opened to the surface at considerable distances from
the hill, some as far as fifteen or twenty yards away.  These were
never used by the ants attending to the routine work.  Such as I
discovered I examined from day to day; and I found them sometimes
open, sometimes closed.  They served as ventilators to regulate the
temperature in the brood chambers, besides affording exits and
entrances to those who, for the moment, were not engaged in the
routine work.  In case of emergency, of course, all openings would
have been used; but no such case came under my observation.

These ants do not by any means feed on the leaves which they cut.
As Belt conjectured and Mueller proved, they use them as the
substratum on which they grow their real food, a minute fungus
which is carefully cultivated and forced under optimal conditions
of temperature, moisture and illumination, or rather lack of
illumination.

Whenever I followed the worker column, I found that they were
operating at various and sometimes considerable distances from the
colony.  They would come to a point under a young tree or bush
where the ground was strewn with the circular cuttings.  Each ant
picked up a disk and instantly fell into line in the central,
returning column.

In the top of the tree, each leaf was tenanted by a worker who,
holding on with her hind-feet as a sort of pivot, was slowly
swinging around, making a circular cut with her scissor-jaws.  When
this cut was nearly completed, the ant still standing on the disk,
the forefeet of the little worker took hold of the remainder of the
leaf; and when the last connection was severed, the disk fluttered
to the ground, the ant dexterously swung up on the blade and at
once proceeded to make a new cutting.  No leaf was left while
enough of the blade remained to yield another disk of regulation
size.

It would seem that such habits must be exceedingly destructive to
the forest; but I found no evidence that it was.  When I first
came, the ants were working at a distance of sixty yards east of
the colony.  I instantly concluded that they preferred certain
kinds of trees and went so far afield because their supply close to
the hill was exhausted.  But it was not so.  Plenty of trees of the
same species were to be found between the burrow and the scene of
their cutting activities; and not one of them was dead.  Even in
our north, of course, a tree robbed of its foliage in early summer--
by hail, let me say--will put forth a second crop, though a less
abundant one; and if this growth remains undisturbed, the tree will
recover.  In the tropics, I reasoned, where the demarcations of the
seasons are largely obliterated, such a process of recuperation
would be possible at any time provided the tree is not at once
despoiled again: perhaps, then, these ants did not return to the
same tree till it had had time to make good the loss sustained?  If
this could be proved, it would go far to settle any doubt as to the
truly agricultural principle on which they work; they would not be
"mining" the forest but utilizing its surplus energies; just as man
utilizes, without--in theory--impairing, the fertility of the soil.

A single fact seemed to stand in the way of this explanation.  The
human population which has had ample experience with these ants is
emphatic in the assertion that it is useless to plant vegetables
and fruit-trees; sooner or later these ants will find them; and
they will despoil them again and again, till plants and trees are
killed.  That the ants might consciously discriminate against the
plantations of man never suggested itself to me till the fact was
sprung on me as a complete surprise when at last I entered into
direct communication with them.  Amazing as it is, these
astonishing little creatures discourage the intrusion of man into
the tropical forest with definite intention and purpose.  They do
not approve of man.

I never dug into the burrows of the colony.  I felt I had no right
to destroy their elaborate works just because I had the physical
power to do so; and that, I believe, was one of the reasons why I
was singled out for the mission with which I am entrusted.

But in order to give the human reader an adequate idea of the
material side of the life of these ants, I shall quote the results
of such investigations of others as confirmed my own conclusions.
My chief authorities are Bates, Belt, Sumichrast, and Mueller.

If the weather is propitious, the leaf-cuttings are carried right
into the upper chambers of the burrow.  If, on the contrary, a
shower has wetted them, they are dumped outside and left to dry.
In the upper chambers, other workers, so-called medi� who on
account of their smaller size are better adapted for work in the
crowded galleries, take charge of the leaves and cut them into
microscopically small shreds which they work up into a loose,
spongy mass.  In this condition still smaller medi� take them into
the garden-chambers and suspend them from their vaulted roofs to
serve as the soil for the growth of the fungus on which they feed.
Their charge now passes from the medi� to the minim� whom their
minuteness (they are less than an eighth of an inch in length, a
thirty-secondth in width) enables to pass freely through their
interstices; and theirs is the task of weeding and cultivating.
All these activities are supervised by the maxim� who are sometimes
erroneously called soldiers.  Their chief characteristic consists
in the relatively enormous size of their heads which contain brains
of a corresponding development.  This brain, I believe to be
relatively the largest single organ of any living being known.  The
work of feeding and caring for the broods falls on the so-called
callows or immature workers; while the purely sexual functions of
reproduction, at least dimorphic reproduction, are the exclusive
domain of the short-lived male and the long-lived perfect female or
queen.

In order to round off this sketch, I add a brief outline of the
history of a colony.

At a given time of year the young males and queens raised in the
colony issue for their marriage flight.  No queen mates with a male
of her own colony.  In every formicary hundreds of physiologically
perfect individuals of both sexes are raised.  The time for this
marriage flight is carefully determined by the maxims; and, strange
to say, it is, within narrow limits, the same for all colonies of a
given district; so that, for a day or so, the air swarms with
winged ants, many of them, and those the most vigorous ones, flying
at great heights; while the vast majority perishes in the streams
and pools of the country.

The fertilized queen--one fertilization fills the seminal
receptacle for the life of the queen--at once locates the spot
where she desires to found her colony.  She excavates a short
gallery and, at its end a small spherical chamber.  Having done
this, she closes the entrance through which she is never again to
pass unless extraordinary disasters befall her colony.  Next she
dealates herself; i.e., she gnaws off her wings.  This is necessary
in order to bring about, within her tissues, those structural
changes which enable her to feed her first brood--as mammals do--on
the secretions of her body.  At the same time she deposits in the
small chamber a little ball of the fungus hyph� or roots which she
has brought from the parent nest, thus providing for the food of
her future broods.  Meanwhile her ovaries are maturing, and she
begins to lay eggs.  The hyph� she manures with her anal
secretions; and when the first brood hatches, she feeds them with
the metabolized tissues of her hypertrophied organism.  She herself
can go without food for months at a stretch.  Her first offspring
consists exclusively of minims.  They at once open the gallery;
some of them continue the work of excavation, some issue forth and
start to cut leaves.  Since even their work, small as their number
is, yields a surplus, the fungus-garden soon expands.  The next
brood is reared by these minims and fed with fungi; its members
show the first differentiation in size; and the division of labour
begins.  The queen never works again: she lays eggs instead.  In a
year or two the colony exhibits all the forms which constitute the
complete social organism, a large formicary of this species having
been ascertained to harbour, in its eighth year, slightly under a
hundred thousand individuals.

A good deal of controversial literature has been written to account
for the seemingly automatic functioning of the ant-state.  How does
the queen know what to do?  How do the first minims learn to go out
and to cut leaves?  On the whole, instinct has been held to explain
it all.  It is interesting to see, in the pages that follow, how
much of man's activities ants ascribe to instinct.  Instinct is a
convenient word without real meaning which, for that very reason,
serves admirably to veil the ignorance of those who use it.  There
can be no doubt any longer that, as with us, not instinct, but
tradition and education furnish the true explanation of the facts:
that much this book settles beyond question.  The queen is
elaborately prepared for her life-work while she still lives in the
parent colony; and she, in turn, teaches the first minims.
Instinct is supposed to function automatically and, by its very
definition, to be infallible.[1]  But any observer can verify the
fact that ants make mistakes which they rectify.  Belt has
observed, and I can confirm the statement, that young workers will
cut and bring to the burrow disks of the blades of grass which are
unsuitable for the growth of the fungi.  "Aberration of instinct!"
cry the scholastics, explaining one meaningless term by another.
If they would go to the trouble of watching, they would see that
the very ants that made the mistake are forced to remove the grass
and will never again bring it into the burrow.


[1] This is Wheeler's definition:  "An instinct is a more or less
complicated activity manifested by an organism which is acting,
first, as a whole rather than as a part; second, as the
representative of a species rather than as an individual; third,
without previous experience; and fourth, with an end or purpose of
which it has no knowledge."


Having thus introduced my human readers to their formicarian
brethren, I resume my narrative.  What I have so far described as
the routine of these ants is simply what I should have seen had I
myself been invisible or unscentable.  As a matter of fact,
however, my presence created right from the start a sensation.

When, on the first day, I approached somewhat closely, I could not
but notice a certain degree of confusion in the lines on the path.
There was a momentary delay in their progress, especially in the
outgoing columns which spread in width; and this congestion was
speedily propagated back to the burrow.  The central, returning
column, too, was retarded but after a second resumed its progress
at an accelerated pace.  More important, however, than either of
these disturbances was the fact that, long before those who were
passing me when I appeared could possibly have reached the burrow,
a number of huge ants, measuring at least an inch in length,
exclusive of antenn� and legs, and endowed with enormous triangular
heads, apex down and base up, appeared in the openings of the
formicary.

For a moment they lingered, surveying the scene; and I was much
impressed with their air of deliberation, while their geniculated
antenn� worked precisely like groping hands held up in the air.
Although I was eight feet from the burrow, I saw distinctly the so-
called stemmata or median eyes with which their heads were equipped
in addition to the compound lateral bundles of ommatidia.  These
stemmata gave the giant ants a peculiar look, as though they wore
spectacles; and that bestowed upon them an oddly intelligent air.
I was reminded of Belt's remark, "The steady, observant way in
which they stalk about and their great size compared with the
others always impressed me with the idea that in their bulky heads
lay the brains that directed the community in its various duties."
This impression was strengthened when they came stalking up to the
scene of the disturbance.  There can be no doubt but that the news
of my approach had spread with telegraphic speed, ahead of the
returning column.  For the fraction of a second these big ants gave
their attention exclusively to me; but somehow they must have
inferred that my intentions were not hostile; for in less than half
a minute after their arrival order was restored in the triple
procession: the routine work went on as before.

The maxims, however, did not at once return to the hill.  They
lingered and seemed to go into conference, touching each other with
their antenn�, now at the head, now at the thorax, and even at
various points of the abdominal segments.

My readers must figure themselves as being just within the margin
of a tropical forest, its giant trees hung with the festoons of
immense lianas.  Travellers are emphatic in describing the interior
of these forests as the gloomiest place on earth.  On a quiet day,
such as this was, a stealthy silence broods over the moist
atmosphere and in the impenetrable shade of the lofty foliage,
becoming all the more oppressive when it has occasionally been
pierced by the unmelodious scream of an invisible bird.  Nothing is
so suggestive of panic and unreasoning fear as the thought of being
lost, alone, in this vast cradle of terrestrial life.

That day, this feeling was intensified by the weird, incomprehensible
scrutiny of these ants.  Without analysing my feelings, without even
being conscious of the background of hearsay knowledge from which
they arose, I felt, almost as a physical presence, the fact that
nowhere does life prey on life as ruthlessly as in these woods where
fierce cats and serpents live on mammals, spiders on birds, and
numberless insects on all things quick and dead.  The extreme beauty
of detail in the vegetation did not avail: I was in the grip of
primitive disquietudes; I was being surveyed and appraised by alien
eyes connected with an intelligence beyond my mental grasp.

I did what I had come to do quickly, almost nervously: I prepared
the seat from which I intended to make my observations; and then I
returned to the estancia, unable to subdue my shivers.  A few hours
of rest restored my equilibrium; and I laughed at the confusion
into which I had been thrown by my first encounter with these ants.

When, next day, I resumed my post, I had a book along.  This
expedient proved successful; for it was several weeks before I felt
again unbalanced.  Meanwhile I watched while reading.  A careless
observer would henceforth not have noticed anything beyond the
routine of the carrier columns.  But I made it a point not to be
careless.  Whenever I mounted guard, two changes took place.  One
of the giant ants made her appearance at a point in the flank of
the columns next to my seat.  There she stalked up and down, up and
down, in a stately, watchful way, over a distance of from twelve to
twenty inches.  Only once did I prove to myself that she had a
definite function.  Intrigued by her eternal vigilance, I made, on
arrival, straight for the path as though to cross it.  Instantly,
the maxim having just appeared, the column broke, leaving a clear
space where my foot would have descended.  The movements were so
minutely concerted that there could be no doubt of their being
executed in pursuance of an order issued.  When a half minute had
gone by without my repeating the threat, the column re-formed with
the same precision.  The second change consisted in the appearance
of another maxim on top of the wide, flat mound formed by the
coalesced entrance craters.  This ant stationed herself so as to be
almost hidden in one of the slanting galleries, with nothing but
her large triangular head protruding.  I was reminded of a sniper
in a trench or bomb-hole.  She stayed as long as I stayed, never
once moving or changing her position.

Thus weeks went by; and since nothing new ever happened, I began to
concentrate more and more on my reading.  The monotonous routine
began to have a beneficial effect on my nerves; yet it seemed that,
apart from this, nothing further could be gained by prolonging my
stay.  As I have said, I did not care to pursue my studies by
destroying their city; others had done so before; the purposes of
science had been served; and though this particular species, Atta
Gigantea, had, to my knowledge, never been investigated in detail,
I had no doubt that the burrow and the organization of the
community varied in no appreciable degree from those on which
authors had written.

In spite of all that, there was a strange fascination about my
work.  I was convinced that these thousands upon thousands of ants
that filed along the path had come to know me and expected my
presence at given times of the day.  That the maxims were on the
look-out for me, was evident; they appeared the moment I entered
the forest.  A bond of sympathy established itself between myself
and the ants; exactly as a commuting clerk in a human city learns
to expect certain faces in the train which conveys him from the
suburb where he lives to the urban block where he works; till he
would miss the face of an individual otherwise unknown to him
should that individual fail to appear.  I even conjectured long
before I knew it to be a fact that one set of workers filed past in
the morning, and a different set in the afternoon.  It was not an
actual observation; the only thing which might have suggested the
thought was the sight of workers of all sizes issuing from certain
side galleries and moving about in an aimless way, apparently for
no other purpose than that of recreation; for, though they seemed
busy enough as they scampered about, I never saw them do any work.

Gradually, too, the character of the surveillance under which I was
kept underwent a change.  At all times eyes were focused on me,
critically and appraisingly.  But while, in the beginning, that
surveillance had been hostile, it had become expectant and
purposeful.  I cannot say how this shading-off in their attitude
was conveyed to me, unless I were to ascribe it to a sort of
transference of thought.  If anything fits me peculiarly for
observational work, it is an infinite patience with life in all its
forms.  Something like a tacit understanding arose between myself
and these ants; I began to look forward to my hours in the forest
as one looks forward to hours of congenial company.

Then, one day, a series of extraordinary events opened up.  I used
to sit tailor-fasion in the loop of the two lianas which formed my
seat, my back leaning against one of the pliant stems, my book
resting on one knee.

One day, soon after I had settled down, I suddenly saw, on casually
looking up, that, along the liana in front of me, one of those
giant ants or maxims was coming down from above.  I cannot tell
whether this was the first time she had appeared there; but it was
the first time that I became aware of her.  She must have climbed
the trunk of the tree, gone out on the branch, and descended along
the hanging trunk of the climber.  When she arrived at the level of
my face, she stopped; and, fastening herself with her four hind-
feet to the scaly bark of the liana, she lifted her thorax and head
so as to look straight at me, and then she began to wave her
antenn� in the most regular, steady, and purposeful manner.  For a
few moments I remained motionless; then I slowly raised my hand.
Instantly she dropped to the ground whence, in her stately and
deliberate way, she returned to the burrow.

The following day she reappeared as soon as I had taken my seat.
Again she stopped at the level of my face and began to wave her
antenn�.  This time I did not offer to disturb her.  I knew that
the bite of the powerful jaws of these maxims is amply capable of
drawing blood; but I was not afraid.  As a matter of fact, violence
seemed to be the last thing she was bent on.  For many minutes she
sat there, waving her antenn� eighteen inches from my face.  More
than anything else it was her persistence which held me motionless.
The hand in which I grasped my book had sunk down, my knees were
spread.

Thus I sat for more than an hour.  Involuntarily, my attention had
become centred on the black, polished stemmata or median eyes in
her head.  Their glint and glitter seemed so human.  With all the
intensity of which I was capable I wished to understand what this
ant was about; but her shining eyes and the unceasing motions of
her antenn� slowly had a confusing effect.

I was so absorbed that I lost track of my surroundings; till, with
a violent start, I became aware of the presence of a second ant.
This second ant had climbed up on the open pages of my book where
she was standing on all her six feet.  She too, was waving her
antenn�; and her eyes glittered with the same intent purpose as
those of her sister.  As I said, when I became aware of this second
ant, I gave a violent start; and as I did so, both dropped to the
ground.

I was bewildered and puzzled as I returned to the plantation.
Something uncanny had unbalanced me.  Without explaining it to
myself, I felt as though I were in the power of these ants.  I half
regretted ever having taken an interest in any such insects.  I
played with the idea of returning at once to the saner world of our
North-American cities.  At the same time I was convinced that I
should do nothing of the kind; that, on the contrary, I should
return to the ants next day: I knew I had "to see this thing
through".

Still, all night long I dreamed of gigantic ants, ants the size of
elephants, besetting my path in the forest and standing about,
holding me at bay with their huge, trunk-like, waving antenn�.

A sort of obsession took hold of me.  I read of nothing but ants; I
thought of nothing else; I talked of them; I dreamed of them.  I
could no longer close my eyes without at once seeing myself in the
gloomy shades of a tropical forest, surrounded by ants of mammoth
size that lorded it over me.  And what happened next was not
calculated to rid me of that obsession.

Two days later I was hardly seated at my post when the maxim
appeared on the hanging trunk of the liana; and this time she was
followed by two others who also engaged in the frantic and
incomprehensible waving of antenn�.  I kept on the look-out for the
one that had climbed up on my book; but she did not come.  Instead,
two whole rows formed on the ground, to both sides of my seat, all
waving their antenn� and focusing their eyes on mine.  A shiver ran
down my spine; but I did not stir; and thus half an hour went by.

Something was happening to me.  A numbness invaded my limbs; I
tried to turn my eyes and could not.  I knew that the routine work
of the carrier columns was going on all the time; but I did not
know how I knew.  My mind, however, was singularly free and mobile;
and this gave me a queer sensation: much as a paralytic may
contrast his mental agility with his muscular rigidity.  For my
body was invaded, like a separate entity, by a purely physical
sense of drowsiness.  I made a violent effort to rouse myself; in
vain.

And suddenly I was aware of the fact that that other ant had again
swung up on my book.  By a sort of second sight, for I knew I had
not moved my eyes, I saw her sitting there, waving her antenn�.

Meanwhile my eyes remained focused upon the group of three ants in
front of my face.  They formed a short isosceles triangle with its
apex down; all three were clinging to the bark of the liana with
four hind-feet, holding the front-feet stretched out, downward, as
though in the effort to counteract the violent upward twist of
their thorax which supported the triangular head with its waving
antenn� and glistening eyes.

I must have fallen into a state next to actual sleep or an�sthesia.
My eyes were open.  Moments of clear but vacant consciousness were
obliterated by lapses of an absolute mental void.

After one of these lapses I suddenly realized that the ants had
left me.  This jarred my mental faculties back into functioning;
and I was once more capable of a normal exertion of the will.  I
tried to swing my feet to the ground; but my movements, resembling
those of a man whose limbs have "gone to sleep", were very awkward.
I fell with a dull thud, bruising my head against the roots of the
tree.

The violent impact roused me, and I got to my feet staggering.  My
head ached; and without further thought I turned north, into the
path leading to the estancia.

My headache became worse; and, forcibly banishing all thought of
what had happened, I lay down in my hammock, and was soon asleep.
For once I dreamed neither of ants nor anything else; I lay like
one dead; and it was with some difficulty that my host roused me
for the evening meal.  I did not say a word of my adventure; I was
determined first to find its key.

On awaking I had had a very peculiar sensation.  I had not seemed
to be I.

Just what that portended I could not say as yet; but I felt that is
was momentous.  I can imagine a doctor feeling like that when he
has gone into an area stricken with pestilence.  He watches himself
for symptoms, alert at all times to apply to himself the remedies
which he has been administering to others.  Even while he is in
perfect health, he keeps watching for signs of his being invaded by
the disease.

All sorts of inconsequential thoughts floated through my mind that
night.  I wondered whether the ants who--of that I had no doubt--
were responsible for my condition felt as restless as I did myself;
whether this thing meant as much to them as it did to me.  There
was no answer, of course.  I pursued the questions only in order to
let the preoccupation with side-issues veil the tremendous
significance of the facts of the case.  By some mesmeric action I,
my individuality, had been sucked up or down into an alien mass-
consciousness which communed with me through channels other than
those of the senses.  The moment I surrendered myself, my
consciousness was that, not of my former self, but that of ants,
and of no individual ant, so far; but of all antdom, or at least of
the community of these particular ants.  I felt as though I were on
the verge of a revelation.

"You did not sleep well last night?" my host asked next morning.

"No," I replied.  "The fact is I am on the point of an important
discovery in entomology."

"Glad to hear you are successful," he congratulated.

How inadequate it all seemed!  As soon as I could decently do so, I
left him and hurried into the forest,

I had hardly sat down in my seat when I saw the first of my new
friends coming down the liana.  Today her movements lacked that
ceremonial, circumspect, and mysterious air; they were businesslike
and matter-of-fact.  Other maxims were all about, on the ground.
The individual on the liana gave some sort of signal to her
companions, but what this signal consisted in I could not have
said.  Instantly a second ant swung up on the page of my book.
Whether this was the same ant that had been there before I did not
know; I presumed so.  Now I had my first close look at this
individual.

At once I knew her to be an ant of mark.  She was hairier than the
others, though her hairs were much broken and worn in places.
Since I knew that the hairs of ants are improperly so-called, their
function being, not that of protection, but that of exceedingly
delicate sense-organs of odour and touch, I recognized in her a
more finely-organized being, brainier than her companions.  I also
had the impression of extreme old age; her armour was deeply scored
and abraded; and though it may not have been a colour impression at
all, there was about her that which suggested greyness--and
weariness, that weariness which goes with great wisdom and a wide
experience in the ways of the world.  Henceforth I should have
recognized this ant among thousands of swarming individuals of her
caste.

This venerable dean among ants, then, set to work waving her
antenn�.

For a moment I was absorbed in watching her procedure.  With head
lowered, she raised first one then the other of these delicate
organs and swung them down again; and slowly, as I watched these
manoeuvres, I became aware that the movements were not straight up
and down either, but modulated and embellished, as it were, by a
thousand different vibratory oscillations of varying amplitudes
which had at first remained unnoticed.

Almost immediately following that observation, a peculiar sensation
invaded me.  I felt my own consciousness slipping.  There was an
intermediate stage, resembling that of a person who is being put
under the influence of an an�sthetic: the stage when he is still
aware of what is being done to him but already finds it impossible
to defend himself against the influence invading him; he tries to
lift his hand in protest and thinks he is succeeding; but in
reality his body has already given in.  At that stage I was still
seeing, still watching the ant; but already she was drawing my
consciousness into her own; and with her consciousness her purpose
had become my own.

That purpose was to convey to me an experience, the contents of a
whole life.  Just how this experience and this life became my own,
I cannot tell, of course; nor how long this state of mesmeric
transposition of personality may have lasted.  To me it seemed to
extend over years and years; in reality it was probably comprised
within minutes or even seconds.  For, when, on awaking from this
trance, I staggered to my feet, I saw that the minute hand of my
watch seemed hardly to have moved at all.

I went "home"; that is, back to the estancia; but while doing so, I
knew that I was not yet I.  I walked and acted like a human being;
but my mind was that of the ant; I had lived her life; and her
memory was mine.  I could look back upon all she had gone through;
and it devolved upon me to put down a record of what, by some
miracle, had been communicated to, or infused into, my consciousness.

I cannot, therefore, claim that what follows is my work.  It is the
work of Wawa-quee, the ant; and it must be read in that sense.  I
merely set it down, under compulsion.

Perhaps I should add that I went back to the formicary once or
twice.  I never again saw my friend; but the activities of the
tribe went on undisturbed as though nothing had ever happened to
interrupt their placid flow.

F. P. G.



CHAPTER ONE

The Isthmus


Containing adventures with hostile leaf-cutting ants; man; his
great water-beetle; and three armies of legionary ants.


I


As is well known to all Gigantean Attas, it has ever been one of
the glorious traditions of our dynasty that each queen succeeding
to the throne should, at least once in her reign, equip and send
out, for the furtherance of knowledge, an expedition into distant
parts of the world.  In the past, such expeditions had consisted of
from half a dozen to a score of ants who, as a rule, had gone
south, east, or west.  Their aim had invariably been that of
geographical, geological, meteorological, botanical, and zoological
exploration; and the result is known as consisting in the
illustrious body of science contained and digested in the scented
records traced on the sacred trees east of our city.

These records contain the natural history of our country.  In the
past, it had been found that each acquisition of knowledge opened
up new provinces of ignorance.  Each expedition that returned home,
great as was the store of new knowledge acquired, had brought in
its train new problems for investigation.  For a long time, then,
the object of a further expedition had defined itself by the very
achievement of the one completed.  Yet, when the last, undertaken a
score of years ago, had returned, the problem defining itself had
seemed to be of such a magnitude as to defy even the courage and
enterprise of ants.  This had been in the reign of Her Glorious
Majesty's predecessor Orrha-wee CLXV.

When our present sovereign had entered upon the fourth year of her
reign without sending out, in pursuance of that august custom, a
new expedition, it was generally assumed that the apparent neglect
was due either to a profound conviction that further knowledge was
beyond our reach or to the suspicion that a greater interval of
time was needed to digest the results so far attained.

It remained a profound secret from the multitude that Her Majesty,
from the very beginning of her reign, far from being discouraged by
the problem which had defined itself as the result of previous
expeditions, had, on the contrary, conceived the plan of surpassing
all her predecessors by the scope of her project.  In preparation
she had secretly, though in consultation with a few leading
thinkers, sent out certain individuals and even groups to
reconnoitre the country to the north which, so far, had been
considered as presenting insurmountable difficulties to our
advance.  Her Majesty had honoured me by directing that all
findings of these investigators were to be reported to myself; and
that I should receive and store up these findings and ponder them
till I had found ways and means to despatch an expedition into
those terrestrial regions of this continent which lie north and
west of the Great Narrows.  In all my conferences with Her Majesty
it struck me that she never enjoined upon me to ponder WHETHER such
an expedition would be possible; the problem was simply WHEN AND IN
WHAT MANNER it would be advisable to launch it.

Her Majesty never doubted, never hesitated about the aim; but she
was willing to bide her time.  Her faith in the powers of the
formicarian mind was nothing less than an inspiration; and when, in
the fourth year, I outlined to Her Majesty a plan which, I never
doubted, would be rejected, on account of the hazards which it
involved and the uncertainty of its success, she embraced it with
the greatest enthusiasm; and, a little to my discomfiture, she
conferred upon me unheard-of powers, appointing me to lead that
expedition myself and to take immediate steps to launch it into the
unknown.

Now I had the honour of being of the exact age of Her Majesty; and
I shrank from the weight of the responsibility.  This will be
readily understood: an Atta queen is, at four years, a young ant;
but a mere maxim has, at the same age, in all formicarian
probability, entered upon the declining quarter of her life.  I
pointed this out to Her Majesty; but she insisted, calling my
attention to the fact that a great task had before this enabled
ants of my caste to live beyond their traditionally allotted term
of life.  She was pleased to use many flattering expressions in
explaining to me just why I was to act as her deputy, referring to
my previous record as an investigator and organizer, and ultimately
hinting that, in her opinion, the success of the whole unheard-of
enterprise depended on my devotion to Her service; and perhaps I
may add that at last she modified her request, changing it from a
command into a prayer.  At that I could no longer refuse.

Let me define the purpose of the expedition.  To use Her Majesty's
own terms, it was to complete such a survey of all antdom as to
enable us to trace the evolution of the nation Atta from the
humblest beginnings of all ants and to make it possible for us to
arrange the whole fauna of the globe, or of such portions of it as
could be explored, in the form of a ladder leading up to our own
kind.  This involved a cataloguing and a classification of all
forms of life to be found on the continent; a tremendous task.

Let me skip an interval of eight years and speak of the present.

The results of the expedition which ultimately set out and which,
with one exception, namely, myself, perished in the course of its
work, have been set down in detail on 813 scent-trees surrounding
our city.  This having been done, it pleased Her Majesty to ask me
to compose a popular account of the whole undertaking, to serve as
an introduction to the detailed study of special subjects; and the
present narrative is the result of my compliance with Her request.
The sequence of events and investigations observed is not strictly
chronological; and occasionally a record is introduced in an order
the very reverse of chronological; for the present aim of Her
Majesty is systemic rather than historical.  It is to present the
main results in such a way that they can be grasped as a whole.
Still, a thread of narrative remains; for we found that, the
farther we left our home country behind, the less dominant were
ants on earth; and the more distinctly was their place taken by
that curious mammal called man.  More than that; as we proceeded
north and left one climatic province after another behind, we found
ever new genera and species of ants assuming the leading part in
the control of the country; and, as the curious will scent, they
offer, in their succession, a definite scale of development.  It
will become abundantly clear that our own race stands at the very
apex of creation as far as that creation is completed today.


II


As I have said, it pleased Her Majesty to give me discretionary
powers for the organization of the expedition.  I immediately
secured the co-operation of five leaders in their respective
fields.  At first I was tempted to reserve at least one department
to myself; but I feel convinced that it was wiser not to do so.

I secured "their co-operation"; for I realized that, though the
powers conferred upon me were sufficient to command their services,
it would have been inadvisable to use these powers.  We were going
to be absent for a space of years; we were going to be exposed to
dangers from all sorts of sources; we were going to meet with
unheard-of hardships and difficulties: unless we were bound to each
other by the bonds of mutual esteem, loyalty, and even love, no
exertion of authority would have sufficed to keep us together; and
had we ever separated into smaller groups, we should have been
doomed to extinction.

Each of these leaders was in turn to secure her own staff, being
free to choose, from the vast bodies of ants learned or skilled in
their respective fields, whomever they thought fittest for the work
and best able to adapt themselves to the peculiar conditions and
problems that were bound to arise in an enterprise of so vast a
scope.

To myself I reserved no other privilege than that of convening the
plenary meetings for the deliberation of such problems as concerned
more than one group and of acting the part of a central clearing-
house of ideas and a depositary of their findings.

In this way I brought into being five bodies, each consisting of
from twenty-five to thirty-five individuals and aggregating 162
maxims.  The leader of each group occupied with regard to its
remaining members the same position which I occupied with regard to
the whole body; and they were at liberty to group themselves into
smaller bodies for the discussion of special problems.  One of
these groups consisted of geographers, one of botanists, one of
zoologists, one of experts in communication, and finally one of
expert scenters skilled in reducing the findings of any body into
the briefest and most pregnant scent-form.  The task of keeping the
meteorological records was handed over to members of group four.

These, then, represented, apart from one other individual and
myself, the brains of the expedition and its High Command.

This other individual was the far-famed Assa-ree, our general-in-
chief, who was to be independent of the scientists, experts, and
artists and responsible to myself alone.  She was not told at the
time that it had pleased Her Majesty to confer upon me absolute and
unconditional vice-regal powers by virtue of which I held her life
in my jaws.  I will confess that, much as I shall have to praise
her undoubted genius in the field, her unequalled courage in the
face of an enemy, and her unheard-of ability to organize and to
control large bodies of ants, she had one grievous fault which I
feared as much as a source of evil as I appreciated its potentiality
for good: she was ambitious; she was impatient of control and illy
brooked any intervention between herself and Her Majesty.  Since,
at a later stage, tremendous issues forced me to make use of my
powers and since she, as a consequence, did not return, I must
enter into some detail.

There had been rumours that she was herself a "throw-back"--an
individual not entirely normal and exhibiting characteristics which
aligned her with certain ancestral types of retarded development.
There had been talk that, though she had never had wings, she
had encroached upon the royal prerogative of laying eggs--
parthenogenetically produced--from which viable offspring had been
raised by our callows who never suspected that these eggs were
illegitimate.  What lent these rumours an air of verisimilitude was
the fact that, from season to season, our broods were found to
contain numbers of "throw-backs" resembling an ancestral type of
fighting ants more closely than true Attas.  There had finally been
rumours that treasonable thoughts were no strangers to Assa-ree's
heart; that she aspired to the crown; or to a position, below the
crown, of all but absolute power; and that, if she failed in her
ambitions, she would not hesitate, should occasion offer, to desert
her own nation and to join that nation's enemies.  I had never
credited these rumours; and, I am glad to say, they had never
reached the antenn� of Her Majesty.  There was, however, in our
recent military history, one circumstance which made me suspect the
nature of her powers; and that was the ease with which, on the
occasion of the last invasion of our territories by an enormous
army of Eciton Predator, she succeeded in side-tracking that army,
so that we were never even troubled with their raids.  It was
rumoured that she had singly entered the hostile army and issued
orders as coming from their own supreme command.  But whatever her
powers might be, I held to the fact that she had used them for the
salvation of our people.

Yet, when I approached her on the present occasion, I could not rid
myself of the impression that there was about her the faintest aura
of a fecal odour such as is well-known to surround all Ecitons; and
that was the reason why I solicited and obtained from Her Majesty
the special power over life and death to which I have referred and
which was given to me in the form of very small pellets of the
three great royal perfumes: the perfume of Supreme Command, the
perfume of favour, and the perfume of death.

When I first approached Assa-ree with my request for her co-
operation in the interest of the expedition, I was, for the
fraction of a second, conscious of an intensification of that fecal
odour.  But my disquietude was allayed by the readiness with which
she embraced the plan.  This was the more gratifying to me as,
without some sort of military escort, the expedition could not have
started.  Her first demand, on the other hand, made me suspicious
again.  She asked for absolute authority, not only in training but
even in levying the army.  Unless she was given a free hand, she
would not undertake the task.  Yet, having gone so far, I did not
see how I could refuse.  In some mysterious way the conviction came
to me that, unless I indulged her, I should make myself the means
of driving her into open revolt; and I was too profoundly
penetrated with the teachings of our penologists not to feel that
her extraordinary gifts might be led into channels where they would
work as readily for the good of our nation as, under different
circumstances, they might work for its evil.  Her next demand
could, after this, no longer be denied: she asked for permission to
secede from our city: she urged that a fighting body, drilled and
organized, and mentally reoriented in such a way as to make them
obey her own single will rather than the call of the community as
such, would prove a serious source of disturbance within a
commonwealth where voluntary devotion to the common weal was the
central principle from which freedom flowed.  In what she added she
seemed to me to be playing with fire, though she tempered her plea
with a peculiar ironical humour which was bending back upon
herself.  Her argument was that, among Attas, military gifts were
necessarily associated with a retarded mentality, capable of
holding on to only one idea at a time; we were fortunate, she
scented, in having no small numbers of such backward members in our
midst; for without them we should speedily succumb to a hostile
world; so long as these were scattered as individuals among large
numbers of fully civilized ants, they might never even be suspected
of aberrant instincts; but the moment they were segregated and
brought together in solid masses, they would necessarily begin to
feel their mettle and become the cause of friction; they might even
prove a serious danger to the state.

All which was so reasonable and so self-evident that I agreed in
spite of my suspicion that Assa-ree was poking fun at me.

The next question was that of numbers.  It so happened that there
had just been a census; the total number of Attas, maxims, medi�,
and minims in our city had been found to be 435,313 souls, which
number was, of course, subject to slight fluctuations from day to
day.  Callows were hatched, and old ants died.  Now Assa-ree asked
for ten thousand; and this estimate was so little above my own
estimate of the number necessary, namely, eight thousand, that I
conceded it without argument.

But here is the point.  When, four months later, Assa-ree reported
that her levy was complete and I reviewed the troops in person, I
was struck by the fact that the ranks presented an alien aspect and
that, above all, most of the officers seemed to have extraordinarily
large and curved jaws.  Yet I had seen an occasional individual like
that in our city; what amazed me was the large number in which, on
this occasion, I saw them assembled.  But, as Assa-ree and myself
walked along the front of the serried ranks of this army, the scent
with which I was cheered, though it, too, partook of that fecal
quality which I have mentioned, was so enthusiastic that I could not
doubt the loyalty of these troops, no matter of what suspicious-
looking elements they might be composed.  So I suppressed my
misgivings, arguing that, if we wanted fighting power in our escort,
we had better take it as it offered itself; and that this army had
that fighting power, there could be no doubt.

Yet my suspicions were revived once more.  Bissa-tee, chief
zoologist to Her Majesty and leader of the zoological group of the
High Command, expounded it as her theory that even in communities
devoted entirely to the arts of peace the birth rate rises when an
extraordinary enterprise demanding the possible sacrifice of life
is planned.  She asked for a new census.  When it was taken, she
triumphed, of course.  In spite of the fact that, according to
Assa-ree, ten thousand individuals had been conscripted, the
population of the city had risen to 435,328, or fifteen more than
there had been before the draft.  Even allowing for the correctness
of Bissa-tee's theory, this seemed so amazing that I could not
account for it.

I will anticipate and state that, years later, just before Assa-ree
made her final bid for power, by means of the most detestable
treason, I extracted from her an admission, which she made in the
form of a boast, that, while she had indeed levied numbers of Attas
exhibiting a military atavism (all of them closely related to her;
in fact, being her illegitimate offspring), the minutest search for
such individuals had failed to produce a levy, among the maxims and
medi�, of more than 2,114 able-bodied ants; the rest of the levy
she had made up by winning over, no doubt using her fecal odour for
the purpose, stray bodies of Ecitons, of the species Eciton
Hamatum, our deadly enemies.

In a way I cannot but rejoice at the fact that neither I nor anyone
else had the slightest knowledge or even suspicion of the extent of
her treason at the time; had we had such a suspicion, we should
never have started on our expedition; we should, instead, have
rushed into civil war; and who knows what, with such an enemy, the
outcome would have been?  Our ignorance of the facts served the
commonwealth in two ways: in the first place, we led a most
dangerous potential enemy away from our country: more dangerous, in
fact, than a purely Eciton army of ten times its number would have
been; for against such an enemy our usual means of defence would
have availed, whereas this highly trained and efficient fighting
unit knew all about these means of defence and could have
circumvented them, as they would undoubtedly have done had we, by
even the slightest hesitation, betrayed any knowledge of its true
nature and composition; in the second place, enormous as were the
losses sustained in the course of our march through a largely
hostile continent, the expedition was led to a successful issue;
and the wealth of new knowledge acquired in its course has been
made available for the future, for our nation and all antdom, if
only by the survival of a single individual, namely, myself.

One last word with regard to the army.  When I proposed eight
thousand as the number to be levied, I had in mind that a third or
a half of this number should be composed of Attas intermediate
between the fighting and the carrier types.  For in addition to
those exclusively levied for purposes of defence and attack we
needed a considerable number of individuals who would carry a
supply of fungus-hyph�* or roots in their infrabuccal chambers.  I
anticipated the possibility of meeting with climatic or other
conditions which would force us to entrench for weeks or months at
a time, and if, in times of unemployment, we had to go without our
accustomed food, it might prove an unendurable hardship.  I felt
certain that we could always secure leaves suitable as a substratum
for the cultivation of our fungi; but lack of seed would, in such a
case, have been fatal.  Besides, I had hit upon the plan of
establishing, in favourable localities, hidden fungus-gardens on
which we could fall back should hunger or defeat, by whatever
enemy, force us into a hurried retreat.  I am glad to say that, at
least in this particular, the provision made by Assa-ree proved
adequate, though it fell far short of what I had expected her to
do.


* See appendix.


III


The order in which we set out, seven months after we had begun
preparations, was as follows.  The van, to the number of two or
three hundred, was composed of scattered individuals and groups of
particularly powerful physique and intrepid spirit.  All of them
were volunteers, which insured at least that they did not fear but
rather relished their task.  Immediately behind them came a corps
of skilled signallers, specially trained to emit the most pungent
and fast-diffusing scents by which to give warning and information
as to what was happening in front.

Then followed a massed body of fighters, commanded from the rear by
Assa-ree.  These formed a solid front and two solid flanks.  Their
rear was supposed at all times to form a hollow crescent enclosing
that body which I have called the brains of the expedition and in
which no particular discipline or marching order was observed.  It
was followed by another massed body of carriers and fighters who
again enclosed the central body with a crescentic arrangement of
their forward ranks.

Since the country which we had to traverse before reaching the
Great Narrows was well-mapped and known in every detail, we
travelled, to begin with, by night.  This distance of 95,000,000
common antlengths[1] was covered by forced marches in 150 nights--no
mean achievement.


[1] A common antlength (length of a media) is 1/2 inch.  750
miles. E.


When, after this forward thrust, we made our first stop, we were in
a peculiar country of great rocky mountains clothed with verdure
and studded with lakes, but exhibiting also more or less barren
uplands adorned with only a scanty vegetation of Cecropia and
Acacia trees.

So far, provisioning had offered no difficulty.  Our march had led
past a good many friendly cities of our own kind where arrangements
had been made in advance to supply the High Command with shelter
and food.  The army as such had never entered these cities; for
Assa-ree had undertaken to look after her own commissariat; and
when I found that she relied entirely on foraging raids, I rested
content with this arrangement.  It was essential to reduce our
demands on hospitably-inclined colonies to a minimum; and even when
we found that these fighting hordes of ours reverted very largely
to the aboriginal custom of feeding on carrion, I did not object.
For no matter how we, the High Command, fared, it was important to
conduct matters in such a manner as always to provide amply for the
rank and file.

But now we were entering upon terra incognita; and though we met at
once with other tribes closely related to ourselves, the Oecodomas,
we were, for the first time, to have the experience of finding our
overtures tending towards friendly intercourse repulsed.

To our agreeable surprise, Assa-ree had proved herself equal to any
emergency; but while we continued our advance, literally fighting
our way on all sides, we, the High Command, had at last to go
without food for forty or fifty days.  And then our whole advance
was brought to a stop.

We came to a point where an unbroken chain of Oecodoma cities
reached from coast to coast in a north-south direction; more than
once we hurled massed bodies of our troops against this chain;
nothing was gained.  We had to encamp.

I called a council of war to meet at night.  I well remember the
occasion.  We were at an elevation of at least 48,000 antlengths
above the sea.  All about, we were surrounded by a barren, rocky
highland with a broken surface.  In front, at a distance of 63,000
ants, rose a forbidding escarpment to a height of 3,600 antlengths;
but its crown was covered with a dense forest reaching westward; it
was within the margin of that forest that the line of Oecodoma
cities barred our way.  Almost overhead stood a full moon; and the
atmosphere, in the open, was chilly enough to stiffen our joints.
But the meeting was held in a recess of perpendicular rocks which
retained the heat of the day.  To our left, the remainder of our
central body had gone to rest in a manner which we had learned from
our bitterest enemies, the Eciton Hamatum.  This method was as
follows: two of the strongest ants attached themselves with their
fore-legs to a low branch of a dead acacia.  To their hind-legs
four were clinging; and so on, till, in the ninth or tenth tier,
the flaring curtain thus formed by living bodies reached a width
sufficient to fold over from both sides and to enclose a hollow
funnel which was filled by the remaining ants in a dense cluster.
The army was encamped in a similar manner south of us and out of
sight.

When I opened our deliberations, I gave it as my opinion that, at
no matter what cost of time or energy, we must establish friendly
relations with our cousins, the Oecodomas; and two of the group-
leaders, Bissa-tee, the zoologist, and Lemma-nee, the geographer,
were inclined to agree with me.  But Anna-zee, the botanist,
pointed out, not perhaps without a semblance of justice, that it
was too late for attempts at conciliation; blood, she said, had
flowed on both sides; it could not be wiped out.  So I asked her
what she had to propose; and she replied sardonically that, once
blood had been shed, there was only one remedy and that was to shed
more of it.  Anna-zee, as we shall see, often had the disconcerting
knack of brushing aside what she called self-deceptions.  At this
very moment I saw Assa-ree stepping into the gap between the walls
of our retreat.

By way of greeting she raised her antenn� and then brought them
down with a sweeping movement.  Both Anna-zee and Bissa-tee spoke
to me later in admiration of the physical grace of this great ant-
of-war; both remarked upon the proud humility of her bearing.  I
could not quite understand such a misinterpretation; but, since her
greeting was exclusively addressed to me, I being the only ant she
had to consult, they did perhaps not have a full opportunity to see
her in the same light in which I saw her.  I could not overlook the
distinct outward swing which she knew how to impart to the movement
of her antenn�: it was an unmistakably ironic curve.  The scents
with which she proposed a way out of our difficulty were respectful
enough; yet, to me they seemed to be too exaggerated to be quite
sincere.  Very briefly, she engaged to induce any colony of
Oecodomas to leave their city for our special accommodation,
without the use of force.  I was on the point of asking her why,
if such was in her power, she had not offered to do so before
blood had been shed.  But my colleagues closed with her offer so
enthusiastically that I thought it best to observe a discreet
silence.

I must give Assa-ree her due: she was as good as her scent.  Next
morning we entered a deserted city which contained a wealth of
fungus-gardens quite beyond our requirements.  The rest of our High
Command, even Anna-zee and Bissa-tee, far and away the most eminent
of our scholars, accepted this service as a sort of miracle that
must not be too closely questioned; and, for the moment, it solved
an urgent problem.

But before we moved on, I made it my business to investigate.  My
motive was neither that of an idle curiosity nor that of a desire
to spy on Assa-ree.  But I considered that the safety of the whole
expedition depended on what I am tempted to call my own omniscience
with regard to the doings, the wishes, and the thoughts of all its
members.

Now, at the very time of entering this marvellously well-built city
of the Oecodomas I had been struck by the presence of a faint smell
that seemed suspicious.  It was not the race-smell of any leaf-
cutting ant; nor was it the adventitious nest-smell peculiar to
every individual colony.  These cannot be mistaken by any
experienced contact-odour sense such as I flatter myself to
possess.  It was an alien smell, hard to identify because of its
faintness.  It had, apparently, not been questioned by anyone else.

The most minute examination of the main entrance-craters failed to
furnish the slightest clue.  Then, one day, bent on recreation, I
took a turn in the forest; and quite accidentally I came across a
wasp on the ground which seemed to be expiring; and instantly I
recognized the suspicious smell which here was pungent and
pronounced.  This unfortunate wasp had been surprised by an army of
Eciton Hamatum; had been deprived of her power of motion; had been
partially dismembered; and had then, for some mysterious reason,
been left behind.  I hurried back to our temporary abode and, armed
with this clue, soon discovered, in a crevice of one of the side-
entrances, a tiny fragment of the abdomen of this very wasp--a
fragment so bitten into and almost chewed up by the powerful
sickle-jaws of Ecitons as to make it practically unrecognizable.

How Assa-ree had got hold of this fragment I can, of course, not
tell; but her scheme now explained itself.  These particular
Ecitons must be so powerful, and their power so well known that the
mere suspicion of their approach was enough to put to flight a
whole colony of Oecodomas.  This Assa-ree knew; and that was the
most disquieting feature of the whole thing.  I knew, and I knew
that Assa-ree knew, that we could not forever avoid meeting an army
of these Ecitons; I anticipated, and I suspected that Assa-ree
anticipated, that we should be attacked.  If we were, it would be
her task to defend us, it was hard to say with what prospect of
success: an issue before which the stoutest heart might be
permitted to tremble.  Yet she could use this fear of the Ecitons
to play a joke upon a whole nation of ants closely related to
ourselves and, in a manner, upon me and my associates.  It was not
a thought to allay my secret disquietudes.  Above all, I knew from
that day on that sooner or later matters must come to an issue
between her and me.

To finish this topic by anticipation: a further discovery was in
store for me.  Assa-ree had driven to flight, not only the one
colony of Oecodomas which she had promised she would persuade, by
peaceful means, temporarily to abandon their city for our
convenience, but the whole line of colonies stretching across, the
Narrows of the continent.  This I discovered in the course of the
following days.

One night, the leaders of the High Command being again in
conference to discuss the best route to follow from that point, she
entered our conclave a second time.  The meeting being held in a
subterranean chamber, we were in utter darkness, and I could not
watch her demeanour in detail.  But in her greeting to me, in the
course of which she touched first my antenn�, then my thorax and
head, I seemed again to detect that exaggeration of deference which
could not but conceal her irony.  The import of her message was
this.  Since we should necessarily have to return by the same
route, she would like to point out the expediency of keeping this
gap open.  Lemma-nee, the geographer, was so amazed at the boldness
of the proposal that she squirted out, "Can it be done?"  Assa-ree
brushed the question aside by the slightest motion of her antenn�
and repeated her offer in a scent of affected weariness.  I
resolved to embrace the plan and signified as much.  I could feel
Assa-ree stiffening: she interpreted my lack of amazement as an
affront.  Yet her resentment was expressed by nothing but an
increase in deference.  You wish it, she signified, in scents still
more subdued than mine had been, and it is done.

Next morning, when we had left the city, I ascertained, while the
ranks were being formed, that she had cunningly concealed a tiny
fragment of the same wasp in each of the main entrances of the no
less than 103 Oecodoma cities which formed the barrier across the
narrowest point of the continent.


IV


I must now reach back in time and resume the narrative at the point
where we entered the Oecodoma city.

Not far from the northern end of this barrier across the Narrows
and just west of it, stood a city built by man.  Although the
detailed zoological and ecological study of man was not directly
comprised in our instructions, I thought it inadvisable to neglect
this opportunity.  Man, forming part of that large division of the
animal kingdom called the Mammalia, had been studied previously by
a number of expeditions, but with inconclusive results.  It was
known that, by virtue of a number of peculiarities, he occupied a
somewhat unique position within that group.  It was suspected, on
the ground of things reported by trustworthy observers, that his
position among mammals might somewhat resemble the position of ants
among insects.  It had even been suggested that his development, in
the past and in certain branches of his kind, had almost reached
the same level as ours today; in that case he would represent that
most interesting type of a retrograded or degenerate race; and I
must confess I was inclined to embrace this view.  One daring
speculator had even hinted that perhaps man possessed, or at least
had possessed, that same imperial gift of reason which is
universally held to be the distinguishing mark of ants.

Before I summarize what was previously known of man, I will briefly
state what led me to the conclusion that man is a degenerate type.
In this I shall, of course, anticipate the results of later
investigations.  In the first place, it is an axiom among
biologists of the first rank that every individual of no matter
what species, in its development from the embryonic state to the
imaginal, adult, or final state, summarizes the development of the
race.  If, then, it can be shown that the adult stage, in some
essential point, shows a retrogression from the development reached
in an immature phase, the only conclusion possible to be drawn is
that the adult represents a degenerate type.  Now my students will
have to take my scent for it that man's instincts approach plastic
intelligence in the young; the adult shows no trace of it.  For
proof of this I must refer to scent-tree number 349.  In the second
place, I cannot imagine a state of affairs in which, the animal in
question having reached the stage where a social life (as distinct
from a herd life) becomes possible, as man has, the male is the
dominant sex; and it is with man.  This is against all reason.
Every male is capable of fertilizing many females unless it dies in
copula (male man does not); yes, the seminal fluid discharged in a
single copulation suffices (at least with us) to fertilize
thousands of ovules; even where the male is not restricted to a
single copulation (as it is with us), it is the rule that, after
having fulfilled its proper function, it serves for such menial
offices only as defence or the labour of procuring food, etc.  I
cannot think of any other animal which has developed to the social
stage--distinctly an achievement of the female--and which
nevertheless supports its males in a dominant position.  I
therefore conclude that, in the past, man, too, has lived under
matriarchy as we do today.  If this conclusion needs further
support, that support is furnished by the fact that young human
males play at being females, acting as though they had brought
forth callows and carrying images of such about in their forelimbs.
From this stage, which must necessarily summarize a lost
development of the race, they gradually degenerate, even
individually, into a pure, arrogant, and ignorant masculinity.
This argument seems, to me, to be conclusive.

Now for the summary of our previous knowledge of man.

Even in our own country these destructive animals are to be found
sporadically.  As is well known, they kill, without provocation or
discrimination, all living things, sometimes at sight, sometimes
after having enslaved them for a time.  The native vegetation on
which the rest of creation depends for shelter and food they
destroy by fire or otherwise.

On an average they are 70 ants long, 36 ants wide, and 20 ants
thick, measuring their length from the top of their heads to the
fork of their extraordinarily long hind limbs.  Of these limbs,
they have four though, as a rule, they use only two for locomotion:
a fact characteristic of the contempt in which they hold nature's
gifts.  The head resembles a hard sphere of bone overlaid with a
thin layer of pinkish flesh which, in turn, is covered with a more
or less dark-coloured filmy and pliable skin.  It is provided with
two round, simple eyes excellent for distant, but singularly ill-
adapted for minute and accurate vision.  Two prodigious skinny
excrescences served originally as covers for their ear-passages;
but they have long since, through disuse, become worthless for this
purpose.  A large, fleshy protuberance in the centre of the face is
presumed to harbour the vestiges of a sense of smell, also largely
lost by neglect.  The mouth, below, consists of a transverse slit
armed with bony plates for mastication and measuring from six to
eight ants.  The most striking proof of a lack of natural
intelligence, or of its loss, is to be found in the fact that, by
millennia-long neglect, man has forfeited the most important means
of communication, orientation, and fixation of records, namely, the
contact-odour sense.  This sense, which we, by intelligent use and
careful breeding, have developed to such a remarkable acuteness and
applied to such sublime purpose, has, with man, become rudimentary.

Their bodies are not, as ours, protected by a defensive, chitinous
ectoskeleton but with soft integuments of varying composition.  I
shall later speak of them again.  These integuments have, by
certain zoologists, been used to support the theory that man as a
species has never yet become fixed; they are of such extraordinary
variety.  The latest observations, however, had led to the daring
theory that man moults at will.  Of this, too, we shall treat later
on.

To a certain extent man is social in his habits, not only with
regard to his own kind, but also with regard to certain mammals and
birds which, phylogenetically, stand quite remote from him; as,
f.i., dogs, cats, parrots, chickens, and others.  It is significant
that all his more intimate associates are chosen from the lowest of
the great subdivisions of the animal world, the vertebrates.

Such, apart from a few details which the curious can read up on any
standard scent-tree of zoology, was what was definitely known of
man.

Every now and then, however, the assertion is met with, in some
more speculative monoscent, that certain acts of man, observed and
recorded by careful investigators, argue for at least the traces of
a reasoning power.  Such-and-such a thing, it has been said, cannot
be explained by a mere animal urge or "instinct"; it has to be
attributed to more or less conscious deliberation and logical
inference; it seemed to prove the existence of a "plastic
intelligence" directing a "plastic behaviour".  But, if many
learned ants have advocated this view, an equal number have scoffed
at it.  Reason seemed to be such an incomparably precious gift that
it was hard to imagine other creatures to be endowed with it,
creatures remote from our own race which was by nature destined to
rule the world.

Perhaps this is the place for a brief digression.  Everybody knows
that in most systems of philosophy evolved in the past it is
tacitly assumed that reason is one and indivisible, as though, to
use a bold metaphor, it had sprung fully armed from the brain of
some super-ant.  It is now pretty well acknowledged by most
biologists that this theory or assumption is untenable.  Even with
us, reason is the result of a long and slow assimilation of
experience, and it is still in the making.  Wherever, therefore, in
what follows, the word is used without qualification, it is to be
understood as referring simply to the present phase of development
among Attas.

Here, then, were a number of problems on which I thought it worth
our while to throw as much light as we could.  Our present
adventure, however, which must excuse this digression, will be set
down without further comment.  The facts speak for themselves.


V


The first notice I received of the presence of man in these parts
came from reports given by Assa-ree; it consisted in no more than a
casual mention of the fact that a small colony, comprising some 500
individuals, was located on a bold cliff overjutting the sea.

I commissioned Assa-ree to reconnoitre; and her second report was
more detailed.  The colony consisted of a number of dusky
individuals whose integuments were scanty and bright in colour.
They were given to rapid and incomprehensible chatterings
resembling those of monkeys in our native woods.  I had a curious
suspicion that these chatterings might conceivably represent their
method of communication; for the widely attested fact of a social
life, with its division of labour, presupposed some such power.
Among these darker men lived one individual differing markedly from
the others, both in colour of facial skin and in integuments.  The
latter Assa-ree described as pure white in colour and fine in
texture, apart from his hind-feet which were encased in an
ectoskeleton of bright brown and of considerable hardness.  He--it
was a male--must have occupied a leading position among the rest;
for a number of the dusky individuals seemed to wait on him much as
certain adult workers of ours wait on Her Majesty.  His abode
consisted of a number of lofty and spacious chambers one of which
contained large cases of a transparent, rock-like substance filled
with glittering, uncanny-looking things of unknown purpose.

These reports inspired me with a desire to see for myself.  We knew
from former investigations that man's communities are often vastly
more numerous; I reasoned, therefore, that this was an opportunity
to study him individually, unconfused by numbers.

I had Assa-ree conduct me to the abode of this curious individual.
All her observations were confirmed, and at least one was added:
among the darker individuals waiting upon him was one who, with
regard to the rest (most of them females), occupied a position of
intermediate authority.  His integuments closely resembled those of
the master, consisting of white, fine-textured tissues which
covered all but his head, his hands, and his feet; and in one point
he was unique: he had two pairs of eyes, one of them being external
and consisting of the same transparent, rock-like substance as the
mysterious cases of the chamber.

As luck would have it, Assa-ree and I entered this man's abode at a
moment when a dusky female came to call on the master.  To our
amazement, the master, ordering the assistant about in a most
peremptory manner, placed the female in a peculiar position in an
ingeniously constructed seat and looked into her mouth.  From his
behaviour I was inclined to think that he was going to osculate or
to regurgitate; but suddenly he inserted a claw of his fore-foot
into the open mouth of the female and shouted something to his
assistant.  The latter opened one of the transparent cases and took
from it a sinister-looking piece of apparatus[2] closely resembling
such tongs as certain aquatic members of the Articulata exhibit in
our own country.  This piece of apparatus he handed to the master
who brutally thrust it into the mouth of the female, seized with it
one of the bony plates used for mastication, and, with a powerful
wrench, pulled it out, the female giving a pitiful groan.
Profoundly stirred by the suffering of the victim of this
brutality, I gave Assa-ree the signal of retreat; and we made our
exit.


[2] Whenever dealing with man, Wawa-quee's consciousness became
purely visual and was transferred to me in that form.  I recognised
this "piece of apparatus", of course, as the sort of tongs or
forceps used by dentists to extract teeth.  Whenever such a case
arises in which I understand what the ant does not, I shall, in
what follows, use italics.  E.


Returned to our temporary dwelling, I shut myself up in the queen's
chamber.  I will not dwell on my feelings but merely give the
results of my analysis of the facts.  He whom I have called the
master had clearly enslaved the one whom I have called the
assistant, as well as the other members of his clan.  It was not a
case of co-operation such as exists among ants.  What the nature
and method of this enslavement might be remained unexplained; in
physical power the slave was manifestly superior to his master.
But he was of a different variety of the species man; his racial
relation to the master was approximately that of ourselves to the
Oecodomas, or the reverse.  It was hard to say which; for now the
one, now the other of these two seemed the less civilized.

It will perhaps be best simply to relate what happened next and to
let the curious draw their own conclusions.  I will frankly own
that I was little inclined to pursue my studies in this particular
abode of man; and I should have left well enough alone had I not
been forcibly carried back there.

I made up my mind to take Bissa-tee, the zoologist, into my
confidence.  As far as Assa-ree was concerned, I had no intention
of letting her look too deeply into my thoughts and secrets.  I
knew her to be at heart impatient of my control; and I knew it to
be impossible for her to appreciate my motives.  Care for my
personal safety was dictated, of course, not by fear for myself,
but by my solicitude for the fate of the whole expedition the
success of which depended on the preservation of that unity of
direction which centred in myself.  I have too often shown that
death holds no terror for me to have to give a cheap exhibition of
courage when discretion is clearly indicated by the circumstances.

Bissa-tee was one of those big, magnificent, and boisterous ants
who will rap their thorax with one antenna while they touch yours
with the other, and who will breeze in and out of a chamber with a
hearty nod; so that everyone mistakes them for commonplace ants and
thinks she knows all about them because they seem to carry their
heart upon the anterior joint.  I knew that all this was mere
pretence and that she knew excellently well, as her name, too,
signifies, how to keep her own counsel.  That was the reason why we
were friends.

In order to make sure that we could not be spied upon, I led her
far from our temporary abode.  I took a north-east path which led
close to the wide and open clearing that surrounded the human
village.

But I had hardly begun to explain my perplexities when I was
interrupted.  We found we were not alone in this margin of the
forest.  The ground shook with the rapid and ponderous tread of
some large animal, presumably a mammal.  Both Bissa-tee and myself
instantly ceased from all motion and stood rigid, every muscle
taut.  And then, what was my horror when I espied the very
assistant of the master man jumping about close by under the trees,
bending over and reaching for things on the ground!  My first
impulse was to hide; but the second impulse was of curiosity.  And
this second impulse, which I followed, seemed, for the moment, to
prove our undoing; for suddenly the man was right upon us.

To our amazement, he reached for us, not with the long, slender
toes of his fore-feet, but with a pair of tongs.  Before I knew
what was happening, he had grasped me by my pedicel (of all places
to catch an ant: the pedicel!), lifted me and dropped me into a
hollow cylinder of the rock-like, transparent substance repeatedly
mentioned.  Bissa-tee promptly followed me; and, to our horror, we
found ourselves confined with a score or two of huge Eciton
Hamatum, our worst enemies.  The fear of the Eciton is so inbred in
us Attas, I presume, that, faced with them, we are capable of
exertions which under ordinary circumstances would be beyond our
powers.  Both Bissa-tee and myself were, a moment later, clinging
to the rough paper cover of the cylinder.  Ordinarily such a leap
of at least fourteen antlengths would have been impossible to any
Atta.  Yet the imprisoned Ecitons were themselves too bewildered to
pay the slightest attention to us.

Meanwhile our bearer was wildly shaking us up and down: apparently
he was running in his clumsy human way, using only his hind-feet.

Before we had had time to reflect, he had removed the cover from
the cylinder and was shaking us out on a flat white surface of
extraordinary smoothness.  There, Bissa-tee and myself, together
with fifty Ecitons, were instantly rushing about in the wildest
confusion.  The surface was circular and surrounded by a moat
twelve antlengths wide and filled with water.  At last I stopped to
recover my breath; and as I did so, I looked about.  Incredibly, we
were in that precise chamber where Assa-ree and I had witnessed the
maltreatment of the human female.

Still more incredibly, that same female was lying like one dead
stretched out on a raised platform close to the glistening plateau
on which we were.  Her forefoot was bared to the upper joint and
exhibited a wide, bleeding gash twenty antlengths long and gaping,
with its ragged edges separated by at least four antlengths.  How
such a gash can be produced I have of course no means of telling.
But, as I said, red blood was trickling from it.

Perhaps I should explain here what I came to investigate at a much
later stage.  Man's blood, like that of all mammals, is confined in
large, tubular vessels and cannot flow outside of them.  If he is
wounded and one of these vessels or veins is severed, the blood
escapes instead of simply changing its course and flowing around
the wound as it does with us; and with its escape life itself ebbs
away.

A moment later I saw the master hurrying about; he shouted
something to his assistant, and the assistant answered.  Again I
should, perhaps, anticipate and explain that man produces sounds,
not by means of a stridula, but by sending a current of air
forcibly over two chord-like membranes concealed in his throat.

The master approached the female, knelt by her side, and laved the
wound; the assistant stood by, armed with a forceps.  By this time
curiosity had completely conquered my panic.  The Ecitons were
still rushing wildly about.  No greater proof, I believe, can be
found of the superiority of the Atta than the fact that Bissa-tee
had coolly selected a point of vantage from which she watched the
proceedings; and her I now joined on the bank of the moat.

Having finished the task of laving the wound, the master, by a
gesture of his forelimb, gave the assistant a signal; and the
latter, bending over the platform, picked up a giant soldier
Eciton, applying the forceps to her pedicel.  I distinctly remember
how this individual opened her formidable and menacing sickle-jaws
as though to attack her captor.  There is one thing to be said for
the Eciton: she knows no fear; she is the personification of blind
and bold fury; but she is nothing else; she is a mere fighting
machine.

As it turned out, this gesture of menace was exactly what the human
wanted to produce.  With a touch much more gentle than I should
have expected him to be capable of, the master took the forceps
from his assistant; and while, with the extended toes of his free
forelimb, he pressed the ragged edges of the gaping wound in the
human female's arm together, he approached, with the other, the
head of the Eciton.  At once the ant buried her jaws, on both sides
of the red line, in the human flesh and drew them close together;
whereupon the master slipped his soft toes back by two ant-lengths
and returned the forceps to his assistant.  A second Eciton was
picked up; and the proceeding repeated; then a third and a fourth.

Up to this point I had been so fascinated by what was going on that
I had no eyes for anything else.  Now I cast a fleeting glance at
Bissa-tee.  To my inexpressible astonishment I saw, behind her, in
an attitude of bold and close scrutiny, my ever-present rival Assa-
ree.  Where did she come from?  I feel convinced that, like
ourselves, she had been caught by mere chance; but, when
questioned, later on, she had the effrontery to assert, though her
boldness was disguised under an air of almost apologetic modesty,
that she had intentionally allowed herself to be captured in order
to find out what these Ecitons were wanted for.  How she came to be
in the very locality which I had sought in order to escape her
espionage, she has never seen fit to explain.

I had not yet completely recovered from what amounted almost to
indignation at her presence when Bissa-tee touched me with her
antenna.  The process of closing the wound had been finished.
Twenty-five Ecitons had buried their jaws in the human flesh and
were holding the edges of the wound together.

And now comes the most amazing thing of all: a thing so horrible
that I can barely bring myself to relate it.  The master had risen
and was bending over the wounded arm.  In one fore-foot he held a
new instrument, a pair of scissors, of the same metal as the
forceps.  With this he severed the heads of the Ecitons from their
bodies, allowing the latter to fall to the ground.  I nearly
swooned.  The only thing which preserved me from so ignominious a
breakdown was the consciousness that, over Bissa-tee's tense body,
Assa-ree's median eye was fastened upon me, with an expression of
diabolic curiosity.

A few moments went by during which I was aware of nothing but my
own efforts not to give way.  But suddenly I saw the master bending
over our platform, forceps in one, and the hollow cylinder in the
other fore-limb.  He was picking up and re-imprisoning the
remaining Ecitons.  Before I knew what to do in order to escape, he
had picked up Bissa-tee, but to my surprise he flung her to the
ground; apparently he did not think her suitable for his purpose.
I was just on the point of running blindly when I also felt myself
grasped.  As he lifted me close to his eye, I saw Assa-ree clearing
the moat in a single, magnificent leap.  Clearly, fear gave her,
too, strength beyond the measure ordinarily bestowed on ants.  The
next moment I was, like Bissa-tee, flung to the ground.

I hastened to escape through the door; but instantly Bissa-tee was
by my side and detained me.  I hardly know how I managed to attend
to what she was endeavouring to convey to me.  Never before had
such an opportunity offered to measure the tenacity of life in
Ecitons: since we had forbidden vivisection by law, the only
specimens on which she and her colleagues had been able to work had
been such as were mutilated in war; and neither she nor anyone else
had ever succeeded in getting hold of beheaded specimens the exact
hour of whose execution had been known; nor had these specimens
ever been free from other mutilations and wounds.  These Ecitons,
on the other hand, were in magnificent health, apart from the fact
that they had lost their heads; and so zoology must claim them, not
only in order to determine the protoplasmic vitality of the Eciton
body as such, deprived of the intelligent direction of the brain
and even of the very possibility of adding to the vital force by
feeding it; but also in order to study the distribution of
instincts between body and head.  Surely, she argued, when the head
is removed, activities can be directed only by the dorsal and
ventral ganglia.  Help me, she added, to drive these decapitated
specimens, or at least some of them, to our station where I shall
provide an orderly as a guard for each individual; and zoology will
owe you an everlasting debt.

I could not help admiring this devotion to science which caused
Bissa-tee entirely to forget the danger she was in, for she had
stopped me in the very door through which numbers of humans were
now passing, lifting and bringing down their huge flat feet; to be
caught between them and the rock-like floor would have been
equivalent to a cataclysm in nature.  Nevertheless, I was impatient
with her; clearly, this was the moment to think of our own safety
first of all.

But at that juncture Assa-ree appeared, her attitude marking a
peculiar mixture of jaunty nonchalance and solicitude in our
service.  As though to set an example of reckless disregard of
danger, she came through the very centre of the wide exit; and when
the assistant appeared behind her, she even stopped till the
latter's hard and smooth hind-foot was directly above her before,
with a dexterous and elegant twist, she evaded the descending
destruction.

The remainder of this adventure is chiefly of interest to
specialists; and a detailed report has been given on scent-tree
number 319 to which I must refer the curious.  Here I confine
myself to the bald statement that we succeeded in securing twelve
of the decapitated Ecitons whom Bissa-tee kept confined during the
remainder of our stay at the Narrows; when we left, she took them
along under escort.  Those whom we did not thus capture returned to
their army, proving thereby that the homing instinct is independent
of the contact-odour sense; though with this restriction that the
individuals captured apparently never discovered that they were not
with an army of their own kind.  In fact, when we set out again,
they seemed quite content to travel with us and even anxious never
to stray: travelling was, of course, the natural mode of their
lives.  It was sometimes ludicrous to see how they begged for food,
palpating us with imaginary antenn� and lifting the stumps of their
necks as though they were opening shadowy mouths.  Never have I
seen a more striking symbol of such systems of philosophy as try to
explain the universe by means of intuition.  Anna-zee, our
botanist, indulged in inexhaustible mirth at the expense of these
living corpses.  They lived for 39 days and kept up sufficient
energy to continue marching to within the last but one day of their
lives.  At no time did they betray signs of conscious suffering--
proof conclusive that the seat of suffering is the brain, and
likely the imagination.[3]


[3] See also Tenacity of Life in Ants, by A. M. Fielde, Scient.
Amer., 1893.  E.


VI


The most interesting, not to say alarming feature of this adventure
consisted in the proof which it afforded of the fact that there
were Ecitons about.  It was, of course, one of our tasks to secure
what information we could bearing on the life, the habits, and the
anatomy of these ants.  But, seeing that their observation was
fraught with considerable danger, I had made up my mind to leave it
over to the end.  We could not afford to run the risk of being
greatly reduced in number right from the start; and that was the
reason why we had so far travelled by night.  For Ecitons, though
almost blind, hunt in daytime.  In view of their at least partial
blindness, this could not be explained by conditions of light.  In
fact, there is one race of Ecitons which is absolutely blind
(Eciton C�cum); and these hunt with the same efficiency, if not a
greater one as those endowed with a vestige of sight, and, what is
more important, also in daytime.  They are almost completely
hypog�ic; and when they have to cross open rocky stretches where
not even a cover of dead leaves is available, they construct
superterranean galleries, using a sort of masonry in the
construction of which they are highly adept.  Since this race of
the blind Ecitons is the one which is geographically most widely
distributed, it can readily be inferred, as Bissa-tee pointed out,
that the whole trend of evolution, within that genus, must be in
the direction of blindness: for some reason or other blindness
favours, instead of handicapping, them in the struggle for
existence.  The fact, then, that Ecitons hunt in daytime must be
explained by conditions of temperature rather; and this led me to a
further conjecture.  Our geographers had already reported that,
though our progress in a south-north direction had so far been
small, the whole trend of the Narrows being westward, there had
already been a slight lowering of the mean temperature, perceptible
only to trained observers and by the most delicate physiological
tests.  The spread between the temperatures at noon and midnight
had also increased.  This led me to think that, since sooner or
later our route would bend more and more to the north, this
lowering of the mean temperature would become more and more
pronounced.  If, then, the difference between day and night was
even here sufficient to force the Ecitons to go into bivouac at
night, it seemed highly probable that, as we proceeded north, the
limit of their distribution would be reached as soon as the daytime
temperature fell to a low enough level, at least occasionally, to
prevent their being abroad: from then on only did I think it safe
to travel during the day.

When, therefore, our work at this station was finished and we all
had sufficiently recovered from the effects of fatigue and hunger,
I set the hour of departure once more for sunset.  To omit all
detail, we thus marched for another 27 nights.  Many minor
observations were made by geographers, zoologists, botanists and
meteorologists; and these were reported every morning before we
went into our cluster camp.  When they were of special interest or
too long to be committed to memory, Adver-tee was employed to
record them on trees marked in some conspicuous way, so that we
could pick them up again on our way home.  I often admired the
skill with which Adver-tee could compress a great deal of meaning
into very brief scents.

And then, quite unexpectedly, we met with an extraordinary
obstacle: the whole continent was cut in two by water.  It was
not a river, for the banks were straight and perpendicular,
unmistakably artificial, and of smooth stone.  As we found later,
it was a work constructed by man: an engineering feat not unworthy
of ants.  For the moment, however, we did not know that; or I
should at once have concluded that no doubt ways and means had been
provided for crossing this canal.  As it was, there was nothing to
do but to go into quarters.  This was the first place where we
resolved to excavate a cache or burrow in which to plant our own
fungi.  In this, our chief difficulty arose, of course, from the
fact, which I had foreseen, that, we having no minims along to weed
and cultivate the plantations, the latter were at once overrun with
great masses of unsuitable and even poisonous fungi; and this
necessitated burrows of a size quite out of proportion to our
numbers.  Before our present necessities were relieved by the
accident to be related, the new hill had reached the following
dimensions: superficial diameter 768 antlengths, depth 380
antlengths; number of chambers averaging 60 antlengths in one and
20 in another direction, 94.

Meanwhile large adventitious bodies of locally represented ants
were pressed into service by Assa-ree whose methods I did not care
to enquire into; the end was welcome even if the means were not.
For it was clear that this great obstacle could be overcome only by
a daring feat of our own: we had resolved to fill in this canal or,
failing in this, to throw a dam across it.  For a whole moon an
ever-increasing multitude (they must in the end have amounted to
many hundreds of thousands) was employed in rolling pellets of clay
over the edge of the embankment.  Two shifts of workers prepared
the pellets; and two relays were employed in dumping them, so that
the work went forward without intermission, day and night.  We soon
came to the conclusion that this great task would take us a year
and 200 days to accomplish.

And then an almost incredible event solved our difficulties for us.
One night it was reported to me that a floating monster carrying
many men was coming down from the north.  I investigated at once
and found this monster to consist of a huge aquatic beetle
resembling in more than one way a firefly.  Every Atta is, of
course, familiar with the purely aerial fireflies of our country;
but the size of this monster was almost unbelievable: it measured
in length at least 7,000 antlengths.

Now, as this monstrous beetle came floating along, with a humming
noise, and as it was on the point of passing our station--where all
those of us who were endowed with eye-sight stood aligned on the
bank of this enormous ditch--the labour which we had so far
expended in the endeavour to dam the canal bore fruit in an
entirely unexpected manner: the beetle got caught between the far
bank and our talus which by this time reached out into the water to
a distance of 350 ant-lengths.  The firefly came to with a terrific
crash which dislocated the masonry of both banks.  The whole
floating population of men, borne along by the monster, was knocked
off their feet; and even we were overthrown by the impact.[4]


[4] See New York Daily Mail of April 16, 1924 for a report of this
accident from the human side.  The paper ascribes it to a land-
slide.  E.


Again I must give Assa-ree her due.  Very few minutes had elapsed
before she reported to me that she had established a practicable
route to the other side.  I had to trust her blindly; for
obviously, if we were to profit by this extraordinary accident, no
time was to be lost.  Beings who were able to construct such works
as this canal and to tame such insects as this beetle would soon
find means to extricate themselves.  By one powerful emission of
the proper scent I issued the order to assemble and to obey Assa-
ree in every point.

It was night; and the task of crossing was dangerous in the
extreme.  But Assa-ree had provided for everything.  Along the
whole route, with the exception of a few gaps of which I am going
to speak, she had stationed huge, alien ants holding in their jaws
small fireflies of the kind familiar to us; and these emitted a
pale, greenish light.  They had already been employed to carry on
the night-work.  Now they illumined a narrow, precipitous path
through the ruined masonry of the hither bank; and when,
ultimately, we reached the far bank, they were similarly lined up
along its acclivity.  Assa-ree was here, there, and everywhere.

Bissa-tee, Anna-zee, Lemma-nee, and myself led the way, Bissa-tee
in her intrepid manner ahead of us all.  We wound our way down
almost to the water's edge, first through a rough and almost
impassable gap in the displaced rocks, then over the talus
constructed by our gangs.  As we approached the water, Assa-ree
appeared, enjoining caution.  The road abutted above the water at a
point where, opposite, a round, circular hole gaped like a trachea
in the flank of the beetle.  The gap, of perhaps 120 antlengths,
was bridged by a yielding and excessively narrow, but tough and
resistant sort of cable the histological nature of which we had no
time to examine.  In itself it would have admitted of no other
passage than in single file.  But Assa-ree signalled a halt and
issued an order.  Whereupon several hundred ants poured on to this
bridge; these fastened themselves sideways to the yielding fibres
and thereby trebled its width.  At a further signal from Assa-ree
we proceeded, marching four abreast.  In the opening of the
trachea, Assa-ree was waiting for us.

What we walked over next, inside of the beetle, is beyond my
guessing.  It was a tremendous task; for we had no light here; but
Assa-ree, keeping ahead of us, scented the road.  At last we came
out on the far side; and it seemed that we had escaped one danger
only to succumb to another.  Here there was no bridge.  We were 200
or 300 antlengths above the water, and the bank was as far away.

Assa-ree, however, ran down the perpendicular flank of the beetle
and out on the water.  As we discovered when we followed her, she
was supported from below by a chain of ants clinging together, six
or eight abreast, and submerged in the chilling flood.  Never in my
life had I touched anything as cold as this water; but for good or
evil we were committed; and we struggled on.

Assa-ree left us; nor was there any need for further guidance; the
moment we set foot on solid ground, the fireflies lighted us again;
and we were soon on top of the bank.  It took the greater part of
the night for the army to cross; and all the time there was a noisy
and mysterious commotion going on among the humans on or within the
beetle.  When the last of us had landed, the grey of dawn was
showing in the east; and still there remained one task: the living
float of ants had to be withdrawn from the water; for we could not
think of leaving them who had been the means of our accomplishing
the crossing to drown in the icy floods of this tremendous cut.

However, this was soon done, and all of them were taken, in the
mandibles of our carriers, to a wooded patch west of the canal
where the rising sun restored all but one to consciousness and
normal life.

Such was the great adventure of the human canal.

It came as an anticlimax when our geographers, shortly after,
discovered that this cut was, at regular intervals, provided with
gates over which we could have crossed without any trouble.  At any
rate, this discovery settled all my worries with regard to our
eventual return.


VII


Thus, for another five months, we proceeded by night marches.  How
the army fared I am unable to say; I did not enquire.  As for
ourselves, the High Command, we never ate for weeks and weeks.  It
was a hardship which we bore cheerfully for the sake of the cause.

As I have hinted, even our night marches yielded a rich harvest of
observations, geographical, meteorological, botanical and
zoological.  My conjecture that the trend of the continent would be
more and more northward was soon confirmed; and though the fact
might have admitted of various interpretations, the mean
temperature kept falling.  Many circumstances led us to think that
the continent was widening out, and this was corroborated when, a
little later, the whole country was mapped.  Naturally, the farther
we were at any point from the sea, the greater would be the spread
between day and night.

At last we came to a country where the whole character both of the
flora and the fauna underwent a subtle change.  Thus, of 356
nocturnal species of Blattoid beetles observed in our own country--
a group which had so far varied very little, by the occasional
disappearance of this or that species and the addition of a few
others--we were almost suddenly, i.e., within, let me say, a week's
march, able to locate only 41; and the remainder of the new
Blattoid fauna consisted of species not found before.  The close
biological connection which, so far, had existed between our own
country and the region traversed was reduced to a slender thread.

This led me to a new conjecture which I wanted to verify; and so I
proclaimed another halt.  We were at the northern end of a noble
sheet of water from the south end of which a not inconsiderable
river flowed roughly eastward.  The surface, along the east shore
of this lake, was less rugged.  It was clothed by magnificent
forests containing many trees new to us.  Man was more common here,
too; but I was inclined to disregard this source of danger.  To a
lesser extent, another consideration decided me, namely the
desirability of recuperating our strength; I knew from experience
that a total abstinence from food impaired our mental powers when
prolonged beyond six or seven moons.[5]


[5] Miss Fielde demonstrated the limit of time during which maxims
live without food to be 9 months; though queens, of course, go
without food in the natural course of events even longer.  E.


Now this district abounded with Attiine ants of a variety hitherto
unknown to us.  I have made bold to name them after myself Atta
Wawaqueensis.  And these ants had not attacked us.[6]


[6] It is, of course, impossible for a human myrmecologist to
identify this species exactly.  The "noble sheet of water" I was at
first inclined to identify with the Lake of Nicaragua.  But the
geographical details given point to a more northern location.
Every detail applies to the north end of Fonseca Bay, on the
Pacific coast.  But Fonseca Bay is salt; and I should expect this
important fact to be mentioned by so accurate a recorder as Wawa-
quee.  E.


I, therefore, deputed Azte-ca, head of the department of
communications, to make an attempt at establishing friendly
relations with them.  In this she was entirely successful; and the
whole High Command was most hospitably received in a huge city of
these ants where we were assigned separate chambers and separate
fungus-gardens.  We had hardly entered our quarters when Her
Majesty Angza-alla-antra sent to command my presence; and in a
brief interview she insisted on having me with her during our stay,
as her personal guest.  Though I feared that this honour would in a
measure restrict my freedom of movement, I could not very well
refuse it; royalty will be served.

Before I say any more about our hosts, I will briefly mention that,
as soon as we were established, I despatched Lemma-nee, our leading
geographer, with a dozen of her associates, on a survey of this
part of the continent; and I will anticipate here by stating that
this continent was found to have narrowed again and that, further,
a transverse valley forming a climatic barrier was found to stretch
right across it, from coast to coast, with a pass crossing the
mountains at an elevation of little more than 67,000 antlengths.
This confirmed my conjectures completely.

Meanwhile, in the absence of this sub-expedition, we lived
comfortably with our hosts, the Wawaqueenses.  For the benefit of
her subjects Her Majesty asked me in the most flattering manner to
deliver a number of scentures on our travels and their scientific
results.  The reception of these scentures was all that could be
expected; but it struck me that those delivered on the more
adventurous parts held a greater appeal than those dealing with
purely scientific results.  This interest in mere narrative, I
might say right now, became more and more pronounced as we
proceeded north.  If I do say it myself, though my own interests
are exclusively scientific, I seem to have the gift of carrying
away the masses by my scents.

Particularly vivid is my memory of the enormous tension which took
hold of the multitudes assembled on the slopes of the mound when I
related the adventure with the wounded she-man.  From all that vast
assembly--when I came to the more dramatic parts--not a scent was
to be perceived till I reached the moment of our escape.  I must
say that, while delivering this scenture, I was standing at the
very edge of one of the main entrance craters.  When I reached that
point, however, I was nearly thrown into a faint by a most powerful
scent proceeding from behind and below me.  Although the same scent
was emitted by the countless thousands ranged in front of me, this
particular scent was more concentrated than that of all the others
combined.  Startled, I half turned; and down there, a few ant-
lengths below the surface, I caught sight of Her Majesty Angza-
alla-antra who, accompanied by only a few of her favourite maxim
attendants, was listening in.

Later on she reproved me for never scenting to her privately in
such a fascinating way.  I apologized, stating that I had thought
she would prefer to be instructed rather than entertained.  But she
gave me such a scent, combined with a gentle touch of her antenn�,
that I could not defend myself against the suspicion that her
feelings for me were different from those of mere respect and
friendship.  This suspicion became a certainty when, soon after, I
being alone with her, she hinted to me in the most delicate but
somewhat agitated way, her emotions betraying themselves by the
trembling of her gaster, that, alas, she was not happy.  When I
looked up, she added, in a scarcely perceptible scent, that at this
moment she had only two regrets.  I could not but notice that she
wanted to be urged to divulge what they were; and though I felt
most uncomfortable, I scented to her that, having honoured me above
all ants by going so far in her avowals, I should henceforth live
in tortures unless she scented me all.  She seemed to languish for
a while; but at last she hung her head; and I had the greatest
difficulty in catching her next scents which were to this effect:
she wished, firstly, that she were not yet dealated; and, secondly,
that I were a male.  I knew well what, on such an occasion,
etiquette prescribes at home; but I trembled lest Wawaqueensic
custom differed considerably from our own.  Yet I could not remain
inactive.  I approached her in the humblest way and offered
osculation; to my surprise I found it was regurgitation she wanted;
and fortunately I could serve her in that, too.  Having received
it, she seemed on the point of fainting; and she weakly waved her
antenn� to intimate her desire to be left alone.

But it is time that I return to the sub-expedition sent out under
the command of our geographer-in-chief.  This sub-expedition had
now been absent for over a month, and, the country swarming with
Ecitons, I was beginning to worry about its fate.  Lemma-nee was
one of those small, inconspicuous maxims whose most prominent
characteristic is an excessive modesty.  To see her, nobody would
have thought her capable of daring or endurance; yet she possessed
both these qualities in the highest degree.  I knew that, if her
task could be carried out at all, she would carry it to a
successful issue.  But the very nature of that task demanded
daylight travel; for angles had to be taken to distant points;
base-lines had to be laid off; descriptions of surface conditions
had to be secured without travelling over every square-inch of
ground.  Elevations, it was true, she could secure by means of her
living barometers whose protoplasmic flow had previously been
ascertained under all sorts of atmospheric conditions.  Whatever
data could be secured without trigonometric calculations had all
along been recorded.

I made up my mind to wait one more half moon and, if we received no
news, to send out a relief party in search of her.

This interval having elapsed, I called a council which I invited
Assa-ree to attend.  Little as I wished to be beholden to her, she
had given too many proofs of her resourcefulness for me to leave
her out of account.

At this meeting Bissa-tee did most of the scenting.  She proposed
that the search party should be small and that it must consist of
ants whose eye-sight was especially acute.  For, she reasoned, the
country being infested by Ecitons, scent-rays emitted by Lemma-nee
and her party would be interfered with by the fecal odours of these
hostile tribes--odours so strong that they would drown out, by
night as well as by day, any signals given by Attas.  There
remained, then, only the sense of sight as a means of search.  It
implied daylight travelling; and a small party would be better able
to escape detection than a large one.  In a blundering sort of way
which made me quite impatient, she took it upon herself to name
those whom she considered best adapted for the work: Assa-ree,
herself, and me.

That, of course, settled the question.  Her reasoning was acute and
correct enough; and the remaining members of the council heaved a
scent of relief at being omitted from the list.  Assa-ree fixed her
central median eye on myself; and I could not even betray the
slightest hesitation.  I nodded; and the council adjourned.

We got ready at once; and after a touching farewell from Her
Majesty we set out on our perilous trip.  Details are wearisome.
Let it suffice that, for close on to a moon, we travelled criss-
cross over the country to the south and south-west of our station
without finding sign or trace of Lemma-nee and her party.  A
hundred times we had hair-breadth escapes from Ecitons.  It was a
life of unceasing agitation which Bissa-tee seemed to enjoy to her
heart's content.  But not everybody delights in breathless flight
from a powerful enemy.  Assa-ree behaved admirably; and when the
dangers surrounding us seemed, at the last, to admit of no further
escape, it was she who saved our lives, though I almost hated her
for it.  She was of that type which seems to have all her faculties
sharpened by circumstances which deprive others of their power of
thought.

This situation in which we finally found ourselves was as follows.
In a lofty forest of broad-leaved trees which allowed no ray of
sunlight to penetrate their foliage, so that there was no
undergrowth, we came head-on in contact with the scouts of an
Eciton army.  What made this possible was the fact that, throughout
this forest, the atmosphere was so heavy with the fecal odour often
referred to as to make any intensification imperceptible.

We retreated hastily; but in our flight we were taken between two
further armies advancing in such a manner as to converge upon
ourselves.  There seemed to be no chance of escape; if caught, I
knew we should be torn limb from limb and devoured.

Assa-ree had arrived at the same conclusion; but her infernal
resourcefulness did not leave her.

She bade us stop; and with one of her amazing jumps she disappeared
behind a tree.  Less than a second later she reappeared, a large
spider in her jaws.  This spider, to my momentary disgust, she
urged me, in an almost imperious manner, to grasp by her pedicel;
and I actually did so.  Once more she dis- and re-appeared with a
similar spider for Bissa-tee.  Then she beckoned us and hastened to
the only tree which had a branch growing out from the trunk at the
low height of perhaps 150 antlengths.  Here she dexterously caught
a third spider and then climbed up the trunk and out on the branch,
with her capture in her jaws.

I surmised that very likely she knew what she was about, though I
had not the slightest idea what it might be.

By this time we could not only scent one of the approaching armies
almost below us; we could also hear the twittering of the birds
which always follow these armies on their predatory marches; chief
among them being the ant-thrush wrongly so-called.

There we sat on the branch in a row, the three of us, watching.
The nearer of the threatening armies was coming from our right or
from the east; and as we peered out, the other column, approaching
from the west, suddenly swerved and disappeared in the undergrowth
south of us.

In a very few minutes the nearer army swarmed all around our tree.
There were hundreds of thousands of them; the total body was at
least 200 antlengths wide and ten times as long; and all these ants
were hurrying and scurrying in the utmost excitement and fury.
Wherever they advanced, they took immense numbers of insects by
surprise: crickets, grasshoppers, centipedes, wood-lice, beetles,
spiders, and others.  Every tree they passed at once swarmed with
smaller columns branching off from the main body.  I inferred that
even this limb on which we were would not protect us.  The insects
which they surprised indulged, in their mortal fear--for they well
knew their danger--in the most amazing antics.  Grasshoppers
started a series of desperate leaps, scores of antlengths in
height; but every time they touched the ground an Eciton, large or
small, fastened dexterously on to one of the great legs and, during
the upward spring, secured herself to femur or body.  Among these
were winged grasshoppers; and as they flew up, the birds hovering
over the column as camp-followers rushed forward and caught them in
their cruel beaks.  The grasshoppers that tried to save themselves
by leaping were undone by the very extravagance of their exertions;
for they soon tired and, whenever they rested for even a fraction
of a second, scores of Ecitons swarmed over them; and in a moment
their enormous jumping-legs were severed from their bodies.  All
these myriad insects were at once torn to pieces and cut into
fragments just small enough to be handled by the carriers who
rushed them to the rear of the column.  Though every single member
of the army was moving about at utmost speed, the motion of the
army as such was quite unhurried.

At last they arrived at the foot of the tree on which we were.
Close to the trunk, but fastened to the branch, hung the huge paper
nest of a species of wasps.  This nest was promptly invaded; and
while the adult wasps hovered about, humming angrily and in deathly
fear, the Ecitons ran through all the inner chambers, carrying off
the eggs and the larv� and pup� and young which they dropped to the
ground where they were at once picked up by the carriers.  Above
the branch there was a bird's nest, in a hole of the trunk where
another branch had decayed.  It was the nest of a trogon and
contained young birds.  This nest was invaded next; though the
adult bird at first picked off the advancing ants singly, it was
soon put to flight; and a minute or so later various-sized
fragments of the flesh of the young began to be dropped to the
ground from the edge of the hole.

So far, our branch had remained unexplored; but the column which
was returning from the bird's nest invaded it at last.

Up to this point, Assa-ree had coolly watched every motion of the
ants on the tree.  Now she gave a signal and carefully placed the
spider she was carrying on the very edge of the branch.  Promptly,
with all the signs of mortal fear, it attached itself to the bark
and, spinning out an extra-strong thread, began to drop.  Assa-ree
followed her, climbing down the thread which was still sticky and
so offered her feet an excellent hold.  Needless to say that both
Bissa-tee and myself did exactly as she did.  The spiders lowered
themselves to within thirty antlengths of the ground which was
covered by the excited and sanguinary hordes.  Assa-ree waited till
they had come to a stop; then she descended with a rush; and the
poor spiders, mistaking us for Ecitons, in their panic bit off the
thread and dropped, to be torn to pieces forthwith.  I distinctly
saw Assa-ree's antenn� jerking with a chuckle.  She considered it
the height of a good joke to sacrifice to the thirst for blood of
these Ecitons those very spiders which had saved our lives.

At this point my strict veracity forces me to reveal what I should
gladly suppress, in spite of the fact that it holds considerable
physiological interest.  Ever since Her Majesty Angza-alla-antra
had revealed her tender feelings for me I had occasionally been
visited by a queer sensation in my ovaries.  In fact, I had not
been quite normal.  I must protest, however, that never before, nor
ever since, had or have I indulged in treasonable practices.  But
at this moment of extreme excitement I simply could not help
myself.  I dropped a parthenogenetic egg into the midst of the
Ecitons where, I am glad to be able to say, it was at once
devoured.  The fact did not escape Assa-ree's cool vigilance; and,
to my discomfiture and indignation, she emitted three brief and
faint scents, "Oh, oh, oh!"

The Ecitons were meanwhile much puzzled.  In addition to the egg,
they had our scent; but, being nearly blind, they failed to see us;
and the threads of the spiders escaped the notice of those who were
above us on the branch.

We were now in a marvellously favourable position for observation;
for we were suspended directly above the army of Ecitons and could
see in great detail all that has already been described.  One more
incident I must record on account of its ludicrous effect.  A large
harvest-man or false spider had been overtaken by the ravenous
hordes.  Undoubtedly he had been where we saw him from the
beginning.  He was a huge fellow, with legs three and four
antlengths long.  When I first noticed him, he was standing in the
very midst of his enemies, each of the eight legs stretched
straight up, at right angles to the ground, so that he stood on his
very toes, with his body just out of reach of the boldest jumpers
among these ants.  He was looking down and watching his enemies
with the greatest coolness.  When an Eciton tried to use one of his
legs as a ladder to scale the prize, he carefully lifted it; and
sometimes he lifted several of them at a time.  Once I saw him
painstakingly but precariously balanced on three of his eight legs,
the other five being lifted high above the level of his body.[7]
Though I have no liking for these harvest-men, I was so pleased
with his circumspection and cool-headedness that I was carried away
and, in my enthusiasm, emitted a very perceptible scent of
applause.  I truly believe that I thereby saved his life; for the
Ecitons within a radius of 60 or 70 antlengths, catching the scent,
were thrown into complete confusion and, for several seconds,
forgot all about the harvest-man.  In consequence of which he had a
welcome chance to rest on all his eight legs.  I am glad to say
that, when the Ecitons finally moved on, he was still alive.


[7] See Belt's Naturalist in Nicaragua, end of Ch. II, for a similar
incident.  E.


I am equally glad to say that Lemma-nee, our learned little
geographer-in-chief, was found late that very day, her return
having been delayed by just such encounters with Ecitons as we had
had.  The number of her party, however, had been reduced from
twelve to nine, three of them having been dismembered by our
enemies.  The detailed report of her adventures was at once scented
on the trunk of a large Heliconia tree; and it has since been made
accessible to all Attas on scent-tree number 423 to which the
curious are referred.  Having thus attained the purpose of our
sojourn at this station, we prepared for a further advance, though
we viewed the prospect of leaving our kind hosts with regret.  Her
Majesty Angza-alla-antra was pleased to confer upon me the title of
S.I.R., making me a lady of her realm, perhaps hoping that I should
thereby be induced to stay.  But of course it could not be.



CHAPTER TWO

The Mountains


Containing the story of the joke played by Assa-ree on the
Ponerines, a picture of the Parthian battle against Pseudomyrmex,
fought for the possession of the Acacia tree; a report of the ants
that keep cattle as well as of our falling in with the fire-ants;
the tale of our disastrous hibernation in a human building; and an
account of the marvellous commonwealth of the Myrmecocysts in the
Garden of the Gods.


I


Again we had been travelling for weeks and weeks, yes, months and
months, first at night, then in daytime.  The number of our High
Command had been sorely reduced from 162, exclusive of Assa-ree, to
129.  The army was unimpaired in strength and fighting power; but I
suspected even then that this was due to Assa-ree's machinations in
recruiting new soldiers as we went.  Her facility in ingratiating
herself with members of alien races had long since made me think
that there was at least some truth in those rumours that had been
current with regard to her.  Yet I saw no reason to interfere; so
far even her possible treasons served the ends of the expedition.

On leaving the Wawaqueenses we had gone straight north.  I wished
to verify my conjecture regarding the gradual change of temperature
incident to the increase in latitude.  I also wished to leave the
Ecitons behind; and these two things were found to be closely
connected: with the fall of the mean temperature the limit of their
geographical distribution was soon reached.  Consequently we were,
for a while, able to lead a comparatively quiet and uneventful
life, though the expedition was not, for that reason, bare of
results.  On the contrary, the scientific interest was enhanced
rather than diminished: the farther north we went, the greater
became the divergence in climatic conditions and, therefore, in
flora and fauna, between our home country and the districts
traversed.

Strange to say, of our own great family one nation seemed to be
omnipresent though never dominant.  These were the Ponerines,
scavengers by nature.  They are the most primitive ants, prototypes
from which, I believe, all others have been developed in the course
of untold geologic ages.

In the districts visited, the size of their colonies is 
insignificant; and their workers are monomorphic though, as would
be expected from their entomophagous habits, by no means small.  In
fact, our own tropical Dinoponera is among the largest of all known
ants, the worker measuring no less than two and a half common
antlengths, Attiine measure.  Another striking characteristic of
Ponerine ants consists in the fact that their larv� spin cocoons in
enpuping, a fact which connects them with the lower orders of
insects.  And lastly, their larv� are fed with the raw meat of
insects, without regurgitation--a most primitive feature.

All Ponerines are endowed with excellent eye-sight; and this led me
to conclude that even those that kill their prey and are not true
scavengers probably hunt singly instead of in armies.  The partial
or total blindness of the Eciton is of great advantage to the
species, for it forces every individual to remain in close and
unbroken contact with the army; and since, politically, they are
far enough advanced to be communistic, it ensures food for all.  I
have observed a small Eciton Predator that was continually
distracted from the common task by bright-coloured objects, such as
butterflies; and having had her captured, I found on examination
that she was abnormal in having well-developed eyes, both stemmata
and ommatidia.  But Ponerines, especially those that, in addition
to being scavengers, are also hunters, are well served by their
excellent eye-sight.

All the species which we had an opportunity to observe--and I
believe they comprise the fullest list ever catalogued--had certain
features in common.  Above all, they are savage: they resemble man
in so far as they attack whatever moves and lives, either killing
it or, if that is beyond their powers, stinging ferociously and
injecting poisonous secretions.  To us, though, they presented no
danger; for, partly on account of the small number contained in
each colony, partly on account of their clumsiness and their entire
lack of science, they were no match for even small detachments of
our army.  In fact, Assa-ree considered them almost beneath her
notice.

One point, however, had never been cleared up with regard to even
such species as are found in our native woods; and my excellent
friend Bissa-tee would not hear of letting an opportunity go by to
investigate it.  It had been asserted that, though the pup� are
enclosed in cocoons, the adults hatch from the pupa without outside
aid; in other words, that midwifery was unknown among Ponerines.
If this could be proved by actual observation, it would indeed
raise the hypothesis of the primitive nature of these ants to the
dignity of an established fact.

Since the pup� could be observed only within the nests, the
undertaking had its difficulties.  Bissa-tee, however, who was the
moving spirit in this investigation, worked out an excellent plan;
and since that plan proved her to share at least part of my
suspicions with regard to Assa-ree, I will give it in detail.

She proposed that she, Assa-ree, and myself should once more work
together.  Her plan was not without its delicate touch of humour.
Assa-ree was to capture, or cause to be captured, a large myriapod
which was to be killed.  All three of us were then to be encased in
the fatty tissues from its body.  The fat, Bissa-tee asserted, if
applied carefully, so as not to leave a single ever so minute part
of our armour exposed, would completely absorb our tribal odour and
surround us with an aura familiar to these Ponerines.  If, then, we
could enter a colony of Lobopelta or of Stigmatomma by night and
with sufficient care, we should have a good chance of escaping
detection.  Just why Bissa-tee was so emphatic about having Assa-
ree along, she would not tell me; I gave in to her wish because I
trusted her implicitly.

Both Stigmatomma and Lobopelta were common in the district; and our
choice was entirely one of convenience.  The nests of both species
are burrows in the ground; their single entrances are surrounded by
circular crater-like walls built of sand-grains to a not
inconsiderable height.  We selected a Stigmatomma nest for our
investigation for no other reason than that its slanting gallery
was the largest in diameter that we could find.  It happened to be
the only one into which I thought I could descend without making a
noise by hitting my head against its walls; it has already been
inferred that my brain is of phenomenal size.

We chose a moonless night for the enterprise.  Though we had been
informed by our scouts that the Ponerines do not place sentinels at
the exits of their nests, we wanted to make sure that at least we
were not seen.

Lemma-nee was good enough, before we left our temporary burrow, to
verify our disguise.  Only when she declared herself satisfied that
no ant, however acute her contact-odour sense might be, would
suspect us of being anything but ants feeding on myriapods did we
venture out.

Our procession to the burrow was in single file, Assa-ree leading
and Bissa-tee following.  This order was indicated because I found
myself unable to pick up the scent laid down by our scouts for our
guidance: the myriapod scent seemed to drown out all else.
Besides, I wanted Bissa-tee in front of me so that she could, in
our descent into the gallery, give me warning of any obstruction
against which I might bring up with my head.

We scaled the circular rim with the utmost precaution.  Not a sand-
grain did we dislodge.  Arrived at its crest, Assa-ree descended
inside, in a slanting direction, till she reached level ground.
Bissa-tee, taking hold, with a hind-foot of hers, of a fore-foot of
mine, followed till she made contact with Assa-ree.  Thus a living
parapet was established to facilitate my descent.

The night was exceedingly dark; and as soon as we had located the
entrance, we filed into it.  I found it very difficult not to touch
the walls with my head; but everything went as well as it could
possibly go.  Presently we arrived in the first chamber of the
burrow, spacious for so small a colony.  We palpated the walls in
order to find our way.  Bissa-tee showed her usual intrepidity by
signalling to us to remain motionless while she reconnoitred the
galleries opening from this entrance hall.

She returned in a few moments, communicating the result of her
exploration by touches of her antenn�.  Straight ahead lay the
spherical chamber of the queen; to the right of it there was a
passage too narrow for us and leading she did not know where; to
the left, a wider passage led to the brood chambers of which there
were three, one containing eggs, one larv�, and the third one pup�.
Opposite the latter, she reported, was a niche in the wall large
enough to receive us; but it was doubtful whether there would be
light enough to observe what we had come to observe.  I did not see
that we could do anything but proceed to that niche and signified
my opinion to that effect.

So far, there had not been the slightest alarm.  We had, however,
hardly arrived in the niche, when a Stigmatomma worker followed us;
apparently she was attracted by our scent.  We flattened ourselves
against the wall; for detection would have frustrated our whole
design.

We were aware of her slow and cautious approach; and I, being the
hindmost, was the first to be reached.  For several minutes nothing
happened except that I felt her palpating me.

Then, suddenly and unexpectedly, I felt a sharp pain in my abdomen,
just above my repugnatorial glands.  I could, of course, give vent
to my feelings neither by scent nor by sound.  It was a most
embarrassing situation; for the Stigmatomma seemed to have no
hostile intentions.  For several moments I was at a loss to explain
her savage bites; then it dawned upon me that, very naturally, she
was mistaking me for a myriapod and thought she had found a
banquet.  I endured the pain as best I could and did not stir; but
I began to fear that she would bite her way into me far enough to
find out what misconception hers was.  So, in the most cautious
way, I brought one antenna forward and, by careful palpation
communicated my predicament to Bissa-tee.

Bissa-tee acted at once.  Just what she did, I was not aware of at
the time; but the fact was that the Stigmatomma ceased from her
attack on my vitals.  When, later on, I asked Bissa-tee by what
means she had prevailed upon this ferocious little savage to leave
me alone, she just jerked her antenn� in silent mirth; and every
allusion to the matter threw her into fits of merriment.  It was at
least a fortnight before she would give me the slightest hint as to
her proceeding.  Then she asked me suggestively whether I was
female or not?  When I indignantly replied that I hoped at least I
was no male, she went on to say that she wasn't either; but that
she knew, for all that, how a male would behave if he met a buxom
lass at midnight in a dark lane in the clouds; not for nothing was
she a zoologist; and for at least five minutes she could not
control her amusement.  When I, half angrily, protested that I did
not understand, she became serious.  Even we, she intimated--and I
could not but acknowledge the justice of her remark--even we, Atta
maxims, had feelings of a certain kind--well, in one scent,
feelings; and occasionally we laid eggs; at least she had done so;
and so had I; even though it might be thought treason; and of
course, they had been entirely parthenogenetic.  Well, if even we
were not free from such visitations, how much less could a
Stigmatomma be expected to resist temptation--an ant of the very
lowest order, only a single step removed from a prototype in which
sexual and worker functions must have been united in every single
individual!  In fact, she added, the ovarian tubules of many
Ponerine workers are the same in structure and number as those of
their queens; and some have even a receptaculum seminis.  Thus she
had simply taken advantage of her ecological and phylogenetic
knowledge.

To return, however, to our narrative.  We waited through the
remainder of the night till day broke, when we were rewarded by the
perception of a faint ray of light creeping straight down through
the entrance gallery into our retreat.  We ourselves remained in
the dark; but the pupal chamber was dimly lighted.

In front of us lay the Stigmatomma worker on her back, in a
convulsion of ecstasy.  But she soon rose and hurried into the
larval chamber, followed by scores of other ants not one of whom
ever noticed us.  Every one carried in her jaws pieces of insects
of various origin; the scent of their booty effectively preventing
them from becoming aware of our myriapod scent.  Again and again I
saw among them that worker who had inflicted upon me a wound which
only now began to smart.  In the light of Bissa-tee's revelation,
her philoprogenitive zeal is easily understood as a consequence of
her nocturnal adventure.  Time after time she took food to the
larv� who, as I have mentioned, have not yet evolved the more
civilized way of feeding on regurgitation.

Shortly before noon, that day, there was a commotion in the pupal
chamber opposite our niche.  A number of pup� were getting ready to
emerge.  Though they formed an irregular pile, all were oriented in
the same way, the anterior pole of each cocoon pointing into the
gallery.  Whenever a callow was on the point of emerging, the whole
pile was shaken by seismic movements; and the anterior pole of the
pupa began to describe a circular figure in the air.  Next a
mandible was thrust through the cocoon; a transverse slit was
gnawed half-way around its pole.  Then the mass came to rest once
more; and after an interval an ant began to struggle out.  This is
a painful process taking many hours: first appears one antenna,
then the other; the fore-legs follow; and at last, after many
intervals of rest, unless it has died in the process, the adult
crawls out.

No help whatever was given by the adults that were feeding the
larv�: what a contrast to the elaborate care with which our callows
are trained in obstetrics!  The emerging ants, indeed, stretched
out fore-legs and antenn� in gestures of supplication; occasionally
they even succeeded in palpating thorax or abdomen of the passing
adults.  No notice was taken of them.  But whenever one of them
died in the struggle to free herself, an adult returning from the
larval chamber at once removed the cocoon from the pile and carried
it away; we saw them later on the refuse pile which was located a
few dozen antlengths east of the outer rim of the burrow.

Thus this vexed question was settled once for all; no Atta will
henceforth doubt that we must indeed look for the most primitive
type of all ants among the Ponerines; very likely they represent
the form, or at least a form closely resembling that, in which ants
were first created.

It had been my purpose to leave the burrow during the following
night in the same manner in which we had entered it.  What Bissa-
tee and Assa-ree had, somewhat to my later indignation, concocted
between them, I did not know at the time.  At any rate, our retreat
during the night was cut off by the fact that at least a dozen
workers came into our gallery and lay down, patiently waiting.
They did not attack or molest us; but they barred our exit.  I
could not imagine what they wanted.  I understand it perfectly now,
of course.  That individual of the previous night had been unable
to keep her secret to herself.  As Bissa-tee said, we were all
ants; and much must be forgiven even to Attas.

When daylight came next morning, I noticed a mysterious activity
going on between Bissa-tee and Assa-ree.  I questioned Bissa-tee;
but all she would tell me was to wait and to follow them when they
moved; she could promise me a rare entertainment.

So I waited patiently, absorbed by my observation of the pup�.

It must have been nearly noon when a sudden rush ran through the
formicary.  The earth shook with it.  All the adults that had been
feeding the larv� passed us as though shot out; and every one
carried larva, egg, or pupa in her jaws.  When the last of them
went by, Assa-ree fell in line behind them; Bissa-tee followed; and
I brought up the rear, entirely at a loss how to interpret the
commotion.  At first I had surmised that the burrow was threatened
by an attack from the outside; but surely, all these Stigmatommas
would, in that case, have rushed into our gallery to rescue the
remaining brood.

It was not till we came to the point where our gallery opened into
the great central chamber that I had a hint of the cause of the
rout.  These ants have a savage enemy in a small mammal, Mus
Insectivorus, which is provided with a most offensive smell-gland.
How Assa-ree had got hold of it, I do not know and did not care to
enquire, but she held a small fragment of this gland between her
jaws; and the powerful scent drove the whole colony frantic.  She
must have had it carefully coated with the adipose tissues of the
myriapod which, to me, was scarcely less offensive than what it
concealed; but, of course, neither held any association of terror
for me; no mouse would dare to expose itself to the bite of my
jaws.

What we saw was ludicrous enough.  The pugnacious Ponerines rushed
in upon Assa-ree, ready to bite and to sting; but whenever they
came close enough to receive the full force of the scent, a sort of
insanity came over them.  They turned tail and attacked their own
sisters with a perfect frenzy of valour.  Soon things became
interesting.  For those who had had only a slight whiff of the
perfume exerted themselves to prevent others from rushing in; but,
getting a little more of the scent, they threw themselves at Assa-
ree.  The moment they did so, their reason was gone, and they
attacked their own kind.  Fortunately for the colony as such, there
were still a few of the workers unaffected when the queen emerged
from her chamber.  This was the first time I saw her; and I was
forcibly struck by the fact that she was barely differentiated from
the workers: there was nothing about her of the awe-inspiring bulk
and the next-to-inability to move on her own power which
characterizes and distinguishes our own beloved queen Orrha-wee or
even my friend Angza-alla-antra.  Nor was she accompanied by any
body-guard whatever.

Suddenly I saw her seized by one of the ants who had not yet come
near Assa-ree.  It was a powerful individual; and I saw her shining
sting flashing in and out of its sheath.  She seized the queen by
her mandibles; and in an instinctive reaction to this grasp, which
is very common among the less highly civilized ants, she at once
curled her body up over the thorax of her captress who rushed out
of the exit.

Altogether there were between two and three hundred of these ants;
and of these perhaps fifty escaped, half of them grasping other
workers in exactly the same manner in which the individual
previously mentioned had grasped the queen.  The rest fell in this
sororicidal fight.  Apart from these corpses that were covering the
ground, the formicary was emptied in less time than it takes to
tell about the battle.

We had now an opportunity of examining the formicary in detail; but
beyond the lay-out already described we found nothing of interest.
There were altogether six chambers.

This brief section on the Ponerines will prevent the curious from
adopting the common error of assuming that the hunting, the
pastoral, and the agricultural ants represent all the stages of
development that have led up to our own kind, the Attas.  Below and
behind the steady growth in civilization outlined there still lies
the chaos represented by the Ponerines who live on what they can
get and who show the first beginnings of a movement towards
civilization only in the fact that they do not live singly.  No
earlier stage of formicarian evolution is preserved; but there must
have been one in the past when even these beginnings of a social
life were unknown, every individual hunting and feeding for
herself, and fighting for herself when attacked; yes, and
succumbing by herself till a few of them had learned the wisdom of
uniting their forces.


II


I must now reach back in time; for the adventure with these
Ponerines took place after we had left behind the country where we
met the first ants which follow an entirely different mode of life.

All pastoral ants use for their food sweet plant secretions, honey,
or honey-dew, the latter consisting in the excretions chiefly of
aphids, coccids, and Lyc�nid larv�.

While such ants as live chiefly on the direct secretions of plants
cannot strictly be called pastoral, I suspect, and Bissa-tee agreed
with me, that they, as a race, go back to the same phylogenetic
type as the honey ants properly speaking; and, that being so, I
shall here give a brief account of our adventures with Pseudomyrmex
Fulvescens who live on the so-called bull's-horn thorn, Acacia
Sph�rocephala, which is found throughout that part of the continent
lying north of the Narrows, though not in its forest regions.
When, in the following sections, we go north again, we shall
discuss the geographical distribution of all these tribes in a more
general way.

The bull's-horn thorn is a peculiar structure.  The tree does not
grow to any great height; and it prefers a dry and grassy, semi-
arid habitat.  The spines or thorns are always united at their
bases and grow in pairs, on trunk and branches alike.  When they
first appear, they are soft and filled with a sweetish pulp.

The bi-pinnate leaves of this acacia form an excellent substratum
for the growth of our fungi; and so, wherever a young tree springs
up, the Attiine ants that are numerous in these districts despoil
them; and for the first time in the course of our travels we found
these ants ruthless with regard to the tree; wherever it was
untenanted by the Psendomyrmex, they cut the leaves again and again
till the tree died; on such trees the spines dried up into yellow,
harmless prickles.  On more than one occasion we excavated
temporary burrows for ourselves and stocked them with fungus-
gardens grown on shredded acacia-leaf cuttings.

But mostly we found the trees pre-empted by populous colonies of
Pseudomyrmex; and when this happened the first time, an elaborate
burrow having already been prepared and our need of recuperation
being extreme, we resolved to oust these audacious tenants.

The tribe was entirely unknown to us; for neither it nor its host,
Acacia Sph�rocephala, occurs in the verdant districts of our own
country; and so, finding these ants to be very small, less than
half an Attiine antlength from head to tip of gaster, we never
anticipated any difficulty.  I ordered half a dozen of Assa-ree's
soldiers to march in and clear the road.  To our amazement it was
not long before these six lay on the ground underneath the tree,
lifeless.  Assa-ree, determined not to give way, ordered a
detachment of twenty forward.  They were repulsed in the same
seemingly effortless way.  Resistance, however, served only to spur
Assa-ree on, and she swore she would put the whole colony to the
jaw unless they surrendered.  This sentence she requested Azte-ca,
chief officer of communications to the expedition, to convey to the
defenders of the tree.  Azte-ca spent the better part of the day,
assisted by a dozen signallers, in an attempt to make them see
reason; all she got for her pains was a fierce challenge for us to
do our worst; they would defend their stronghold to the last ant.
This, to use a vulgar phrase, got even my epinotum up.  But, it
being near nightfall, we temporarily withdrew.

Next morning Assa-ree had five hundred picked fighters ready,
chosen not so much for weight and strength as for agility; not one
of them was above the size required for the largest medi�.  When
Assa-ree gave the scent of attack, they scaled the tree in a closed
phalanx, shoulder to shoulder, jaws forward and opened wide.
Within a few minutes, the ground was covered with their corpses;
and in another few minutes a miserable remainder, less than a
score, cravenly crawled back, defeated.  These were in exquisite
pain; and when Bissa-tee who, in addition to her function as chief-
zoologist to the expedition filled the office of chief medical
officer, had examined them, she reported that each of them carried,
covering part of the cranium, the severed head of a Pseudomyrmex,
with its jaws buried in the chitin and, in several cases, reaching
through this armour into the optic ganglia.  Bissa-tee at once
desired some of her assistants to attend to them; and in course of
time all of them recovered though several remained blind, and one
was deprived of the use of her left antenna which was pinned back
over her head by the head of the Pseudomyrmex.  Assa-ree, in her
first fury, jumped up and down and threatened to court-martial
these cravens for having returned alive.  I interposed; and ever
after they carried these Pseudomyrmex heads about like trophies;
for Bissa-tee decided it would be better not to remove them, the
operation (which would have involved the baring of very sensitive
nerve-centres) being too delicate to be performed while we were on
the march.

But this last attack had taught us a lesson: our enemies had shown
us how to defeat them.  From the unanimous testimony of the
survivors, the Pseudomyrmex cannot use her sting before she has
secured a jaw-hold.  The bite of the jaws is sufficient to repel
any ordinary assault, whether it is made by other ants, wasps, or
those huge, browsing cattle which frequent the grassy plains on
which this Acacia thrives.  The fact remains that they bite first
and then sting; and it is the sting which is deadly.  This gave
Assa-ree her clue.

Two days were used to train the columns that were to make the next
attack.  A thousand majors were picked and taught to hold between
their mandibles, and covering the cranium, a tough and coherent
mass of vegetable detritus gathered from the turf.  Their jaws they
held appressed to their thorax but ready to flash up from below and
to sever the heads of the Pseudomyrmex as soon as their mandibles
were buried in the detritus.

This method proved successful; and when, on the fourth day, the
attack was launched, we cleared the tree of its occupants in less
than half an hour.

This done, our medi� were set to work cutting leaf-disks; and
Bissa-tee and myself scaled the tree to explore the stronghold of
our late enemies.

The huge bull's-horn thorns were all perforated near the tip, the
holes being just wide enough to admit a Pseudomyrmex.  We, of
course, had to have them enlarged.  Every thorn--in this tree they
were hard and hollow--contained the nest of a small squad of these
ants.  In a few we found pear-shaped but minute bodies of a gold-
yellow colour and a sweet taste.  Obviously, they were stored for
food.  Next we explored the tree to determine the origin of these
bodies and found that they grow on the very tips of the leaflets.[1]
They made excellent eating.  More than that, each leaf carries, on
the midrib or petiole, near its base and on the upper side, a
nectary in the form of a small, oblong crater.  These numerous
nectaries were at the time flowing with honey.  Such a tree seemed
to present these brave and fiery little ants with a veritable
paradise to live in.


[1] See Belt, Ch. XII.  They are called Beltian bodies.  E.


I felt almost sorry when Anna-zee, our botanist-in-chief who had
meanwhile conducted an independent investigation, made her report
at night and presented to us the reverse side of this picture of
bliss.  It was true, she intimated, in her slow and sardonic way
(she was no longer young and afflicted with obesity), nodding her
head sideways, with a trick she had, over her left shoulder, that
our view of the matter held good for the present; but, she added,
we were in the rainy season; and these were all young leaves;
unless she was much mistaken, the golden bodies grew on the tips of
the leaflets only when the leaves first unfolded; and if removed
they did not come on again; that much could even now be inferred
from the state of the tips.  And surely, even though all these
minute bodies were collected and stored for use in the dry season,
there would never be enough food to tide so populous a tribe over
months and months of aridity.  Furthermore, the extranuptial
nectaries being located on the petiole which would fall with the
leaf, this source of food would also vanish in the dry season when
all acacias were known to drop their foliage.  In fact, Anna-zee
went on, instead of this being a striking example of a perfect
adaptation on the part of the ant, she could not but come to the
conclusion that, on the contrary, it was a striking example of a
very imperfect or at least incomplete adaptation.  As the dry
season came, many, yes, most of the adults were bound to perish
from want; and their survival, as a large, prosperous colony, could
only be tribal.  The eggs, indeed, would survive; but the
population of any given year must necessarily be provided by a new
generation, with the exception of a few individuals to take care of
the broods.  As for the thorns, excellent as the shelter was which
they provided, they could serve as a source of food only when quite
young, for the sweet pulp which they contained at that time was as
little renewed as the golden bodies at the tips of the leaflets.

This gave us food for thought; and Azte-ca, who was a bit of a
poet, besides being a most ingenious interpreter, remarked upon the
sorry plight of all ant-life on earth, in the face of a hostile
barrenness of nature.

I cannot leave this account of the Pseudomyrmex without mentioning
that our investigation gave Bissa-tee, our impetuous zoologist, the
first idea of a great and fruitful theory which, while it was
proved to be erroneous in the present instance, explained a good
many things later on.  Visibly, Bissa-tee hated to accept the cruel
inferences drawn by Anna-zee.  She wanted to save these
Pseudomyrmex in spite of themselves.  She suggested that they might
survive by going into a summer-sleep, an �stivation, which, by
reducing the expenditure of energy almost to zero, would enable
them to subsist on surplus tissues built up in the season of
plenty.  Further observations made this theory untenable in the
present case; but when we came to districts where, not summer, but
winter is the sterile season, hibernation became a fact of actual
observation.


III


Perhaps there are more ants on this globe that live, at least in
part, symbiotically or in a state of mutualistic co-operation with
certain other beings, such as aphids, coccids, membracids, and
fulgorids, or with the caterpillars of Lyc�nid butterflies or blues
than in any other way.  Some of them, keeping membracids, are well
known in our own country and have been minutely studied in the
past.  Excellent monoscents are available to the student.

If, then, I shall consider one or two of them once more, there are
three reasons for doing so.  In the first place, this record is to
be a bird's-eye view of the whole of antdom.  In the second place,
certain ants keeping cattle have reached a degree of civilization
second only to our own; and since they do not reach that high level
in our own country, they demand particular notice here.  In the
third place, it has been rumoured that man also keeps cattle; and
from that fact it has been inferred by certain bold speculators
that he must have reached a social and intellectual stage little
below that of certain ants, though not the most highly developed
kinds.  It will be seen how dangerous it is to pursue external
analogies into the realm of ultimate values, and how exceedingly
difficult for any investigator, to rid herself of myrmecomorphic or
myrmecocentric fallacies when dealing with the lower animals.

A brief digression is called for.  Northern ants are generally of
the opinion that, the more inexorably climatic difficulties
challenge the ingenuity of ants in their struggle for existence,
the greater will be the development of that ingenuity; and that,
therefore, the highest level of civilization can be reached only by
ants whose every faculty and energy is called into play by the
fight for the daily bread.  That this is a fallacy will not
be denied by anyone who reflects that such an intellectual
development, as is called forth by a purely material condition, is
also made subservient to a purely material end.  The struggle for
existence, while it creates, also absorbs intellectual and
spiritual powers.  I have no doubt that, as the development of
these northern races proceeds, they will ultimately produce
sporadic individuals gifted with sufficient genius to see life
whole; these will set before their races certain ideals; and these
ideals will inspire great practical leaders who, at long last, will
precipitate a return of all higher ants to the tropics whence life
has sprung and where it will find its final setting.  One clear
proof of the inferiority of the northern races is surely furnished
by the fact that no such expedition as the present was ever dreamt
of by these ants whom we had come to visit; and I can positively
say that, to many, it was a revelation as well as an inspiration to
see us appear out of infinite space.

But to come to the point.  Among ants that keep cattle we must
distinguish two or even three groups.  There are those that live an
arboreal life, those that live a terrestrial life, and those that
combine the two.

Again a generalization is indicated here.  Speaking by-and-large,
of all animals that need the air as a medium to live in,
terrestrial species are the most highly favoured.  Arboreal
insects, f.i, come in contact with hardly anything but their tree;
flying insects (and ants have flown in remote antiquity) meet,
during a considerable part of their existence, with nothing but the
empty air and know of terrestrial things hardly anything but what
concerns their stomachs.  Whereas on earth, every step taken
establishes a contact which presents a problem; the moment
repetition enters into these contacts, memory arises; and the
development of memory is the first step in the birth of conceptual
thought.

Among arboreal ants perhaps none has so far advanced as the genus
Cremastogaster; I shall restrict myself to this single genus.

A word about aphids and coccids.  Both these insects, otherwise of
a low order in the phylogenetic scale, are provided with a sharp
proboscis with which they pierce the epidermis of leaves and
chlorophyll-bearing stems to suck the newly-elaborated plant-juices
which contain three chief ingredients in watery solution; cane
sugar, invert sugar, and albumen, all of them almost completely
assimilable.  Yet, strange to say, these insects imbibe quantities
vastly greater than they can use; and they eliminate the unused
portion through their anus by squirting it out on the surface of
leaf or stem, often throwing it to a considerable distance: a
process which at first sight looks exceedingly wasteful.  To
account for it I will advance a hypothesis which will need further
investigation to confirm or refute it.  Perhaps these insects
assimilate primarily the albuminoids which occur in the plant-
juices in minute quantities; in order, therefore, to get enough of
these, they must incidentally imbibe relatively enormous quantities
of sugar and water in solution.  What seems to give this
explanation a high degree of verisimilitude is the fact that both
aphids and coccids lead an extraordinarily sedentary life which
requires only small quantities of energy-food; but all sugars are
exclusively energy-foods, readily assimilable by insects which by
reason of their active lives require a large proportion of them,
such as ants.  In these northern latitudes there are few ants who
do not at least occasionally partake of them.  In fact, only the
strictly carnivorous Ponerines and Dorylines (Ecitons) on the one
hand and the highly graminivorous and fungus-growing Myrmicines on
the other despise them altogether.

When the surplus sap is ejected, it dries on the leaf and forms
what is variously called honey-dew, lerp, or manna.  Ants that are
more or less omnivorous (like man) partake of this source of
energy-food only in this form by licking it up.

But ants do not stop there.  Our investigations showed that they
have learned to extract from this source all it will yield.  These
aphids and coccids suffer from distension after imbibing; and this
suffering can be relieved by a very simple process.  If the
distended abdomen of these insects is gently stroked, in just the
way in which I have seen man stroke the udder of a cow, the juice
is exuded without explosive action in the form of a beautiful clear
drop; and that is precisely what all those ants living in a close
association with these insects have learned to do; and then they
imbibe the food directly from the anus.  Curiously, I have seen a
peculiarly disreputable-looking human lie down under a cow and
apply his mouth to a teat of her udder while he stroked it at the
same time: a most remarkable case of convergent development between
ants and mammals.

Both aphids and coccids are, by the very reason of their sedentary
habits, exposed to the attacks of numerous enemies.  Thus there is
the lace-wing larva of Chrysopa, popularly called the aphis-lion,
which is powerful enough to cope on occasion even with an ant.
There are the Coccinellid beetle, the syrphis fly, certain small
dragon-flies and numerous hymenoptera that live a more or less
parasitic life.

From the attacks of some of these even ants are not immune; and
that fact would seem to handicap the latter in their defence of
these omnipresent insects.  The Cremastogasters whom we
investigated domesticate the aphids and coccids; and to guard them
the more effectively, they build sheds for them in the shelter and
protection of which they can devote all their energies to the
extraction of plant-juices.  Cremastogaster Lineolata is
particularly versatile in the exploitation of various materials; if
clay is available, she becomes a mason; if not, she manufactures
paper to build her tents with.  Both materials are admirably
adapted to the purpose, for they equalize the temperature--a fact
which in these northern latitudes was particularly important; rain
was rare; and the position of these tents, around the more or less
perpendicular stems of plants, with the tip pointed and the base
spreading, took care of what precipitation there was.  I found a
coccid tent constructed by a hairier species, Cremastogaster
Pilosa, particularly interesting: it was built of paper, such as
wasps make for their nests, and placed around a twig of pitch-pine,
in a position which protected it at once from excessive exposure to
the summer sun, from rain, and from wind.

But the most advanced type of pastoral life is found among
terrestrial species, such as Lasius Umbratus.  These excavate their
nests about the roots of wormwood and similar plants and go on
regular raids to capture root-aphids which they bring into their
burrows where they soon become tame.

Aphids are wingless in their early stages but develop wings later
on.  So I was not at all surprised to witness one day, in company
with Bissa-tee, how certain ants dealated the full-grown insects.
At first sight it might have looked as though this were done to
facilitate the imbibing of the excretions, for the wings projected
over the abdomen and interfered with the process of stroking it.
But Bissa-tee called my attention to the fact that these imaginal
aphids were swollen with eggs: the ants dealate them to prevent
them from taking their brood elsewhere.  This led us to investigate
further; I am glad to be able to say that Lasius collects and
stores the eggs of aphids in the fall; and that, as their herds
increase in their subterranean chambers, they are ever enlarging
the galleries around the roots, so as to facilitate the work of the
aphids.  As for their eggs, they shift them about and transfer them
from chamber to chamber in order to keep them under optimal
conditions of temperature and moisture, just as they move and tend
their own eggs.

We made our observations with the utmost care, mostly remaining
unnoticed by the ants, whether they were arboreal Cremastogasters
or terrestrial Lasius.  But occasionally we disturbed these
aphidicoles inadvertently, as, f.i., when, by our massive bodies
and our great weight, we occasioned a land-slide near the entrance
of a Lasius burrow.  At once all the aphids within the galleries
were seized and, by way of a side-entrance, carried to a place of
safety.  This furnished clear proof that the ants, though holding
the aphids as a sort of communal property, yet consider the
interests of their cattle as much as their own.  Sometimes the
arboreal tents are erected over the herds at considerable distances
from the habitations of the ants; the latter protect them against
their enemies; and, while some of the species that tend them are
not entirely mellivorous and retain carnivorous habits, we never
saw an ant kill either aphid or coccid for the purpose of devouring
it.  Clearly, both classes of insects enter willingly into this
mutual association; the aphids do not attempt to escape, except
when on the point of oviposition; and when solicited by the ants,
they exude the droplets with especial care, so as not to eject them
forcibly.  I can positively state that this association constitutes
a true symbiosis.


IV


We shall now, by way of contrast, briefly examine man's relation to
such members of his own subdivision of the animal kingdom, the
mammals, as he has been able to induce to enter with him into a
relationship remotely resembling that of these ants to the aphids.

We had proceeded so far north that we were occasionally exposed to
considerable hardships from the climate; and towards the end of our
fourth summer abroad, we were made at last aware of the fact that
the differentiation of the two main seasons of the year is
progressive.

Even during the summer in which our observations on Cremastogaster
and Lasius were made, the days had occasionally been so cool as to
interfere with the freedom of our progress.  Nevertheless we had,
within the season, covered some 38,000,000 antlengths; and all of
this distance had been travelled in a more or less northerly
direction.  Moreover, we were, as our physiological barometers
showed, at an altitude of over 120,000 antlengths above the sea.

In spite of these seemingly unfavourable circumstances, human
habitations had become more and more frequent.  As a rule we had
avoided them; we were not anxious to renew such experiences as we
had had with that medical man near the Narrows.

But one evening we had a strange adventure with ants.  It had been
raining heavily; and a little brook which we should otherwise
easily have bridged was swollen into a foaming torrent.  We were
spread out along its southern bank, trying to find some way of
crossing it when Bissa-tee who was near me suddenly espied a dark,
rounded mass floating down the current.  This mass landed, or
rather was caught, not far from where we stood, by the projecting
trunk of a fallen tree; and there it seemed to disintegrate.  It
consisted of a large raft of ants held together by their legs which
they had hooked into each other; their young, their eggs, larv�,
and pup� as well as their queen they had been carrying in the
centre of this raft; and, loaded with their broods, they were now
rapidly filing landward along the tree-trunk.  To our surprise we
found them to be a tribe of Solenopsis Geminata, the fire-ant,
which we thought we had long since left behind.  This is a
graminivorous ant of medium size which is very common and much
dreaded in the warmer parts of the country; and it is well known
that they like to build their nests near streams.

When they saw us lined up along the edge of this raging torrent,
they seemed to forget their ferocity and to be overcome with
wonder.  I flatter myself that my own venerable appearance was not
without its influence in thus subduing their fiercer instincts.
But Bissa-tee deserves no little credit for offering a helping foot
to one or two workers who were in danger of falling back, under
their burdens, into the water.  Fortunately neither Assa-ree nor
any of our more unruly escort were near, or a battle would surely
have ensued; and by this time we could no longer afford to fight
any but strictly defensive battles.

I must admit that it was Bissa-tee's gallant action which suggested
my next step.  For at this very moment I saw the aged queen of the
colony struggling out of the disintegrating cluster of the raft.  I
rushed to her side and, shouldering her escort away, offered her my
antenna as a support.  The whole crowd of Solenopsis cheered by
emitting a most unbearable scent and even by stridulation.  For
that I, with my massive body and head which set me apart as at
least an ant of considerable distinction, should extend my antenn�
instead of a foot, must indeed have seemed almost too much honour.
I had reason to regret this excess of gallantry; for it took Bissa-
tee two weeks of careful nursing to repair the injury inflicted on
these antenn� by Her Majesty's rough and serrate jaws.  However,
she, in turn, did me the honour of discarding her other attendants
and of gaining the shore leaning heavily on my shoulder.
Meanwhile, she was not unconscious of the burden she must have
been; for, while awkwardly dragging herself along, she scented to
me this challenge, "Now confess, lady-errant, that I am the
heaviest and roughest queen in these parts."  Since, at that very
moment, we reached a flat stone on the shore, I stepped back, bowed
my antenn� to the very ground, and replied, "In the world, madam,
in the world!"  Which ready repartee completely won us her good
will; and so mutually hospitable relations were established for the
night.  Her Majesty persisted in treating me like a male and an old
gallant of hers, although she was at least twice my age; and every
utterance was accompanied by that ironical curve of her waving
antenn� to which she apparently owed much of her ascendency over
her tribe.  She was one of those enormous dowager ladies who, while
apparently expecting everyone, even her servants, to make love
to her, at the same time laugh, half good-naturedly, half 
contemptuously, both at them and themselves.  I have found such
behaviour to be either the result of having received immense
satisfactions from life or of having gone on from disappointment to
disappointment; the latter they are too proud to show; and the
feeling of their own vital superiority is driven inward to ferment
into an acid scorn for all their kind.

Both Her Majesty and myself, immediately after the rescue, gave
orders to prepare the clusters for the night.  There were plenty of
old, hollow willows about, to serve as temporary quarters.  This
measure was partly indicated by the failing of the light; and
partly, I suppose, it was dictated by a desire on both sides to get
rid of subordinate witnesses to the conference between the High
Commands of both parties.

Within an hour or so we were assembled in a hollow of the ground.
The weather had cleared; and a magnificent half-moon stood high in
the sky.  I had been anxious to secure just such a conference with
ants that knew the country and could advise us; and, since our next
great adventure was to be the direct outcome of that night's
revelations, I must give them in some detail.

Naturally, the proceedings were started by Her Majesty who asked me
to give an account of ourselves.  She knew, she said, we must have
come from afar and no doubt had much to tell that was worth
listening to.  I complied; and, having finished, went on to say
that I was chiefly worried at finding man so common in these parts.

"Why?" she asked, adding that she could not understand the common
prejudice against man.  A number of her counsellors who formed the
body-guard gravely nodded assent; and when I asked her whether she
did not think, no matter what else might be said for or against
man, he was at least highly noxious to ants, she expressed herself
amazed at such a notion.  Not at all, she replied; on the contrary,
she considered him outright beneficial.

As for her reasons, I seemed unable to elicit anything that was
conclusive beyond the fact that he harbours vermin; this indeed was
enlarged upon: he being a very wasteful animal, the earth around
and near his dwellings is always littered with vegetable and animal
detritus which gives cover and sustenance to such forms of life as
would otherwise find it hard to subsist; and those are the very
ones which are most palatable to many ants.  Even in his crops, she
added, which were almost invariably alien to the climate in which
they are grown and therefore attracted an immense number of insect-
parasites, he provided an inexhaustible supply of food for his
betters.  She went so far as to assert that, if nature had not
given man to ants, ants would, at least in these parts, have had to
invent or to breed something much resembling man in order to
subsist in safety.  But, of course, having created ants, the crown
and supreme achievement of her work, nature could be trusted to
provide for them; and so she had also created man.

I glanced at Anna-zee who sat in the background, massive and
sardonic; I was half afraid she might give utterance to her
thought; but she considered such teleological vapourings beneath
her notice.

Personally, I was struck by one single thing in all the queen had
said: and that was a brief but pregnant reference to the climate of
"these parts".  We had boldly pushed into the unknown increasing
our altitude as well as our latitude; I had not the slightest idea
of what might be ahead of us.  This anxiety of mine I thought it
now expedient to express without reserve.

Her answer amazed me.  Did we not know?  In that case there was
only one of two things for us to do.  Either we must turn back at
once and try, by forced marches, to regain a district where
existence was possible for such as ourselves in winter-time; or we
must drop our silly prejudice against man and seek shelter in such
buildings as he erected either for himself or for the animals with
which he associated.  For truly, she added, with a side-glance at
my enormous head, even if we could find a friendly tribe in these
parts, no ant excavated burrows with galleries large enough to
admit us, nor deep enough to protect us from the upper cold; not,
at least, south of the Garden of the Gods; and, coming as we did
from the tropics, she presumed we had never adapted ourselves to a
winter sleep.  This was, by the way, the first time I heard the so-
called Garden of the Gods mentioned; and before we all retired for
the night, I took care to make the most detailed enquiries with
regard to this locality.  And then this old Solenopsis queen
launched into a description of winter in "these parts" which I
thought truly eloquent and, in its sombre way, almost poetic.

The sun, she said, would lose his power because he would never rise
to any great height in the heavens.  He would blaze down with a
cruel, cold light on what she called a frozen earth, blindingly
white.  Bitter winds would sweep these slopes; water would freeze
into a transparent colourless rock; no rain would fall from the
sky; but instead there would be whirling masses of six-pointed
slabs of shining ice; and the ground would harden to such an extent
that none could burrow and none could hunt.  To an ant, she said,
the mere touch of that earth was instant death; for she would
stiffen and harden and remain in that state till she was beyond
recovery; or, if milder weather intervened, it would be so much the
worse; for she would freeze and thaw and thaw and freeze till there
was no help for her: her shining armour would burst, and she would
fall a prey to decay in spring or be picked up by carrion-feeding
birds with which the district abounded.

This was terrible news indeed; and we sat silent when she had
ended.  Every statement of hers had been confirmed by a nod on the
part of every one of her council; and on my side Lemma-nee, I could
see, despaired of any hope of salvation.

I, however, on whom it devolved to keep up the morale of the
expedition, promptly asked for further and detailed information
about the dwellings of man; and Her Majesty, signifying that any of
her counsellors could supply the information fully as well as
herself, rose heavily to leave the circle and to withdraw.  I and
my companions lowered our antenn� to the ground as she swept out,
supported by her attendants; and, in the bright moonlight, I saw
her eyes twinkle as she acknowledged our salute.

We now received a most accurate account of the lay-out of a man's
dwelling, together with directions how to reach it.  The counsellor
who gave us this account which I recommended to Lemma-nee's special
attention was one of those over-scrupulous and painstaking
individuals who will give no one else credit for a bit of
understanding, considering everyone as being in need of as much
detail as they would require themselves; and so, long before she
had finished, both Bissa-tee and I were sound asleep.  In fact, I
did not wake till I felt myself supported and almost carried along
to the cluster formed by the lesser members of the High Command in
the hollow of a huge willow tree.

Next morning, our friends of the night before set out to return to
their abode along the upper reaches of the creek whence the flood
had ousted them.  We, having had a good rest, resolved to follow
Her Majesty's advice and, under the command of our geographer-in-
chief, made straight for the farm of man which had been described
to us; and there we intended to go into winter quarters.


V


We arrived in the evening of the third day and found the compound
to consist of a large dwelling in which the man, his female, and
three young were housed; and behind this dwelling, a little lower
down the hill, but still above the creek which traversed the
meadows, of an enormous building divided into four parts: first
vertically, for, below, there were the quarters of the animals with
which this man associated, and, above, the huge caves in which he
kept his forage crops; second, horizontally, for cows, horses, and
pigs were kept in separate chambers divided from each other by
partitions.

Besides, a large flock of huge birds of the gallinaceous order
roamed freely over all chambers.

We had been recommended to take up our abode in the cow department;
no other part of the barn, we had been told, would be warm enough.
On very cold nights, our advisers had intimated, we might find it
expedient to climb up on these huge mammals and to crawl into the
thick hair on their backs; the clumsy counsellor had thought it
necessary to add that it would be unwise to seek shelter on their
bellies since we should be in danger of being crushed when they lay
down!  To our delight we found in this compartment great store of
crushed grain which, though itself unpalatable, yet gave us a
convenient medium in which to hollow out a number of caves; and we
had reason to congratulate ourselves on a timely discovery of Anna-
zee's who, on the third or fourth day, reported to me that, in the
great store of dried grasses above us, she had found certain
clovers which, shredded or triturated and moistened, would serve as
a substratum on which to grow fungi.  This news much heartened
every member of the High Command.

So far, the days were still fine, though the nights became rapidly
colder.  We soon made the acquaintance of our unwitting host; and
he did not appear to be one of the worst specimens of his kind.
Although to us he seemed of course truly enormous, he was, in his
own measure, no more than medium-sized.  What pleased us was the
almost formicarian way of his intercourse with the animals.  These
were not yet kept in the stable throughout.  They were let out in
day-time and housed at night, at least horses and cows of which
there were four of the former and ten of the latter kind.  The pigs
still remained altogether outside.  Now this man never mistreated
the cows and horses which were naturally the first to come under
our observation; he spoke kindly to them and patted their rumps,
though he invariably shooed the chickens out of his way; but, then,
these were exceedingly savage and stupid birds.

What, however, at this stage, delighted me most was his relation to
the pigs.  A marvellously fine spell of weather intervening, I took
to going out a good deal, often accompanied by Bissa-tee or Lemma-
nee, the only two members of our command with whom I was really
intimate.  They, too, seemed to be the only ones affected in the
same way as myself by the often stifling atmosphere of the barn.

The pigs were not kept in one of those unspeakable enclosures to
which they were confined on other farms which we came to visit, but
in a field where they could run and roam at pleasure; and a
cleanly, jolly bunch they were, though, of course, they were only
mammals.  All day long they played and gambolled about, hunting
grasses and roots; and we observed that the human young that lived
on the place would come out and play and run with the little ones
among them, and even fondle them in their arms.

Every evening, at a given hour, their master would appear on the
road from the farmyard, carrying on his back a bagful of Indian
corn.  The pigs were waiting for him in a corner of the field where
the gate was; there they assembled, expecting him long before he
appeared; when the noise he made in walking or some other sign
betrayed his approach, they would rear on their hind-legs, resting
their fore-feet on the bars of the gate; and at sight of their
beloved master they would squeal and grunt in expectation of their
feast.  The man would stop and laugh at their antics; and sometimes
he would pat one of them or playfully hold out an ear of corn and
withdraw it again in jest when one of them snapped at it.  This
man, I thought, realizes that he is dealing with life like his own;
he knows that even in a pig there lives happiness and joy, sorrow
and pain, trust and anguish and despondency.  They did not fear
him; they came and sniffed at his hands and rubbed their backs
against his legs.  Was he not their benign and gracious master who
fed them and who had taught them to rely on him in all their needs?

Only one old sow did I see that never took part in these antics.
She had a wistful look in her yellow, slit-like eyes and stood
back, grunting angrily whenever this pleasant scene was enacted.
She knew; and a little later I, too, was to know.

A few weeks went by; and almost abruptly all that the old
Solenopsis queen had foretold of winter was on us.  Though the sun
might shine, it was impossible for us to be outside even in the
middle of the day; and for a while it seemed as though we had
undertaken more than we could do.  All the animals kept on the
place remained in the barn now; and our lives, too, were strictly
confined.  Strange to say, the master seemed to protect us; but it
was a long while before I found out the reason for that.  Bissa-tee
and myself, however, soon resumed our rambles even though they had
to be confined to the inside of our refuge.

Thus, before long, we found the pigs again; they were now kept in a
shed at the back of the barn where there was a large enclosure
connecting by a low door with a smaller stall and by swing-traps
with a second enclosure outside, so that, at all times, they could
either crowd together in the stall or enjoy a somewhat greater
freedom in the pen or in the open.  They did not look so clean any
longer; nor were they quite so high-spirited as they had been in
the field.  But they were well fed and had shelter against the
death-on-earth that had swept the country.  We often went to look
at them, climbing up on a partition that separated pen and stall
from a gallery on which they bordered.

Now one frosty morning when we had gone there, the man entered
briskly, carrying on his shoulder a weapon made of a heavy steel
blade into which a long wooden handle was fixed.  This he leaned
against the outside of the pen, then he climbed in; and as he did
so, I caught a glimpse of that wise old sow which had never
betrayed any joy at sight of her master in the field.  With a grunt
she pushed through the swing-trap into the open.  But all the other
pigs pressed eagerly forward as if they expected a treat.

He, however, chased all of them out but one; that one he held
firmly gripped by an ear and the tail.  When all the rest had
followed the sow, he pulled the remaining one into the stall and,
with his hind-foot, closed its door.

Then he fetched the axe which was clearly unknown to the pig, for,
as he returned with it, the poor brute betrayed nothing but an
expectant curiosity.  He raised the weapon aloft, heel forward; and
for a moment he held it thus poised, in estimation of the distance.
Then he brought it down with a tremendous, relentless swing,
straight on to the centre of the pig's head.  The pig did not fall
but stood stunned; blood rushed into its eyes; it was completely
taken by surprise.  An immense, bottomless abhorrence was mingled
with the agony of pain; it tried to take a step; but it reeled; and
then it seemed to awake to his purpose and tried to escape.  But
the man had coolly raised his axe again and stood motionless,
waiting his chance; and at last, when the pig, in a frenzy of fear,
finding the door closed, rushed past him once more, he brought the
powerful weapon down on that head a second time.  The pig
collapsed; its legs went rigid, though still atremble.  Life was
not yet extinct; but the man plunged a sharp instrument resembling
the sickle of an Eciton but much larger into its neck, so that the
blood rushed out like a fountain.  Life ebbed; the joints relaxed;
the brute lay limp.

We, Bissa-tee and myself, fled in horror; and it was weeks before
we cared to see any more of man's doings.  Surely, man, as an
animal endowed with reason, if reason it can be called, is a mere
upstart.  I would rather call him endowed with a low sort of
cunning.  His self-styled civilization is a mere film stretched
over a horrible ground-mass of savagery.  Man is no farther
advanced in his own development than Ecitons or Ponerines are in
theirs.

Soon after the adventure just related we had a revelation of the
means by which Assa-ree kept her army alive in that barn.
Incidentally, this revelation explained the conciliatory attitude
of the man to ourselves.

I must explain that this man had mysterious means of lighting his
barn at night.  At regular intervals huge, white, bulb-like fire-
flies were fixed to the ceiling.  These he could induce at will to
emit an almost blinding radiance.  It is well known, of course,
that our own fire-flies respond to any superficial irritation.  No
doubt he uses some such means; at any rate, he always touched a
certain button in one of the walls when he wanted to bring on the
light and when he wanted to extinguish it.  Now one night he forgot
to touch that button when he left after having milked his cows.

We had long gone to rest when a great noise wakened me.  I got up
and groped my way into the next chamber excavated in the crushed
grain which was tenanted by Bissa-tee, Lemma-nee, and Azte-ca.  I
gently touched the former two; and they joined me at once.  I bade
them listen; and when they heard the commotion, they followed me in
silence.  Cautiously we made our way to the partition dividing our
bin from the great central aisle of the barn.

We saw an amazing sight.  Assa-ree was marshalling her hordes into
a great compact body; and never had they looked quite so
unmistakably like an army of Ecitons.  What puzzled me most was how
she gained her ascendency over these alien ants and what induced
them to follow her and to obey her commands.  It was all to become
clear later on.

At a given signal the whole horde started in the greatest hurry and
excitement to climb up the stanchions and partitions and even the
rough wall that protected the building against the outside.
Everywhere they peered into cracks and crannies, seizing
hibernating spiders and cockroaches, pulling flies out of their
hiding-places, and sending grasshoppers and crickets, still half
torpid, flying into the central aisle where they were torn to
pieces.

Suddenly one of these columns started a rat.  I must say that these
rats were not kept here as part of man's establishment; they were
intruders and hated as much by man as by ourselves.  This rat was
skilfully driven into the thick of the army on the main floor; and
apparently it was utterly bewildered and frightened out of its
wits.

Had it rushed straight through the crowd, it could have escaped;
but instead it came to a stop and tried to turn back.  This moment
of hesitation proved fatal; for at once several hundred of its
tormentors swarmed over it; and though it still struggled, it fell,
pouring forth its blood which was eagerly lapped up.

We looked on for another half hour or so; and then the murderous
crowd turned away to seek the burrow next to our own.  Of the rat,
nothing was left but a skeleton picked clean of every vestige of
flesh.

I often witnessed such raids after this; for the barn swarmed with
rats and mice; and I did not feel that I could interfere.  But I
was much worried at the thought that this was the army on which we
relied for protection.  Here we were, the very flower of our
intelligentsia, bound on a mission of peace; and for our escort we
had, through Assa-ree's treason, a gang of thugs and cutthroats,
ready no doubt, on the first provocation, to turn against
ourselves!

Besides, the very usefulness of our army to our host led to one of
the worst disasters that could befall us.  For this man began to
take an interest in us.  Without ever interfering, he watched what
we were doing.  He knew by this time where we had nested and was
careful not to disturb our burrows.  His very interest, however,
harboured our danger.

The explanation of what follows was at the time no more than a bold
conjecture; but it has been since confirmed.  I shall relate it as
though we had known all the time what it meant.  There are human
scientists who make us ants the special object of their studies.
They do not know as much about us as we know about them; but they
betray a blundering sort of interest in us.  No doubt our host knew
such a one and had told him about us; for one day, soon after the
winter solstice, he appeared in the barn with a stranger who at
once began to observe such of our numbers as happened to be abroad.
He was armed with all sorts of weapons, forceps, transparent
cylinders, bags, boxes, and trowels.  What some of these were for I
knew; and I gave the signal for retreat to the burrow.

He, accompanied by our host, followed us and closely examined the
entrances to the two burrows.  I, hidden in the crater of ours,
availed myself of a moment of inattention to gain a post on the
wooden partition between bin and aisle.  To my horror I saw thence
how this stranger--who, by the way, had two pairs of eyes like the
assistant at the Narrows--suddenly wielded his trowel and dug into
the burrow which harboured our army.  Our host, meanwhile, was
holding a small bag of tough tissue open; and the stranger, with a
deft movement, scooped up a fine lot of Ecitons and dumped them
into that bag.  Having done this, the two men retired.

In the burrow, there was the utmost confusion.  Assa-ree stalked
about, surveying the damage done.  It was the only time on our way
out that I ever saw her excited.  She behaved exactly like one of
those beheaded Ecitons at the Narrows; she had figuratively, as
they literally, lost her head.  But this was of short duration; in
a few seconds she regained her nonchalant composure and gave the
necessary orders to have the burrow repaired.  Undoubtedly she knew
that her safety as well as ours depended on maintaining order among
her unruly hordes.

I gave them time to effect these repairs; and then I ordered a
general review of the troops.  Assa-ree obeyed sullenly; but she
obeyed; and the count revealed that the numbers of the army were
now reduced to about half of what they had been four years ago.  I
cannot say that I was entirely displeased, especially since this
last loss had fallen exclusively on the soldiers.

A few more moons went by; the winter came to an end; our host
turned his animals out into the meadows; and we began to think of
moving on; for I had received scent, through our friends the
Solenopsis, of a most remarkable tribe of pastoral ants on the
highlands just west of a first range of the stupendous mountain
system that we had now to our left; and I wished to have unlimited
time for their study.  After that, I half intended to turn back,
for at this time I felt much discouraged by the climatic
difficulties opposing themselves to our enterprise.  I little knew
that most of our sufferings lay still ahead.

My discouragement was much deepened by the final adventure at this
human farm.  So far, we had carefully avoided any encounter with
those ferocious birds that were kept on the place; and when we at
last made our final exit through wide doors which now remained open
all day, we had carefully ascertained through scouts that none of
them was about.  They were all, we were told, scratching in the
newly stirred garden-lot south of the dwelling.

I allowed our army to precede us; and the whole body had filed out
in safety before I and my 120-odd assistants followed.  Now we had
just gained the wide entrance chamber of the barn which was floored
with a single slab of smooth rock when, from a wooden pocket
fastened to the wall, one of these birds flew down, landing right
in our midst.  No sooner had it alighted than it began to pick up,
with its hard, horny beak, some of the most eminent of our
scholars.  Their surprise was so great that they did not even try
to defend themselves but allowed that ill-omened bird to swallow
them alive.  Thus perished a score of my most indispensable
assistants: all but one of our physiological barometers, f.i.; and
a not inconsiderable number of our surveyors and experts in
communication.  But I could have done without them if worse had not
been in store.

For Lemma-nee, my intimate friend, geographer-in-chief to the
expedition, seeing some of the most important members of her staff
attacked, in a generous impulse went to their assistance.  Bissa-
tee and myself did our utmost to restrain her; but she shook us off
and rushed to the scene of carnage.

At once the bird pecked at her; but she buried her pincer-like jaws
in its tongue, nearly severing its tip.  The bird threw her high up
in the air and again pecked at her as she fell to the ground.  But
once more Lemma-nee was ready.  This time she succeeded in stinging
the tongue and in injecting a plentiful dose of formic acid.  The
effect was such that the bird promptly dropped her; and, the tongue
swelling prodigiously, it found itself unable to close its beak.
It emitted a gurgling sound and stood as though dazed with pain.
Lemma-nee, grievously hurt and bleeding from a score of wounds, was
just on the point of picking herself up again, when the bird, too,
rallied and, though incapacitated to the extent of being unable to
use its beak, yet in insensate fury rushed forward and jumped on
Lemma-nee with its hard, armoured claws and began to scratch.  In
less than a second my dear friend and one of the greatest scholars
living was reduced to pulp.

What, compared to such a loss, was the death or the capture of a
thousand soldiers!  I should willingly have parted with the whole
army if I could have recalled her to life.  It seemed a mere irony
of fate that, by her sacrifice, she should have covered the safe
retreat of the rest of the High Command, though our number was
reduced to 109.

Such was our lamentable exit from this farm of man.


VI


It was late in the spring when those of us who remained reached the
highlands of the Garden of the Gods.  This was the fifth summer of
our wanderings; and we had now covered a total distance of
400,000,000 common antlengths, Attiine measure.

By a detour we had just avoided passing through a human city where
there were remarkable mineral hot-springs which I could have wished
to visit, for I was beginning to suffer from rheumatic troubles.
We had had to cross a number of rapid and turbulent streams, using
various devices for the purpose; sometimes fallen trees had served
as bridges; sometimes Assa-ree's soldiers had been ordered into the
water to span it; and on one occasion when the latter method failed
because there were no longer sufficient numbers left to make a
living bridge reaching to the far bank, we had made use of the
lesson learned from the Solenopsis and, picking a spot where the
current had a diagonal set, we had floated over in a cluster.
Every one of these crossings had cost us a few lives; but on the
whole our losses had been insignificant.

Thus we had arrived on a wide, elevated table-land surrounded by
mountains.  Ahead of us stood two masses of bright-red rock
towering up to a height of over seven thousand antlengths and
forming something like a gate.

This was the landmark which the Solenopsis queen had given me.

We halted, and I gave orders for the army to go into quarters here;
for I anticipated an interesting and important investigation; and I
was not going to endanger it by having these hordes about, which
were becoming panicky and unruly.  Naturally, Assa-ree had to
remain with them; and to my surprise she submitted without a
murmur.

The rest of us, 109, proceeded on our road and soon passed through
that gateway of red rock.

Beyond, we entered a rough plain strewn with the strangest masses
of red and white sandstone and crossed by fantastic mountainous
ridges.  Vegetation was scarce on this plain; the rare trees
consisted of shin-oaks and a few pines.  Over large stretches the
ground seemed, at first sight, to consist of wind-blown waves of
rock, their backs sloping up gradually, their fronts as abrupt as
the face of a comber in the sea when it is on the point of
breaking.  This illusion of a wind-blown arm of the sea having
suddenly been petrified is enhanced by sharp, narrow points of rock
projecting over the crests of these waves, as though their spray
had also been congealed.

A closer examination, however, revealed that not all of this
expanse was solid rock.  Especially below the breaking crest of the
waves the process of weathering has provided a talus.  This soil,
if I may call it that, is held together by the long, tough roots of
xerophytic plants, besides being itself singularly tenacious.
Anna-zee, our botanist-in-chief, pointed out to me how singularly
well-adapted this hard soil was for the construction of the most
elaborate burrows.

We spent a number of days exploring the plain, and we had abundant
proof that the soil-faces of the rock-waves were used by ants.
Everywhere they were pierced, near the crest, by wide craters
excavated in the central depression of a flat, cone-shaped mound
formed of pebbles.  These entrances were fully an antlength in
diameter, many of them larger; and they seemed to lead into sloping
galleries pointing right under those rocky masses.  But never an
ant did we see.

We were at an elevation of over 144,000 antlengths; and from that
it will be clear that the nights were excessively chilly.  The
climate is arid; radiation, therefore, is swift at night; and
shortly after sunset the temperature used to fall to a point where
it was dangerous for any of us to be abroad.  Fortunately, we found
that, in the deeper crevices, the rock retained enough of the heat
of the day to make it possible for us to spend the nights there
without burrowing.  If at all possible I wished to avoid the latter
means of providing shelter, for I had learned so much of the high
state of civilization, the learning, and the urbanity of the ants
that inhabit these districts that I desired nothing so much as to
establish peaceful and friendly relations with them.  If we
burrowed, I feared we might inadvertently break into and disturb
their galleries, thereby prejudicing them in our disfavour.

One night, however, hearing a slight noise, Bissa-tee, now the only
one of my friends with whom I was intimate, ascended the naked rock
at the back of a wave and was promptly numbed.  When, within
several hours, she did not return, I tried to follow her but found
it impossible to do so, on account of the piercing cold.  She was
found next morning, frozen stiff; and when, having been brought in,
she thawed, she was for a long while unable to move or to answer my
solicitous enquiries; but ultimately she recovered though she
remained for ever after subject to excruciating headaches.

Bissa-tee reported that, soon after she had been reduced to a semi-
comatose state, but before she had lost consciousness altogether,
she had been visited by a number of ants of no great size; but
beyond that she could give no details.  From which we drew the
conclusion that our unknown friends were strictly nocturnal.

In this conclusion we were confirmed a few nights later when a
stray ant from one of the formicaries unexpectedly entered our
conclave, for it so happened that we were in conference.  Azte-ca
was nearest to her at the moment.  Much amazed to scent us so
unexpectedly, she stopped short in her hurried walk.  Azte-ca is in
her way a genius; we shall hear more of her singular gifts by and
by.  But she is frivolous and given to sometimes indecorous joking;
though this time this propensity of hers served us well enough.

I am sure she was as much surprised as the rest of us; but she
recovered herself instantly, bowed, and signalled in a most
ceremonious way, "This is a conspiracy; and the only way of
avoiding danger is to join it."  I saw the antenn� of the stranger
jerking and knew at once that our difficulty was solved.  Make an
enemy laugh and prepare for peace negotiations, says the proverb.
Azte-ca had used ambiguous scents, such as an ant is apt to use
when she is not sure of being understood.  Incidentally she had
danced her shoulders as if in clownish merriment.  The stranger saw
through her artifice and was pleased.  She answered promptly, "I
shall; but only with Her Majesty's permission."  We all knew, of
course, that she meant the queen of her colony; but she managed to
impart to this sentence an air of ambiguity by fixing her
exceedingly minute ocelli on myself, giving me at the same time the
salute royal.  I bowed and signified that we desired nothing
better.  She withdrew, and we waited patiently.

In a short time she returned, accompanied by half a dozen majors
who conveyed an invitation from Her Majesty Allas-ta, queen of the
Myrmecocysts, for our leaders to follow them into the presence.
When I referred to the cold, they assured us that we should be well
taken care of and guided through the warmest crevices of the rocks.

We fell in line behind them, five of us: myself, Anna-zee, Bissa-
tee, Azte-ca, and Adver-tee; and in a few minutes we entered the
crater of their city.  Here we had to delay in order to recover a
proper sense of time; for, unaccustomed as we were to the climate,
our own physiological processes had been retarded by the chill to
such an extent as to make all external events seem to be
extraordinarily accelerated.  Whatever happened, to us it came as a
surprise.  So we preferred to re-establish the normal functioning
of our perceptions before we went out.  Then we were taken down
through a wide but short, steeply sloping gallery which, at a
distance of perhaps ten antlengths from the entrance broke up into
a series of galleries only slightly smaller than the outer one;
these, too, sloped steeply and opened into vaulted chambers four
antlengths wide, from five to six long, and two high.  Overhead
they were hung with strange spherical bodies.  The floors were
marvellously smooth.  It was quite warm here; and the air was dry
and sweetly scented.

Beyond, we again entered a sloping gallery which again opened into
a vaulted chamber.  Thus we went on from gallery to chamber and
from chamber to gallery till I estimated that we were fully eighty
antlengths below the surface and more than twice as far from the
entrance.

And suddenly we saw a dazzling sight.  In a large chamber at the
end of the gallery which we were threading, surrounded by a strong
bodyguard, we beheld Her Majesty by the light of phosphorescent
masses of vegetable detritus.  She was very young, pale yellow
throughout, and of marvellous beauty, looking almost virgin in her
pride of place.  I surmised that this was the first time it was her
duty to receive ambassadors from foreign lands; but she acted her
part to perfection.  She was all trembling eagerness, restrained
only by the knowledge that she represented her nation.  I could
fairly see how near she was to giving way to her palpitating
vitality.

Even as it was, she came to meet us at the entrance to the
audience-chamber and deftly prevented me from giving her the salute
royal by taking my fore-foot, with a gesture at once intimate and
betraying her consciousness of the fact that she was bestowing the
highest honour in her gift.  My four companions she allowed to
grasp the earth with their fore-feet and to lift their hind-feet
and abdomens into the perpendicular, as they had seen the first
Myrmecocyst do to me.  They were fortunate indeed in having been
able to observe her; for how else could they have known what was
indicated under the circumstances?

We entered the audience-chamber; and, Her Majesty seating herself
at its upper end, we were motioned to form a half-circle about her,
with myself in the centre.  A decent interval was allowed to elapse
before Her Majesty signified her pleasure.  I had already noticed
that her subjects conferred with each other exclusively by touches
of their antenn� which largely accounted for the singular purity of
the air in these chambers.  Scents might have polluted it.  All the
more did I appreciate it when Her Majesty SCENTED her request for
information as to who we were and whence we came.

"Unscentable, O queen," I replied at once, using the gentlest and
sweetest scents for my answer, "is the sorrow which you command me
to renew"; and then, having to that extent acknowledged her
courtesy in making use of this method of communication, I abandoned
it and proceeded by readily interpretable touches on Bissa-tee's
body.  Before I was going to tell her who we were and how we had
come, I begged to be excused for making so bold as to ask a favour.
Her Majesty, already impressed by the adroitness with which I had
switched back to touch-language, graciously bade me name it.
Whereupon I, not ordinarily given to an empty exchange of
civilities, indicated to her my desire to be permitted to face
Bissa-tee rather than herself, adding that I should not feel at
ease if I had to face her beauty and dazzling splendour while
searching for the motions appropriate to convey my meaning.  I saw
at once that I had not miscalculated in this appeal to ant nature.
All perfect females are alike: vanity lurks under their skin.  Her
antenn� trembled with pleasure as she looked upon my simulated
confusion.  I even saw her cast a swift glance at one of her
counsellors, a particularly duenna-like individual of enormous
girth, as she gave the permission I asked for.  In half turning
towards Bissa-tee, however, I was careful to stop short at a point
which still permitted me to give Her Majesty now and then a furtive
glance of admiration.

It would be tedious to repeat what I signified; it would involve a
repetition of the contents of the preceding scent-trees.  If I do
say it myself, it was a masterpiece of emotion;[2] and more than once
I carried Her Majesty, figuratively speaking, off her feet.
Suffice it to say that it was morning before I finished; and that
was the usual hour for Her Majesty to retire.


[2] A word, formed by analogy to elocution?  E.


Before she did so, she was pleased to order that ample provision be
made for my own accommodation as well as for that of all my
companions; and I, in turn, charged Adver-tee with the commission
of transferring our whole High Command into our new quarters as
soon as the temperature of the plain permitted.

I will merely state that we remained with these new friends of ours
for more than a moon and then proceed to an account of their
remarkable commonwealth, abandoning all attempt at giving our
discoveries and investigations in their chronological order.  My
information derives from one of Her Majesty's counsellors, a very
great dignitary of the realm indeed.

First of all I was informed that the city in which we were was one
of the largest of its kind in the district.  The old queen had died
quite recently; and sixteen years ago, she had, in turn, succeeded
her own mother at a time when the colony had already been a
prosperous and populous one.  Her present Majesty had only very
recently been adopted.  Thus I estimated the age of this colony at
roughly forty years, which undoubtedly accounted for its wealth and
its quiet functioning.

Considering the small size of the ants (the largest workers were
exactly one antlength from head to tip of abdomen; the smallest
less than half as long), the extent of the excavations was truly
surprising.  There were at least a score of chambers; and those
hung with the mysterious spherical bodies were magnificent
structures, with floors of great smoothness and roughened vaults
above; and of these there were six.  The whole burrow was excavated
in very hard and dry soil; and, as I have already intimated, the
connecting galleries were of exceptionally large diameter and
perfectly tubular.  Most of the chambers were placed below the
rock, which insured their complete freedom from moisture.  In fact
the chief engineering problem these ants set themselves seemed to
be that of securing dryness and ventilation.  As for the proper
regulation of temperature, it was taken care of by the depth of the
burrow.

These ants live exclusively on honey.  The shin-oaks of the plain
are abundantly covered with peculiar galls the size of a large pea;
and at a given time of the year, which happened to be the very time
when we were there, these galls exude each from ten to twenty
droplets of honey which is carefully collected by these ants.  In
addition, there are numberless herds of coccids and aphids
stationed on these oaks as well as pines.  The Myrmecocysts do not
enclose them in tents; but by treaty each nation secures the
exclusive right of tending those that inhabit given trees and
plants.

Now this supply is seasonal: it is excessively abundant in early
spring, but soon dwindles as the summer advances and the dry time
of the year begins; in winter it gives out altogether.

This is the point where the mystery of the spherical bodies came in
for solution; these spherical bodies are the abdomens of the so-
called repletes; and the whole economy of the state revolves around
them.

Certain workers are, from early youth, trained to imbibe an over-
supply of the honeyed liquids.  All of them are volunteers; though
certain physiological adaptations must be present if a callow is to
be eligible; of that, more in a moment.  The peculiar difficulty of
the problem will be grasped more readily if I first describe an
adult replete.

At first sight she looks simply like a spherical ball three
quarters of an antlength or more in diameter.  On looking more
closely, I found that to one pole of this ball there is appended a
perfectly normal thorax and head three eighths of an antlength
long, provided with all the ordinary appendages of the adult, legs,
antenn�, etc.  The sphere, in other words, is the distended abdomen
of a living adult.  This distension is truly enormous: the ordinary
armour-plates which, in a normal ant, cover the segments of the
abdomen, joined by an articulate membrane, are spaced over the
surface of this sphere at intervals of more than an eighth of an
antlength, nowhere touching each other, and looking like little
isolated hairy ridges that do not reach anywhere around the sphere
even in a direction at right angles to its axis.  The articulate
membranes are stretched to the bursting point and to a degree of
thinness which makes them transparent.  All abdominal organs except
the ingluvies or pro-stomach are pressed flat against the outer
skin, so that these repletes are unable to feed in the usual way.
It is that ingluvies which is filled with the sweet liquid.

The repletes never leave the burrow: they are filled by the
ordinary workers who bring in the honey, themselves slightly
distended after each forage trip.  These regurgitate, and the slack
repletes imbibe the honey from their mouths; it takes many scores
of such feedings before a replete is filled.  When that stage is
reached, three or four of the maxims who do not themselves go out
to forage hoist her up so that she can take hold with her fore-feet
of the roughened roof of her cave.  There, she can move about with
a freedom which, in so bulky a body, is truly amazing.  In case of
emergency, during an invasion, let me say, she can even drag
herself about on the ground with considerable agility; but she is
unable to lift herself back to the roof.  I had thought that
perhaps the surprising width and height of the galleries is meant
to facilitate their exit should flight become necessary; but Bissa-
tee assigned another reason for this apparently wasteful way of
building: she pointed out that the honey, when collected by the
workers, is sterile and remained so till imbibed by the repletes.
Only when stored in their abdomens, through which it exudes to a
degree that keeps the outer skin of the sphere moist, is it liable
to foster the growth of moulds on the bodies of the repletes.  It
was, therefore, she argued, of the utmost importance to keep the
air in these caves dry and in motion; and my guide, when
questioned, while perhaps from mere courtesy admitting the justice
of my own conjecture, confirmed that of Bissa-tee as being the
chief object they had in view.

Of these repletes I counted no less than sixty in a single chamber,
all hanging motionless side by side; and in the total there must
have been nearly four hundred in the various chambers though, of
course, not all of them were filled at the time.  Those that were
not presented a truly hideous spectacle, their abdomens hanging
slack and imparting to them an air of weird old age and ugly decay.

An enquiry from my guide brought the information that even from
their ingluvies these authors[3] can absorb, directly into the
blood, sufficient nutriment to keep them alive.  They feed others;
but they do not eat themselves except when they are slack.  When the
dry season comes and foraging stops, one or two of these authors are
taken down from the roof by the maxims and stationed in the chamber
of the queen where, till they are emptied, they form part of her
body-guard.  Every one of the authors covets this honour. Her
Majesty imbibes from their mouths what she needs.[4]  Similarly,
one or two are taken down daily for the workers who, however, are
strictly rationed.


[3] I hesitate about leaving this word; but there is no doubt about
it.  From this point on the manuscript ceases to call them repletes
and substitutes the above word; it occurs a score of times.  E.

[4] Considering the name of "authors", I am surprised that Wawa-quee
does not call these privileged repletes "Poets Laureate".  E.


All these authors, with very few exceptions, were of uniform size;
they were majors or maxims.  But there were a few medi� and even
minims.  When I remarked upon this to my guide, she explained with
a humorous trembling of her antenn� that these were prodigies who
had "had the call".

Since this expression puzzled me, she deigned to give me a few
details.  When, among the maxim callows, enquiry was made in order
to find volunteers to replace those authors that had succumbed to
old age or other infirmities, the first thing that was done with
those coming forward was to subject them to a very rigorous medical
examination.  There were always some who showed abnormal
developments of their alimentary tract: a flattening of the true
stomach or a shortening of their intestines.  Only such were
admitted to training.  It was a strange fact, our guide went on,
that nearly every volunteer who seemed really anxious to become an
author showed some such abnormality.  The two things seemed to go
together: the spiritual call and the physiological, or, perhaps,
more correctly, the pathological structure.  Should an ant, as
rarely happened, profess to have the call (which, our guide
explained a little cynically, really means the devouring ambition)
to become an author without being physically abnormal, she was
never admitted to the course of training; and in that case the call
had, as a rule, a knack of disappearing.  Now authors were held in
great esteem in the commonwealth; that is to say, they were
ostentatiously honoured and secretly despised as unnecessary and
unproductive members of society; yet it was the custom of
inscribing their names on a roll of honour and thus conferring upon
them a sort of immortality, after death; and sometimes it happened
that a media or a minim whose ordinary function in life it would
have been to climb about among the authors and to keep them clean
and sanitary, picking off specks of dust and spores of fungi and
moulds which might alight on their moist abdominal spheres--it
sometimes happened that such so-called critics professed to
have had the call and at the same time showed such physical 
irregularities as would have entitled a major or a maxim to the
full course of training.  In that case she was, without any such
training, admitted to the rank of an author; but her name was never
inscribed on the roll of honour; it was allowed to die with her.

All this filled me with a sense of wonder; and I expressed the wish
to be further informed about the details of this course of
training.  My guide very kindly condescended to enlighten me.

All those who wished to become authors were first of all required
to fast for a full year, or for a quarter of their lives, many of
them dying during this period of their training.  Next they were,
for a period of from two to three moons, exposed to all sorts of
practical jokes, expressions of contempt, and an utter isolation:
only critics or minims having access to them.  The purpose of this,
our guide said, was to sweeten their tempers; for no ant that did
not have a sweet temper could possibly be successful as an author;
every violent impulse, every bitter thought would spoil the
contents of their ingluvies for public consumption; and that in
spite of the fact that they were at all times exposed to peculiar
provocations; for the honour given them freely when they were dead
was withheld from them during life; and they had to be at the beck
and call of even the humblest of their fellow ants who, no matter
how excellent the honey they furnished might be, thought themselves
entitled to nag at the food they received; and that in the exactly
inverse ratio of their qualifications as judges.  Only when they
had stood this test were they admitted to a final course of
scentures.  Our guide told us that more than once it had been her
privilege to deliver these scentures to such as aspired to the
career of authors; in fact, she said, that was the very reason why
Her Majesty had detailed her for this service as our guide.  In
these scentures it had been her duty, for a period of a moon, to
tell these callows (for the training was administered at a low age)
daily what was ahead of them: that for month after month, and for
year after year they would have to remain suspended above the
common herd, unable to take part in their pleasures and diversions
except as lookers-on; debarred from all friendly and intimate
intercourse, forbidden even to converse with their fellow-authors
among whom there might be one infected with bitterness and apt to
impart this disability to her neighbours; for their task--to keep
the common inheritance sweet and fresh, and to protect it from any
contamination--demanded the most absolute concentration of every
mental and physical faculty on the state of their abdomen; they
must cease to exist as individuals and live exclusively for the
common weal.

All which amazed us much; and we looked with a new interest on
these authors that were hanging from the roof of their circumscribed
world.

A last question remained: did many of those who volunteered for
this exacting service drop out, deterred by the rigours of the
course of training?  Quite a few, our guide replied, quite a few;
those who do are commonly honoured among the ants of their time;
for they plainly value what the others value, namely, the pleasures
of the belly, above immortal fame.  As a rule they went on storing
honey in small quantities, but in a dilute though highly palatable
form which was neither highly nutritious nor capable of being
preserved for any length of time; and since their honey, unless
replenished, is soon exhausted, they are not required to remain
suspended above the crowd with which, on the contrary, they mingle
freely in all their diversions.  Many, however, adhere to their
purpose, lured by that fame conferred upon them after death by the
inscention of their names upon the roll of honour.

I do not know of anything that we met with in the whole course of
our travels which deserved greater admiration than the selfless
devotion of these authors who persist in devoting their lives to an
unattainable ideal, in the face of going without the common
pleasures of life.

By the time we had received all this information and thoroughly
investigated the whole economy of this tribe, the dry season had
begun; and I judged it expedient to set out again, this time
towards the east where, I had no doubt, new and amazing adventures
were waiting for us.  Her Majesty honoured me by giving me a night-
long parting audience; and still further by dismissing all her
train from her presence.

I knew that something like a declaration was expected from me; and
so I had provided myself with a number of love-poems, both of scent
and motion: all these were composed by Adver-tee, with material
furnished her by Azte-ca.  Her Majesty graciously intimated that
she grasped my meaning; but, as I could readily understand, that
she did not and could not share my feelings.  I assured her that,
indeed, I did understand; and that, for the rest of my life, I
should be the happier for having known her.  She took it all at its
face value and felt tremendously flattered.

The morning after this audience, we took our leave.



CHAPTER THREE

The Slope


Containing the amazing adventure with the Wheeler; the story of our
battle with the harvesting ants and its happy ending; the report
given by Bissa-tee of her stay as a captive in the burrow of the
Wheeler; the confirmation of my suspicions with regard to Assa-
ree's treason; the amazing spectacle of millions of ants committing
suicide; and the great debate between Bissa-tee and Anna-zee as to
the value of science.


I


And now began that disastrous march to the east on which we started
4,243 strong and the end of which saw only three of us surviving.

Right at the start we were faced with terrible difficulties: it
proved much harder to descend the mountains than it had been to
ascend them.  Not a day went by without casualties; and as soon as
we reached the more level country to the east, it is hardly too
much to say that for weeks and months we fought one single battle
till we reached the Atlantic seaboard.  Sometimes we fought both in
the van and the rear while struggling forward at the top of our
speed; sometimes we went into trenches and defended ourselves as
best we could; for the smaller ants that inhabit these northern
regions are excessively fierce and barbarous, even though, in a
material sense, they are far advanced; and man or his slaves proved
even more destructive than ants.  In those latitudes, man was
gifted with a peculiar, restless energy which kept him active at
fever heat; and he occurs in such numbers as to make his presence a
problem to be reckoned with at every step.

The very first day confronted us with the three chief dangers we
had to face in the course of this march which soon assumed all the
characteristics of a retreat and which ended as a rout.  Sadly
depleted as were our ranks from the start, we still presented a
proud body full of energy and the lust for adventure--a body, I
flattered myself, which any power would hesitate to attack.  I
anticipated difficulties; and I had already expressed myself to the
effect that henceforth we should have to consider ourselves as
soldiers first and as ants of science only afterwards; but I had
not even anticipated what awaited us on our first day.

We were in high spirits when, having crossed a small river which
barred our way, we saw ahead of us, on a sloping mountainside, a
man who was riding on a curious machine consisting of two revolving
wheels one of which was capable of being turned sideways.  This
man, strange to say, we were destined to meet with more than once;
and so I shall give him a name and call him the Wheeler.

At sight of him, seized by forebodings, I called a halt.
Unfortunately, our scouts were too far advanced for immediate and
effective control; and the Wheeler, who was looking right and left,
must have caught sight of one of them who had lost touch with the
columns following her.  He alighted; and, having done something at
his wheel which, at this distance, I could not observe in detail,
straightened up, armed with a bag, a forceps, and a trowel, and
looking singularly like that other man who had scooped up so many
hundreds of our soldiers in the human barn.

Instantly I was alert; and a moment later Bissa-tee signified to me
that she, too, had recognized him.  It was, indeed, the
myrmecologist.

But for the moment it did not look as though he were bent on booty.
Apparently he was stooping over the scout, leaving her alone.  She
reported later that she lay motionless under his scrutiny, shamming
death.  From her he proceeded a few steps in our direction.  I am
afraid I made a tactical mistake; for we were still separated from
those scouts by a distance of at least a hundred antlengths; and
had we remained motionless, we might have escaped detection.  In
fact, such was plainly Assa-ree's plan; for she gave the signal to
lie low.  But I had already gathered all the scent material needed
for a general order and could no longer retain it.  So my
overruling command welled forth, half in spite of myself:  Seek
cover.  It was instantly obeyed; and instantly the motion attracted
the Wheeler's attention.  Three or four steps of his brought him
into our midst; and he bent down to raise, with his forceps, every
leaf of every one of the sparse xerophytic plants that covered the
ground.  Nothing else could be done: we all shammed death.  He
opened a little bag and, with his forceps, picked up a score of us,
slowly and deliberately, scanning each as he did so through his
double eyes.  He actually picked me up, too; but he dropped me
again, preferring to put Bissa-tee into his bag.  Since I had no
longer any doubt that he was collecting ants for the purpose of
study, it was a source of mortification to me that he should choose
Bissa-tee as a specimen instead of myself.  But, as I have said,
Bissa-tee was physically a rather splendid ant, big and active; I
had nothing to recommend me but my brain.

Next, this human myrmecologist did something which I did not
understand at the time but which I can explain now.  He took out a
note-book and, with an instrument called a pencil, jotted down
notes about the observations he had made.  For we found that man's
memory is poorly developed; he could never have kept a record like
the present one without such aids; and as, for direct communication,
he relies exclusively on his voice and his ear, so, for indirect
communication, he relies on his very imperfect sense of sight,
making visible marks on paper which he knows how to produce.  Next,
to my utter amazement, he unhooked his outer pair of eyes, put them
into a shell resembling a very large pupal case, and slipped them
into a fold of his integuments.

And then he was gone from among us.  Remounting his double wheel,
he turned about.

I was much disconcerted, for I never expected to see Bissa-tee
again; but, freed from the menace of the human presence, I at once
asked for a report of the missing.  It was found that the Wheeler
had picked up twelve soldiers and eight scholars of whom,
fortunately, Bissa-tee was the only leader.

What was to be done?  I gave orders to re-form the ranks and to
proceed.  I might say that by this time the whole body of the army
was massed in front, a formation indicated by the reduction in our
numbers.

We were still descending the now gently sloping mountainside,
having been on the march again for another three or four hours,
when a confusion in front was slowly propagated backward.  None of
us knew what was going on there; and I was most indignant at not
having instantly received a telescent report.  Assa-ree, who had
lately become exceedingly independent, asserted afterwards that
such a report had been given at once but, for unknown reasons, had
failed to reach the rear.

The whole column had come to a stop before I knew that anything was
amiss.  I was anxious not to be delayed; for, though we had been
descending all day, and though it was now midsummer, we were still
at too great an elevation to be quite safe from the cold.  A most
vexatious delay held us up.  Since Lemma-nee's death in the battle
with the chicken I had, in addition to my other functions, assumed
that of geographer-in-chief to the expedition, for unfortunately
Lemma-nee, in picking her associates, had aimed more at completeness
in her subordinate staff than at the qualities of leadership which
would be needed in case of accident to herself. So I consulted our
only remaining physiological barometer which registered a low
atmospheric pressure; from which fact, in conjunction with other
indications, I drew the conclusion that the night was going to be
overcast and probably warm.

I had hardly done so when a messenger arrived from Assa-ree.  This
messenger, instead of simply giving her report and quietly awaiting
my orders, thought fit to indulge in the most impertinent scents,
asking what was the matter with the High Command that there were no
orders forthcoming?  Were we all asleep that we left the vanguard
to perish without support, without sense or purpose?

Such insubordination I could not overlook, and my whole staff
agreed with me.  Somehow we were all in a state of tension;
everyone felt by this time that we had entered upon the most trying
part of our enterprise.  At the isthmus, surrounded by numberless
vagrant hordes of Ecitons, we had never felt thus: our morale had
been excellent, our discipline beyond reproach; and the spirit with
which our troops had faced danger and certain death had often
called forth my admiration.  Even this very morning, as I have
intimated, we had been in excellent fettle.  And now?  What worried
me most was the question to what extent the behaviour of this
messenger might reflect the attitude of Assa-ree.

I moved my right antenna the slightest bit; and I am glad to say
that Azte-ca, who was nearest to the offender, understood me
instantly.  With one leap she was on the offender's back, bearing
her down by sheer weight and clasping her neck between her jaws.
Thus she waited for my verdict, I lowered my antenn�; the culprit's
head was severed; and her body was given over to the soldiery in
front.  It was not a lovely sight to see them tear it to shreds
which were promptly devoured.

Necessary as was this act of discipline, it still further delayed
matters, for no report was forthcoming.  I despatched Adver-tee,
the recorder, to summon Assa-ree.

Adver-tee hurried away.  In less than five minutes she was back,
dejected and in consternation.  The vanguard, she reported, was in
touch with a formidable hostile army consisting of many tens of
thousands of a small, unknown ant.  Assa-ree was in command; and
she had absolutely and disrespectfully refused to obey the summons.

Was this mutiny?  I gave orders not to stir and moved forward
myself, through the lines of my dismayed staff and through the very
centre of the army, the soldiers opening a lane for me.  But this
they did in a sullen way; and here and there I noticed disrespectful
scents that were being emitted as I passed.  So far, I chose to
disregard them.

I found matters as Adver-tee had reported.  The ants with which the
vanguard was engaged were quite unknown to me; and at this juncture
Bissa-tee's absence was particularly regrettable.  Assa-ree was in
the very front line; some five hundred of our fiercest fighters
were with her.  In front of them, the ground was strewn with
corpses: but ninety-five per cent of them belonged to the enemy.
They were small but savage little creatures; and as their ranks
were mown down by our sickle-jawed soldiers, wave after wave of new
troops of theirs came up to the slaughter.

Fortunately, night was at hand.  I waited patiently; and in less
than an hour I noticed an abatement in the fury with which the
enemy attacked.  Gaining a slight hill, I could soon observe
backward, concentrating movements in their ranks; they left only
just enough troops in the fighting lines to cover their retreat.
Now the extraordinary powers which I had received from Her Majesty
Orrha-wee before setting out from home had been given in the shape
of pellets of the royal perfumes which I carried in my infrabuccal
chamber.  I carefully selected one of them, the perfume of supreme
command, and rolled it forward between labrum and tongue.  I left
it exposed to the air for just one hundredth of a second and then
gave my summons; the effect was instantaneous and complete.  Assa-
ree shrugged her shoulders, dropped her antenn�, and turned to
follow me.

I had half intended to expose, in the midst of the army, the
perfume of instant death, most formidable of the powers conferred
upon me by Her Majesty, just to set an example among the mutinous
hordes and to show them that, the moment I wanted to, I could make
them drop like flies before a poisonous breath; but when I saw what
an effect Assa-ree's appearance produced in the ranks as she meekly
followed in my wake, I thought it wiser to refrain.  The whole
incident convinced me once more, if further proof was needed, that
sooner or later things would come to an issue between me and Assa-
ree; but I was not unmindful of the fact that it lay in the
interests of the expedition to postpone the evil moment as long as
possible, for, though willy-nilly, we were still advancing.  The
battle we fought was nothing less than a defensive one.

We reached the point where my staff was assembled; and as if by
mutual consent they arranged themselves in a half circle to receive
us.  The open diameter of this half circle was formed by the rear-
guard of the army; and in its centre lay the head of the
decapitated messenger, still moving convulsively its antenn� and
eyes.

It looked like a carefully prepared arrangement; and it suited my
purpose.  I led Assa-ree to a point just behind that head and bade
her stay there.  I myself took up a position in the midst of my
staff, facing Assa-ree.  After an impressive pause I scented my
plea, addressing my associates as a court martial.

"What," I asked, "is the penalty for wilfully disobeying Her
Majesty's Supreme Command in peace and war?"  "Death," came the
unanimous verdict in a lugubrious scent.  "You have heard the
sentence," I addressed the prisoner.  "Do you know any reason why
it should not be pronounced?"  And I touched the pellet of the
perfume of death with my labrum--a motion which did not escape
Assa-ree.

She blackened; but her sullen defiance was not yet broken; I do not
think she knew what the perfume was which I held there.  For a few
minutes she hesitated, deliberating perhaps whether or not to treat
my indictment with silent contempt.  But she, too, knew that the
time was not ripe for an open breach.  My own unconditional
followers were still too numerous.

Within a few seconds she stirred.  "High Commander," thus ran her
plea, "I did refuse obedience; but to whom?  I was much provoked.
I had long been in the fore-front of battle and was wounded.  The
stings and bites I had received were smarting; dust and grit had
entered all my wounds.  I had been holding the enemy with nothing
but my vanguard; for I did not care to engage the rest of the army
without your consent.  Give that consent at this late hour, and I
shall sweep resistance away.  I sent a messenger to ask for an
order; she did not return.  Your orderly appeared at a critical
moment; I know the ant you sent: an idle scenter who, even at that
moment, could not forget that her strongest point was sweetness and
seductiveness of scent.  In the very act of giving your summons,
she saw fit to brush a speck of dust from her antenna with her
strigil and to polish up her fifth abdominal segment with a hind-
foot.  I felt overcome with anger and answered sullenly, I suppose.
And who could blame me?  I am a fighter, unendowed with the gift of
meek ingratiation.  But scents emitted under such circumstances
signify nothing.  I have done and leave the rest to you."

Now I could not deny a certain justice to that plea.  Adver-tee was
somewhat of a fop; and perhaps it had been a mistake to send her.
To execute at the present moment a sentence of death, with the only
two of my staff missing who had been intimate with me, would have
been injudicious; I was not yet prepared to dispense with the army;
and only Assa-ree could hold it in subjugation.  The very fact that
she had condescended to plead amounted to an apology, given in the
presence of my whole staff and the rear-guard of the army.  Her
services had more than once enabled the expedition to do its work;
and while, under the present circumstances, it was peculiarly
distressing that she should have been unable or unwilling--it was
hard to tell which--to avoid an armed conflict, I saw at once that,
should it prove impossible to appease the enemy, there was only one
way of getting past, namely, by a wheeling movement which would
take us around the hostile formicary while a continuous battle was
being fought on a slanting front.  Such a battle could not be
fought without Assa-ree.

So I allowed an appropriate interval to elapse and then raised my
right antenna into the perpendicular, in sign of suspended
sentence.  I was conscious of a feeling of relief all around.
Assa-ree stood motionless for a while.  Then, with a profound
salute, so exaggerated as to make me doubt her sincerity, she
turned away.

But the thing was done.  I gave orders to encamp for the night.


II


We were not yet settled when, to my immense surprise and relief,
Bissa-tee appeared in our midst.  She was in a state of terrific
excitement.  One might have expected that excitement to proceed
from exaltation or exultation; but it did not: it was simply the
result of extreme exhaustion and depression.

All the members of the staff rushed over to her and recoiled; they
had meant to overwhelm her with congratulations.  But she waved
them aside.  She never stopped till she had reached me; and I was
profoundly moved at the sight of her: her eyes were glazed her
antenn� ragged; she staggered; and the moment she reached me, she
rolled over at my feet.

I had her attended to at once; all her wounds were thoroughly
licked; her antenn� and her legs were straightened out and rubbed.

But the most terrifying thing about her was that she exhaled a
disabling smell which made everyone who came near her feel faint.
She was soaked in poison.  From her whole body a gas exuded; most
distressingly from her trache�, especially those on the meso- and
metathoracic segments; for the latter, ordinarily closed in
Myrmicine adults, had opened under the influence of the poison
which was readily absorbed by the adipose tissues and which
considerably reduced even my weight by liquefying my fat which
oozed away into the ground.  A physiological analysis which I
ordered at once to be made proved it to be a highly complex
hydrocarbon.

Fortunately my weather forecast had proved correct; the sky was
clouded, and the atmosphere damp and warm.  This was especially
welcome because Bissa-tee's unexpected return and the nursing she
required interrupted the preparations for encampment.  I
anticipated days of delay.

Night had fallen when Bissa-tee stirred again.  By this time the
exhalations from her body had become fainter.  In the dim, diffused
light of a hidden moon I saw her slowly move her antennas and,
thinking that she was groping for me, I stepped into the path of
her movements.  She at once signified to me that she wished me to
come close and to dismiss all those attending upon her.  I did so;
and with extreme exertion, slowly, and in fits and starts, she told
her tale.

First of all she enumerated our associates who had been picked up
with her; to add that everyone of them was dead.  The Wheeler was
indeed a myrmecologist.  At his abode in the human city he kept
whole tribes of ants in captivity, confined in artificial nests of
glass.  He had dropped a dozen or more of her fellow-captives into
these nests, one at a time, and reaching for a new nest whenever he
picked up a new Atta.  Meanwhile, Bissa-tee had been confined in a
large cylinder whence she had been able to look on at the
proceedings.  In each and every case the ant thus dropped into an
alien nest had at once been torn to pieces.  Bissa-tee had fully
expected to share the same fate; but, strange to say, she had
escaped it.  When only she was left, the Wheeler had fetched a flat
wooden case smelling strongly of certain oils found in the earth.
To her horror, she had seen, in this case, innumerable ants of all
descriptions, dead, and pierced by steel spears four ants long
which were stuck into the floor of the case: it had been a sight to
make her blood curdle.

He had picked Bissa-tee up with a forceps and compared her with
these specimens.  Having done so with one case, he had fetched
another; and thus he had been occupied for hours without any
result.  Every now and then he had consulted huge tomes similar in
shape (though much larger) to the note-book in which he had jotted
down observations at the time of her capture.  These Bissa-tee
described at great length, for she did not know that I had already
seen this human device; nor did I interrupt her; I feared to
distract her and to break the thread of her terrible tale.  At
last, putting her back into the glass cylinder, he had foolishly
tried to tempt her with all sorts of food: honey, starch, fragments
of insects, etc.  Failing in this, he had picked her up again and,
placing three small sticks on a piece of white paper, in the
position of three radii of a circle, he had inverted over them a
bell-glass and slipped her under it.  For a while longer he had sat
and looked at her.  But ultimately he had taken up a small wad of
cotton and dipped it into a liquid contained in a stoppered glass;
this he had inserted under the bell imprisoning her.  From it the
poison had come with which she had been impregnated on her arrival
among us.  It was gruesome to listen as she went on: how she had
first fainted, then partly recovered; and henceforth, for an hour
or so, crouched low, feeling and watching the process as this
poison slowly entered her body, dissolving in and spreading through
her tissues.  By this time the Wheeler had left her.

At last she had made up her mind to escape or perish in the
attempt.  But she was weakened; for the rough and inconsiderate
handling to which she had been exposed had bruised and abraded her
in many delicate parts; and for a long while she had been
unsuccessful in all her attempts.  Yet she had realized that she
must not rest.

And then a great thought had struck her: if she succeeded in
removing one of the wooden sticks, the glass would tilt over on
that side; and perhaps she would be able to upset it.  She had gone
to work at once; and to her great joy she had found the task
comparatively easy.  Yet, in her weakened state, overcome as
she was every now and then by the fumes, she had taken an
unconscionable time to accomplish it.  She had seemed to be working
for hours and hours, pushing and pulling; and when the stick had at
last come out, it had cost her two metatarsal joints of her right
middle foot on which the glass had come down.  This had been
particularly unfortunate, for she had counted on getting to the
other side of the bell glass before the momentum of its tilting
movement had been arrested.  As it was, the glass retained only a
slight trembling motion when she got there.  Nevertheless, she had
succeeded in inserting her antenn� under its rim and, having done
so, had tried to follow them up with the points of her jaws.  But
she had selected a position too close to one of the two remaining
sticks; her jaws had been too thick to pass smoothly through the
crack between glass and paper; the glass began to slip away from
her.  She realized her mistake at once and tried again in the exact
centre between the sticks.  She met with better success, the crack
being wider here.  For a long while, however, all she could do was
to synchronize her successive heaves rhythmically with the
vibrations of the glass, thereby increasing them; and gradually
they became sufficient to make the glass rock on the paper, till it
actually left the support of the sticks, though it fell back upon
them after each jump.  Under ordinary circumstances, unweakened by
the poison, she would now have been able to knock the glass over
altogether; but of that she despaired.  At last she had watched her
opportunity and swung out as the rim on her side was ascending; and
she was just fast enough to reach freedom before it came down
again.

She had now allowed herself to drop from the edge of the platform
on which all this had taken place; and she had soon reached the
open.  But there was no scented trail which she might have
followed.  Yet, a gust of wind having swept away some of the fumes
impregnating her body, she had, in a moment of sudden lucidity,
seen a way out of her difficulty: she had thought of the wheel.
Near the human dwelling, all tracks had, of course, been utterly
confused; but she had travelled on at random, away from the
dwelling, for a matter of a thousand antlengths or so; and then she
had circled the hominary.  This had taken an hour or longer; but at
last she had hit upon the smooth track of those wheels.  This track
had been paved with an infinitesimally thin but continuous film of
rubber on the sandy surface of a human road.  She had simply
followed it to its end; and there, to her indescribable
satisfaction, she had picked up our trail crossing that of the
wheel.

Thus ran her tale, delivered throughout in a scent of horror and
almost despondency which was hard to reconcile with Bissa-tee's
buoyant and unconquerable temper.

It was several minutes before I could answer; for that horror and
despondency affected me profoundly.  I have said that, on this
first day of our eastward march, we were to experience the three
great dangers that were to dog us throughout the remainder of the
summer; and if we had, so far, been confronted with only two of
them, namely the incomprehensible animosity of these northern ants
and mutiny within our own ranks, here was the third, the danger
from man.  In addition to man's innate hostility to all forms of
life other than his own, there was this particular inducement for
him to treat us with a special savagery in that ants of our kind
were unknown in this country and therefore attracted his attention
and aroused his curiosity.

But I could not afford to indulge in gloomy reflections; there were
immediate problems to be solved; I needed Bissa-tee's help.

For another minute or so I stroked her antenn� affectionately, to
convey to her some little fraction of what I felt.  Then, pulling
myself together, I told her by a single scent that we, too, had had
our troubles during the day.  To my relief, Bissa-tee was at once
alert.  "Ants?" she asked.  And, by a few quick motions, I gave her
a summary of the day's doings.

For a second she pondered.  Then she scented succinctly, "A
prisoner."  I did not at once understand; and she elucidated.  "We
must know who they are.  Ask for volunteers to go on a raid and
bring in a prisoner.  We may have to dig ourselves in before
morning.  Don't lose a moment."

My first impulse was to rush to the quarters of the army.  But
better counsel came like an inspiration.  I went, instead, to the
place where our colleagues were still assembled in great excitement
over Bissa-tee's return.  There, I issued a proclamation on which I
pride myself to this day:  "Ants wanted for dangerous service,
without reward."

Every single one pressed forward.

My mind was busy.  It was plainly a case of taking the enemy by
surprise.  Surprise demanded silence and secrecy.  The utter calm
of the night would almost certainly be disturbed if any large
number were sent.  Three would have to be the limit.  I gave the
order to line up in parade order; and I walked along the line,
touching every ant with my antenn�, for purposes of recognition.
By the time I had reached the far end, I called Anna-zee, Azte-ca,
and Adver-tee to the front.  Turning to Anna-zee, I signified to
her my desire that she should pick from her associates a young ant,
nimble and alert, for this service; for she herself was getting
old, and her ever-increasing obesity disqualified her in any case.
She returned with a singularly powerful and agile individual and
assured me that I could place the most absolute trust in her
discretion and ability.

I outlined my plan.  They were to approach the hostile formicary in
the most careful manner; all the rest of us would meanwhile move to
a point half-way between our army and the hill; there, having
halted, we should all stridulate so as at once to alarm the enemy,
drawing forth her scouts, and to cover any noise our raiders might
inadvertently make in their approach.  Having picked a scout, they
were to seize her and to bring her in, giving the scent of purpose
achieved as a signal for our retreat behind the lines.

The enthusiasm with which my instructions were received gave me
heart.  The three selected for the service were fretting at every
delay.  Yet I restrained them.  It seemed imperative that they
should not be rash.  I gave orders for them to remain with the rest
of us till we had reached a certain point between the lines.  The
night was utterly dark now; the clouds overhead had thickened till
every trace even of starlight was excluded.  We fell into marching
order and circled the army.  Two or three times we were challenged
by Assa-ree's scouts; but, giving them the scent of the day, we
moved on without halting; in about half an hour we reached as
favourable a station as we could wish.

All those who were to remain with me--there were less than a
hundred now--began to stridulate; and this was the signal for our
three raiders to advance.  I will insert a continuous narrative
here, as though I had been with them; in reality it is pieced
together from their reports.

The hill of the unknown ants was straight east of us.  Anna-zee's
assistant was to approach it in a straight line; the other two from
the north-east and the southeast respectively.

All over the mound, as our raiders approached, the scent of the
enemy was distinctly perceptible; yet none of our ants had met with
anyone when they reached the summit of the hill.

Meanwhile, the chorus of our stridulation was distinctly audible
there; and the enemy must have been aware of it.  It seemed
unthinkable that they should have posted no sentinels.  Besides,
our raiders had also failed to locate an entrance crater.  The
whole ground under them--the hill was a hundred antlengths high and
covered a circular area with a diameter of at least 240 antlengths--
trembled and vibrated with activity.  It was a certainty, then,
that the enemy was expecting trouble.  But where was the entrance?
Had it been closed in expectation of just such a raid?

They resolved to circle the mound in a downward spiral: this took
over an hour, for the slope was gentle, and they went en �chelon,
Azte-ca leading and in touch with the upper trail which they had
made on their previous circuit.  To their surprise they had
descended two-thirds of the slope before they became unexpectedly
aware of the immediate proximity of numbers of the enemy just below
them.  They halted to take their bearings.  By careful observation
they arrived at the conclusion that the single entrance to the
enormous hill was located excentrically, on the flank, within a
score of antlengths from the base; and this entrance was swarming
with ants who were in the greatest excitement; in fact, their
excitement was such as almost to invite an immediate attack.

It served our purposes particularly well that their whole attention
was centred on the plain below.  Our raiders were actually within
jumping distance and yet remained unperceived.

In the meantime, we were stridulating in a manner which amounted to
actual hard work.  Fortunately, Assa-ree had moved to the front of
our army; and while she was left in entire ignorance of our
intentions, she was still sufficiently subdued to hold her hordes
back when, among the scents which reached her in confusion, she
isolated my body-scent.  As we were getting fatigued, however, I
began to worry over the delay.  Should it be necessary for us to
entrench ourselves, we should need time; and this thought made me
anxious.

Having communicated with each other and agreed upon a plan, our
raiders at last made a sudden rush; and then they retreated at once
to the top of the mound.  Each of them had secured a maxim.  Azte-
ca had been least lucky in the grasp with which she secured her
prisoner; for, on being seized, the latter had promptly doubled up
and stung her severely in the thorax, injecting what amounted to a
fatal dose of some albuminous poison.  So far, however, she held on
and actually succeeded in bringing her prisoner to the rear.

It was Adver-tee who gave the signal of success; and we promptly
ceased from stridulating.  In returning to the rear of the army, I
scented instructions to Assa-ree to refrain from all hostilities
and to await further orders.  In case of need she was to retreat.

To our amazement, we came ourselves in touch with the enemy's
scouts as we were circling south and west.  It was only for a
second; and the scouts withdrew at once; but it was a warning to be
on the alert.

Within half an hour, we had rejoined Bissa-tee whom we found much
improved though still very weak.  We waited patiently for the
return of our raiders.  When, at last, Adver-tee entered our
conclave, she was without Azte-ca and the nimble botanist; but she
brought her prisoner; and, having surrendered her to one of her
associates, she reported that she had left Azte-ca, overcome by the
poison of a sting, in the care of the third raider, half-way from
the strange formicarium, whence she proposed a number of carriers
should bring her and the other two prisoners in.

Meanwhile, Bissa-tee betrayed considerable excitement.  She
carefully circled Adver-tee's prisoner, limping in a way painful to
behold.  When she turned to me, her first utterance was one of
sorrow; she lamented the fact that our contact with this tribe,
which she called Pogonomyrmex Occidentalis, should have been a
hostile one.  She assured me that they belonged to the great
harvesting ants, most interesting and civilized in their habits,
though formidable as foes.  If Azte-ca had received a full dose of
the poison, she added, we should be delayed for days and days,
unless indeed we were able to carry her while on the march.

She had barely finished her report when the detachment of carriers
which I had sent came in with Azte-ca and the botanist, not to
forget their two prisoners.  Azte-ca was, indeed, in a deplorable
condition; and I was struck with amazement at sight of the
comparatively great size and the fierce and proud bearing of the
prisoner she had taken.

Scarcely had Bissa-tee seen the latter when, in spite of her
debilitated condition, she gave a jump; and, bowing her still
bleeding antenn� before the stranger, in a most amusing and yet
respectful manner, half ironically, half triumphantly, gave her the
salute due only to a commander.

"Here," she scented exultantly, turning to me, "we have, as a
hostage, Her Majesty's deputy-commander-in-chief of all the
Pogonomyrmex forces; her capture has cost us heavily, namely, the
certain death of our friend Adver-tee, unless we can induce Her
Excellency to furnish us with the antidote--which, by the way, I
believe we shall be able to do.  But even if not, we have paid no
more than this capture is worth."

At these scents Minna-ca, to give her her name as I came to know
it, gave a furious spring as though to attack Bissa-tee in spite of
her wounds and to end her life there and then.  But she was in good
jaws; and all she could do was to protrude her sting sheath from
which the gleaming weapon flashed forth ineffectually.

At this juncture I saw fit to interpose and to express, in
conciliatory scents, my regret, as that of the supreme commander of
the Attiine forces, that matters had come to this pass between a
peaceful delegation of scientists and a highly disciplined and
civilized tribe of ants of whom we had heard so much.  This was an
empty compliment; for apart from rumours and uncertain tales that
had reached us, we knew nothing of these Pogonomyrmex.  Even Bissa-
tee admitted later on that her whole speech had been based on a
bold guess which she herself had been surprised to see confirmed by
the behaviour of Minna-ca.  I was still at a loss to explain her
knowledge of this name; but when I expressed my perplexity, Bissa-
tee merely laughed as was her way when she had scored a point.
"Wa, be nimble," she said, "Wa, be quick!"  And suddenly it dawned
upon me that undoubtedly the first prisoner, brought in by Adver-
tee, had, unnoticed by myself, but astutely marked by Bissa-tee,
saluted her with the salute due to a commander-in-chief.  I could
never induce Bissa-tee to admit as much, however; she merely
repeated that nursery rhyme when I alluded to the subject.

Now Minna-ca was quite intelligent enough to see that in spite of
our small numbers we were a formidable enemy; perhaps she even
divined that we had weapons which we had not yet used.  Whether my
remarks flattered her or not, I do not know; but her attitude
became more conciliatory.  The rest was a mere matter of
negotiation.

Within half an hour a truce had been concluded for the day.  Our
army was to withdraw to the west; and Minna-ca was to send one of
the lesser ants that had been captured to her own city and to
enjoin upon her soldiers to refrain from all hostilities.  She
herself was to remain as a hostage; and she agreed to furnish us
with an antidote against the poison injected into Azte-ca.

Perhaps these were severe terms; but we had to make use of the
situation as it had shaped itself.  Already a plan was forming in
my mind whereby we might achieve the higher ends of science.

The terms of the truce were adhered to on both sides; and, seeing
that quiet prevailed on the front of yesterday's battle, I more
than once took occasion to engage Minna-ca in a brief exchange of
courtesies in order to enlighten her with regard to the aims of our
expedition.  When she began to grasp its scope, she became
interested; and in the afternoon she began to ask a few questions.
These referred chiefly to the climatic and topographical details
observed in our march to the north, and to astronomical questions
such as why we considered the earth to be a sphere; how we
explained the alternation of day and night; what brought about the
seasons and the inequalities of day and night, in summer as well as
in winter; whether we considered the inclination of the axis of the
earth to be 66 1/2 degrees from the plane of its orbit or 23 1/2
degrees from the perpendicular to it; and how we accounted for the
fact that below the surface there was a region of almost invariable
temperature in the ground.  But she also asked about the civic
organization of our state: whether it was communistic or
anarchistic; whether our queens were adopted or whether we insured
the continuity of our dynasty by adelphogamy.

The way in which she listened to my answers convinced me that she
was mostly speaking with her tongue in her cheek.  Compared with
her own compatriots, she considered us as mere conceited
barbarians; as I have invariably found that every nation, except
that endowed with the highest degree of culture, thinks itself
superior to all others.

When, however, I broached to her the plan that had formed in my
mind, she gave it the most favourable consideration.  This plan was
that we should exchange hostages; and that, when this exchange was
effected, we, the Attas, should be permitted to send a delegation
into their city for purposes of study.

Within a few hours this was arranged for.  I had the impression
that Minna-ca could not imagine any better means of insuring our
good will than to let us see the perfect appointments prevailing in
her city.  The only minor captive remaining was accordingly
released to submit my proposals to the assembly of maxims.  The
number to be exchanged was fixed at four; and the exchange was
speedily effected.

I, therefore, accompanied by Anna-zee, Adver-tee, and Assa-ree
repaired to neutral ground.  Assa-ree I took along because only
thus could I make sure that there would be no further mischief.
Azte-ca and Bissa-tee had perforce to remain behind.

Arrived at the place agreed upon, we were met by a delegation of
maxims from the so far hostile city.  Both delegations, I should
add, were escorted by a force sufficient to guard against
treachery.

Within a few minutes we came to the entrance which was situated on
the southern slope of the mound.  Our reception was cool but
respectful; and I quickly convinced myself that there was nothing
to fear.  Our escort undoubtedly considered that the life of Minna-
ca and her three fellow-hostages was worth any number of dead
Attas; and the agreement was that, should anything happen to any
one of us, she should be the first to be put to the jaw.  Only
once, in the course of our visit, did I see a sting flash; and, one
of our escort bending an antenna towards the offender, the motion
was immediately changed into a military salute.

As for the city, a brief summary of what we saw must suffice; for
details the student is referred to scent-tree number 703 in which,
as nearly as possible, considering that Adver-tee was dead, her
minute report has been embodied.

The whole mound was surrounded by a disk of earth 360 antlengths in
diameter cleared of every trace of vegetation; beyond it, to the
east, lay the kitchen-middens or refuse piles.  The mound itself
was most carefully constructed of small pebbles brought from the
subterranean chambers, of which there were about a thousand.  The
matter excavated had invariably been piled up north of the entrance
where it was in turn at once riddled with excavations; in fact, the
higher we penetrated within the mound, the greater was the
proportion of excavated space to solid masonry; and the lower we
went down, the farther from each other were the chambers spaced.
From the whole arrangement I could readily reconstruct, in my
imagination, the history of the colony.  Like those of most ants,
it must have taken its inception from a single and unattended queen
who, having excavated a tiny chamber and piled the matter removed
in a fan-shaped mound north of the entrance, at once proceeded to
rear her first brood of minims.

A large majority of these chambers was filled, or partly filled,
with the carefully husked and cleaned grains of grasses, especially
towards the top of the mound.  Since these grains had often, after
heavy rains, to be brought to the surface in order to be dried, and
in order that those that had sprouted might be removed, this seemed
a very sensible arrangement; whereas the brood chambers were
located at a depth which insured a minimum of change in temperature.
Individually, these lower chambers were hard to ventilate; but their
more scattered position and the great steepness of the connecting
galleries prevented any serious vitiation of the air.  In fact,
though, as compared with the burrow of the Myrmecocysts, this mound
seemed close and crowded, there prevailed a degree of neatness and
even elegance which did not fail to impress me.

As for the ants themselves, I was struck with the great size and
weight of the hammerlike heads of certain individuals.  These, I
was told were the crushers whose chief duty it was to comminute the
hard grains for consumption by larv�, callows, and minims.  Each
fragment of starchy matter was, before being fed to a larva, coated
with saliva; and thereby the starch was, at least partly, changed
into sugar and made more readily digestible.  The workers were,
however, not highly polymorphic.

We did not see a sign of Her Majesty.  I made a discreet enquiry
and was promptly told that Her Majesty was upset by yesterday's
losses and had gone into mourning.

So, when our circuit was completed, we were politely ushered back
to the entrance; and we took the hint.  Our guides had observed the
most scrupulous courtesy; but it had remained untempered by any
cordiality.  We had, indeed, been invited to partake of the crushed
seeds; they were tendered, however, not as the offerings of
hospitality, but solely for the sake of acquainting us with their
strictly vegetarian diet.

We returned in solemn procession to our starting-point where we
were met by a detachment of our own ants surrounding the four
Pogonomyrmex hostages which included Minna-ca.

There remained a last formality: that of ratifying the terms of our
retreat.  Minna-ca insisted on our leaving within seven days.  I
had been in hopes that we should not be exposed to such a demand;
but, after having sent a messenger to enquire from Bissa-tee and
Azte-ca whether they thought seven days sufficient for their
recovery and having received an answer in the affirmative, I
agreed.  This messenger I sent chiefly in order to save my face; I
did not want it to appear as though I embraced Minna-ca's terms too
readily.


III


As a matter of fact, we held a general review on the fourth day and
departed within the next twenty-four hours.  We still went straight
east; and for a number of days we passed one Pogonomyrmex colony
after the other.  There was constant battle; wherever we appeared,
we were attacked; and this warfare of attrition did not cease till
we were beyond the range of these ants.  Whenever we came within
2,400 antlengths of any clearing of theirs, we were in contact with
their scouts; and at last we established a regular routine in
getting past.  We trained a shock-troop of some 500 picked fighters
who met the attacking column and, gradually swinging to the right
or the left, as the case might be, so as to cover our flank, they
kept the enemy engaged while we marched past; when we had done so,
they defended our rear till we were disengaged.  No doubt the
records of these numerous colonies boast to this day of an unbroken
series of victories over an invading army of giants.

It goes without saying that such actions could not be fought
without losses; and while they were comparatively slight on our
side, they counted more heavily against us than those a hundred
times as large counted against our enemies.  The worst of it was
that we soon came to the point where we had to leave our wounded
behind.  At first we made an attempt to carry them with us; but we
found that we were unconscionably delayed by them and that the
efficiency of our army was seriously impaired by such a burden.
Assa-ree claimed that our wounded were the direct cause of further
losses; for, if we marched unencumbered, we passed each hostile
colony in half the time; and our losses were directly proportional
to the time required for doing so.  Still another consideration had
to be urged in favour of the unantly expedient of abandoning our
casualties to the untender mercies of our enemies: only about half
of them recovered ultimately.  Only too often did we find that we
had carried an ant along for four or five days in order to have her
die anyway at the last.  I even found that, in Assa-ree's ranks,
there were those who found themselves unable, in spite of all
warnings, to resist the temptation of cannibalism; and all those
who partook of these ghoulish feasts were promptly taken ill
themselves, some of them with fatal results.  I was in despair.
Expediency demanded that I should do what no Atta had ever done
before; and I was to do it on the motion of Assa-ree!  The whole
expedition had now entered a phase in which we could consider
nothing but the ultimate aim: not to let the ever increasing sum of
our findings perish with ourselves.

Desperate counsel came to me sometimes, at night.  I knew it was
the opinion of Bissa-tee, Anna-zee, Azte-ca, and many others that
we could increase our chances by getting rid of the army and
advancing henceforth by stealth.  They admitted that, without the
army, we could never have done what we had succeeded in doing; they
even suspected that, without it, we might find it next to
impossible to get home again.  Yet they did not shrink from the
conclusion that, for the present, our chances of survival would
be increased if we could make ourselves less conspicuous.
Occasionally I was almost inclined to reason as they did,
especially when one of my own associates fell a victim to the sting
of a Pogonomyrmex.  We thus lost our last two physiological
thermometers and the only remaining barometer.  All three had to be
abandoned; for here is another point: we could no longer claim
privileges over the rank and file; differences between privates and
officers were wiped out.  I could neither detail carriers for the
service of conveying members of the High Command nor delay our
incessant battles by allowing those among ourselves who volunteered
to carry their own associates; in either case I should have
precipitated a mutiny in the ranks.

Yet, for a handful of us to sneak away and to leave the rest to
their fates--no, I could not yet do that.

And then, one night, I received an entirely unexpected revelation
which added tremendously to the burden of care which I was bearing
already.  We had somehow managed to evade two hostile armies; and
every ant in the army as well as in the High Command was completely
fagged.  I had been in hopes that I might still give the order to
entrench; for we were in the centre of an area which served as a
no-ant's-land for three equidistant Pogonomyrmex colonies, all of
them ready, at the first provocation, to fall on us or on each
other.  But Assa-ree declared that she dared not give any such
order before the troops had had some rest.  "Very well," I replied,
"form clusters."  Fortunately we had a few dead gum-trees in sight;
and preparations were instantly made.  I was, during a last tour of
inspection, forcibly struck with the slenderness of the army
cluster suspended from the small branch of a tree.  Our own cluster
was outright minute.

I was turning to the latter in order to insert myself in its very
centre when I was accosted by an ant from Assa-ree's staff.  She
touched my abdomen and then crouched down in deep grass.  At first
I thought she was wounded; but her next touch conveyed to me a
desire to have private communication with me on a vital matter.
She was a powerful ant; and I hesitated: she came from Assa-ree's
immediate entourage, and there might be treachery afoot.  Yet I
liked her way: she seemed to be worried but frank.  I allowed her
to take the lead and to guide me to a secluded point within the
cleared disk around one of the Pogonomyrmex mounds.  I suppose she
chose this location because it enabled us to see all about us: no
spy could have approached unperceived.

Treachery was afoot indeed.  This was what Assa-ree's aide
communicated to me.

All our findings, geographical, geologic, climatic, zoological, and
botanical, had been carefully watched by Assa-ree and records of
them entrusted to certain ants in her suite; among ourselves, they
were severally entrusted to certain ants, besides being communicated
to myself who, by reason of my enormous memory, was best fitted to
act as a depositary and a check on the separate mnemonic prodigies
which formed Adver-tee's group of associates.

This was amazing news.  Assa-ree had no scientific training; nor,
of course, had any member of her staff.  They were unable to grasp
the import of our findings except in a popular recast.  Any check
record would have been welcome; but the value of these records kept
by Assa-ree was necessarily impaired by the fact that they were
made by ants who knew nothing of what they were supposed to record.
Whole contexts were almost sure to be entangled and subverted.

But above all, what was the purpose?

My informant hesitated; and what she signified next made me
inclined to place an absolute trust in her.  Much of what she had
to say was conjectural, she admitted; but it was based on facts
observed.  Thus, one day, Assa-ree's body-servant being indisposed,
she, my informant, had been detailed, much to her indignation, to
supply that functionary's service.  Knowing Assa-ree's ungovernable
temper--a characteristic I was unacquainted with, never having
served under her in an inferior capacity--she had complied without
protest; and, while absolute certainty in such a matter could be
arrived at only by a medical examination, yet she would be willing
to stake her life on the assertion that Assa-ree was fertilized.

This was a tremendous blow.  I saw it all in a flash.  It explained
so many things that I accepted it at once as true.  It had been
rumoured at home that Assa-ree laid eggs.  It was no uncommon thing
for a worker to lay an occasional egg; the fact was treated as a
misfortune rather than as a crime, though repeated lapses were
looked at askance.  But among Attas, as among most other ants,
parthenogenetic eggs produce males only; and, if Assa-ree had laid
parthenogenetic eggs habitually, it must have resulted in a
preponderance of males over females in our colony; it had not done
so; in fact, the approximate equality of the numbers of males and
females in the perfect castes of our colony had been the cardinal
fact in my disregarding and discrediting all those rumours.  If it
was true that Assa-ree was impregnated, the fact furnished a new
and different explanation.

And then came another still more staggering revelation.  My
informant, having given me time to digest what she had told me,
went on as though there had been no pause.  In spite of the fact
that Assa-ree had, at the time, not partaken of any food whatever
for more than twenty days, there had been a distinct fecal odour
about the tip of her gaster.

I could only stammer, "What do you mean to imply?"  But of course I
knew well enough before she told me.  That fecal odour could have
proceeded only from her receptaculum seminis.  Horrible as it was
in its implications, the inference could not be escaped.  The
implications were not only horrible in the extreme; they were so
far-reaching that I reeled with their impact.

The first of them was, of course, that Assa-ree herself, though she
had certainly never had wings, had been fertilized by an Eciton;
all her offspring, therefore, were crosses between Atta and Eciton;
and that accounted for many things: for their easy fraternization
with pure-bred Ecitons; for their ferocity and their strange
appearance; for the ease with which they had lived on the land as
we went; for their fanatical attachment to their leader.

But would an Eciton male have paired with Assa-ree at the time of
her criminal romance if she had herself been undoubtedly Atta?  If
not, there must have been, a generation ago, an older Pseudogyne or
false female among our mothers and foster-mothers; and a third
before that; and so on, back into the past, ad infinitum: a
terrible thought!  Unless, indeed, this whole series of crimes was
initiated, at a comparatively recent time, by some freak of nature?
But that was unlikely; for all biological experience shows that
variation takes place in a divergent, not a convergent line.  The
whole thing was bewildering in the extreme.

And what about the future?  Assa-ree, knowing that she was
fertilized and, therefore, able to produce offspring of all three
castes, male, female, and worker, was securing to herself the
results of this expedition which constituted the greatest
undertaking ever ventured upon by ants.  With what aim in view?
There could be only a single one.  She harboured treasonable
thoughts: she was going to return to our home; and she was going to
court popularity there by making it appear as though she and not we
were the ones through whose devotion, enterprise, and initiative
the findings of our scholars had been obtained and preserved.  But
in order to reap all that glory for herself, she would have to
dispose of us, the true explorers.  What could be easier?  She had
the army: she would turn the army against us; and in all normal
probability we were lost, one and all.  Then, what?  She would lead
the remainder of her forces home in triumph; and, patiently waiting
her time, she would ultimately reap even the crown or, alternatively,
bring the crown under her domination.  She would pass herself off as
a perfect dealated queen; and there would be the end of our glorious
nation.  She might even attempt a coup d'�tat, deposing or beheading
our Gracious Queen, Her Majesty Orrha-wee. Nothing would be beyond
her reach.

But, it may be asked, why should she go on protecting us?  Clearly,
for one single reason.  Without us all further exploration would
cease.  Every day new discoveries were being made, new territory
was described; for that she needed us; without us she could do one
thing only, fight her way home.  Neither she nor any of her
associates could do our work: the only record she could have
accumulated would have been of a military exploit: and she knew, of
course, that Attas lay little stress on military fame.  No doubt
she meant to keep us till we had reaped the full harvest and then
to sacrifice us to her ambitions.

In this she had overlooked one single point, namely, that, as the
highest of the powers conferred upon me, I held that little pellet
of the royal perfume of death in my infrabuccal chamber; and Assa-
ree, not being a perfect female, was unable to produce either it or
that other perfume which annuls the former's action.

A second point was in my favour: I was forewarned and therefore
forearmed: and Assa-ree did not know it; at least not yet.  But
henceforth continual watchfulness and suspicion must be the order
of the day; never again could I approach Assa-ree without being
prepared to lay her low at a moment's notice; and, what was worse,
never again could I allow myself to be cradled in sleep without
having someone stand guard over me and mine.

I pondered this.  The thought struck me that this officer who was
apparently pure Atta might join us and that she and I might take
turns in this duty.  It would not do.  Such a course would betray
my knowledge to Assa-ree who was bound to notice what I had done.
I could not even allow this officer to return to the army.  Just
how much she knew of what her revelations implied I could not tell;
but, unless she realized at least part of their import, she would
hardly have come to me in this way.  In other words, she was
essentially a traitress; she must know that she had delivered over
her supreme commander into my jaws.  This was a terrible dilemma.
If safety there was for me and mine, it was owing to her; but it
was achieved through treason.  Without that treason we might at any
moment have been murdered.  Yet treason begets treason.  Treason is
not a casual act of misdemeanour.  Treason is the outcome of a
treasonable disposition; and a treasonable disposition deserved
death.  But, though her death was indicated, I resolved to make her
happy before she had to die.

Slowly I brought forward, in my infrabuccal chamber, between labrum
and tongue, the pellet of royal favour which, when inhaled after
the royal perfume of death, overrules it; but, when inhaled before
it, merely makes the latter painless in its effect but is itself
overruled by it.  I saw the officer who shall remain nameless faint
with ecstasy; and then, as I allowed the pellet of royal favour to
slip back and brought forward the pellet of instant death, I saw
her rear on her hind-feet as though in greeting; and then she was
blotted to the ground.  Peace be with her soul!


IV


We remained at this station for three days.  Even I needed the
rest.  I was now in my ninth year; and, while Her Majesty's
prediction that my life would be prolonged by the greatness of my
task had undoubtedly come true, yet I was beginning to feel the
effect of extreme old age.  I am happy to be able to say that it
did not impair the powers of my mind; but the incessant marches of
the last forty days told on my bodily strength; and the constant
worry had superinduced a severe insomnia.

In order to ensure that my rest remained unbroken, I issued orders
that nobody should leave camp.  I took Bissa-tee and Azte-ca partly
into my confidence, telling them that I feared mutiny in the army;
and henceforth both faithfully shared my vigils.  I have mentioned
that our cluster was fastened to the lowest branch of a dead gum-
tree; and every night we took turns in mounting guard on that
branch.

Now the third night Bissa-tee who had had the second watch, did
not, when I came to relieve her, go to rest in the centre of the
cluster but remained with me on the branch.  I at once surmised
that she had something to communicate.

The night was absolutely calm; and the lower atmosphere was laden
with moisture.  On such nights all scents seem intensified: the
perfume pervading the air dissolves in the minute droplets of water
afloat and saturates them.  Bissa-tee was facing the point where I
had had my interview with Assa-ree's disaffected officer; and
suddenly she raised her antenn� rigidly up into the darkness above.
I did the same and perceived a peculiar though very faint odour
coming from that quarter.  It was a scent of death and decay,
uncanny, alarming.  It was not carried by any motion of the air; it
was itself dead and motionless.  Whatever was decaying there was
exhaling an aura that expanded about its point of origin like a
huge atmospheric hemisphere; but, this aura being heavier than air,
it flattened out in this utter calm and reached our post by
gravity.

My first thought was, of course, of the officer who had dropped
there; but a little reflection caused me to dismiss it; to create
an aura pervading such a distance an ant of the size of a horse
would have been needed.  I was profoundly disquieted; and so was
Bissa-tee.  She had made no motion, had emitted no scent.  We stood
there for half an hour or longer, as though the prolongation or
repetition of our perception could have furnished a clue.

At last I lowered my antenn� and turned to descend the tree.
Bissa-tee followed me; but, as we passed the cluster of our
associates, she touched me to signify her wish that I should wait
for her.  She entered the cluster and, in a few minutes, returned
with one of her subordinates who at once began to lick me from head
to sting-sheath, coating my whole exoskeleton with her saliva which
I recognized as being aseptic.  Having finished with me, she did
the same for Bissa-tee who at last desired her to go back to sleep.
I felt grateful to Bissa-tee for taking this precaution dictated by
her solicitude.

When we reached the ground and began to proceed in the direction of
the smell, it became speedily intensified and so distasteful that,
under any other circumstances, I should have turned back.  Soon we
distinguished the germs of pestilence floating about in the air,
greatly enjoying themselves in the warmth of the night; for it was
now midsummer.  Some of them were charming little things,
iridescent in the faintest colours of the rainbow.  The wisdom of
the precaution taken by Bissa-tee became apparent now; for many of
these germs began to alight, in frolicsome and elastic springs, on
our armour, especially in the neighbourhood of our mouth-parts and
our trache�.  Every one was instantly killed by the protective
coating we had received.

At last, through an ever-thickening cloud of these germs, we
approached the scene of my interview with the officer; and an
appalling sight met our eyes, for by this time there was the
faintest trace of light in the east.

In front of us lay an enormous heap of dead ants, all of the
hostile species.  It was piled just inside the cleared disk
surrounding the mound of the nearest colony.  There were hundreds
of thousands of them, piled to the height of a hundred antlengths;
and all were stark-dead.  It was a scene to shake the stoutest
heart.  Far in the east the grey of dawn stood in a sky of
featureless cloud; a sloping plain stretched away to meet it,
without a tree, without a shrub, without even a tall weed,
featureless like the sky which it seemed to reflect.  It looked
like chaos before the creation; or like some scene from the end of
the world, such as our poets sing of, when life has just become
extinct on earth.  We shivered.

And then we turned back.  Bissa-tee, the unconquerable, was
conquered.  "We must flee," she scented as we went.  "This is the
end of all life on earth; at least of all ant-life.  An epidemic is
sweeping the world."  And then, having turned for a last look, she
stood arrested again.

I had been following my own thoughts; but when she stood still, I,
too, stopped and looked back.  And now we saw something which
seemed for the moment still more appalling.  We had swerved a
little to the west of our former path; and so a corner of the pile
came in sight which had before been hidden from our eyes.

There, from a neighbouring formicary, a long line of living ants
was coming through the low-growing and spreading plants.  On and on
they came, hurrying, scurrying, helter-skelter, all pressing
forward toward that pile of destruction.  Those that reached it,
promptly began to scale its flanks, hastening upward and spreading
out and then falling dead and forming a new layer over the old
ones.

This was so amazing that for some time I could not tear myself
away; and when I did so at last, I moved over still farther to the
west.  Thence I saw a second line of ants coming from the east,
behaving exactly like the first; and then a third and a fourth
line; they were coming from all directions; and all of them climbed
the pile of death and fell dead themselves, most of them remaining
where they fell, though a few of them rolled down the slope and
widened the base.

The light was getting stronger with every moment; and the germs
which in the previous dimness had been phosphorescent and easily
visible began to pale; but when I held my eyes focused a little in
front of the pile, I could still see them.  They formed a dense
cloud covering the pile like a hood.  Since they thrive in
darkness, they were all trying to enter the interstices between the
dead ants; but the temptation to feast was too great; and they are
peculiarly organized in such a way that they coil up in contact
with a surface from which they absorb food through the skin.  This
is quite mechanical; and as the food is absorbed, their bodies
swell out at the point of contact; but, in order to distribute the
absorbed liquid, they straighten out with a sudden jerk which, by
reason of their exceeding lightness, sends them flying up again.
It was, therefore, a long while before I could see any diminution
in the size of the cloud.  But very slowly it contracted.

It was time for us to depart; orders had been given to be ready for
marching at sun-up.

Bissa-tee signified her desire to take one of the dead ants along
for analysis and dissection; but I, knowing how the destruction had
been wrought, interposed my absolute veto.

At our tree nothing was stirring yet; and I was glad of it; I
thought it best to avoid all unnecessary enquiries.  I remounted my
post, enjoining the greatest secrecy on Bissa-tee; and I remained
on the branch for another half hour before I gave the general
alarm.

In that interval I pondered what I had seen.  The dead Attiine
officer had, in her death, been impregnated, first with the perfume
of royal favour, then with the perfume of instant death; and though
I had given her only infinitesimal doses of both, they are very
tenacious; and I had been able to distinguish both in the faint
aura as we had approached the pile.  Now the perfume of royal
favour is much more volatile than the perfume of death; and it has
this further peculiarity that the faintest trace of it, absorbed by
an ant, induces that ant to bring into play her power of
differential apperception: she will ignore all other scents but
this single one; it she will follow no matter where it leads; for
it seems to promise power and everlasting satisfaction of all
desires; and this satisfaction appears suddenly as a veritable
heaven on earth.  She has, from that moment on, no other desire
than to inhale this money.[1]  Nothing will hold her back; no
consideration of honour; no love of kind; no sense of formicarian
dignity.  Have it she must should it lead her to death.  But the
royal perfume of death lingered more closely about the officer's
body; and, as the pile of its victims grew, it was successively
absorbed by the outer layers at the top.


[1] This is another case where, in the text, as communicated to me by
Wawa-quee, a word appears which seems to have no connection with
the context and the provenance of which I am unable to explain.  In
the previous chapter it was the word "author".  I leave these words
without trying to account for their presence in the text.  E.


That was the appalling explanation of what we had seen.


V


I was fully aware that, in leaving the place, we should have to use
great care not to expose our own forces to danger from the perfume
of royal favour; though I had already concluded from Bissa-tee's
immunity that Pogonomyrmex, perhaps by reason of their smaller
size, perhaps by reason of the more material bent of their minds,
were accessible to the effect of vastly smaller doses than we were
ourselves.  We must leave at once; or we should be caught by the
pest; the urgency of the case admitted of no delay.

Fortunately, a light south wind sprang up before the day was far
advanced.  Yet I ordered a south-east direction to be taken for our
line of march; and when we had gone a matter of some two hundred
thousand antlengths, I sent word to Assa-ree to bend north-west
again, so as to resume our original line of travel.

More than once, I might say, we came upon hurrying columns of
Pogonomyrmex, all striving with might and main to reach that pile
of destruction which I was anxious to leave behind.  They had
caught the scent and were doomed.  As we advanced and broke through
their lines, they seemed to have lost all their pugnacity; they
were not bent upon battle; they were bent on the perfume of royal
favour and death.  We had to kill not a few in order to force them
to give us our way.

All day long, and for a week more, we pursued our march downhill;
and from the second day on it was fight, fight, fight once more;
though the formicaries seemed to become less populous as we went.
Bissa-tee was much interested in this fact and, from it, at last
drew a conclusion of comfort which, to our joy, we had shortly an
opportunity of verifying as correct.  This conclusion was that
these ants do not live below a given altitude; for under the
increased pressure of the atmosphere they become sluggish.

Having travelled a matter of twelve million ant-lengths, we were at
last freed from this scourge and could breathe freely once more.

No sooner were we assured of this than I called a halt and held a
grand review.  The result of the census taken was that our army had
shrunk by more than a third: there were 2,314 fighters, officers
included; and the High Command consisted of 69 scholars.  This was
terrible news; and it had a depressing effect on most minds.

Even Bissa-tee seemed to be inclined to advise an immediate retreat
to the south; but when I reminded her of the old legends that tell
of slave-making ants, her enthusiasm was revived.  That was what I
loved in her: the passion for knowledge made her forget all danger
and every suffering past or to come.  Never lived a more intrepid
spirit.

The plenary meeting of the remainder of our Command was memorable
in more ways than one.

In the first place, the scientific results of this march through a
hostile country were discussed in great detail (see scent-tree
number 567).  It must not be thought that the Pogonomyrmex were the
only ants, or ants the only object of our study.  There were the
flora and the fauna, and within the latter the more or less
parasitic insect fauna; there were the ecto- and endoparasites
symbiotic or synechthrous with Pogonomyrmex, some of them polishing
their armours in their endeavour to make a living off their
skeletal excretions or the coatings with which they covered each
other; some preying upon or within their intestines.  Above all,
however, there were ants who, in spite of the dominance of
Pogonomyrmex were able to eke out a living in the midst of enemies
and who would perhaps have been unable to subsist anywhere else.
To illustrate, there is the little Dorymyrmex Pyramicus which
builds its tiny nest on the slope of the Pogonomyrmex mound and
subsists by waylaying and robbing, in numbers, single members of
the host species--if it can be so called--as they return home laden
with booty; for Pogonomyrmex never hunts in files, as we concluded
from the fact that no well-paved highways radiate from their
clearings.  Why individuals of the more powerful species submit to
these hold-ups without invoking the revenge of the whole tribe on
the robbers was long a secret to us.  At last Bissa-tee hit upon
the explanation: every single individual so robbed would be careful
not to expose herself to the ridicule of the whole tribe by
admitting that she had yielded to the compulsion of ants manifestly
inferior in size and power.  Probably there were not many
Pogonomyrmex in any mound who had not at one time or other been
held up successfully; but they would never admit it; on the
contrary, they would be all the more emphatic in scoffing at anyone
who proclaimed her shame.  This conjecture was strikingly confirmed
when a Dorymyrmex was caught; the sardonic and contemptuous way in
which she referred to her hosts as vain, arrogant, and blundering
giants was comical to see; and we, having no tenderness for
Pogonomyrmex, released the little thing, not without admiring her
psychological insight.  In a purely ethnographic sense this
encounter was highly interesting because this Dorymyrmex had a
distinct race odour almost identical with that of Tapinoma and
Formica Incerta, the former a close relative (a Dolichoderine), the
latter from a different sub-family, but both occurring over the
same area.

We had also made further observations on man; and we had even seen
the Wheeler again.  The latter, however, did not come near us.

A general survey of ants was arrived at.  There could be no doubt
that, in our own country, we were the dominant ants; in the next
climatic zone to the north, the Ecitons were masters of the
situation; and thus we mapped the continent out as far as it had
been explored.  The eastern plateaux of the mountains were ruled by
honey ants; their eastern slopes by the harvesters.  This does not
mean, as I have already pointed out, that no other ants occurred in
these zones; but all ants inhabiting the same zone, must, in every
aspect of their lives, take into account the dominant ants.

This led to a great discussion between Anna-zee, our botanist who
was also a philosopher, and Bissa-tee.  But of that anon.

One word about man in this connection.  I will admit that I had
long feared that ultimately we might reach districts in which man
was dominant.  But the conclusions arrived at on the present
occasion and confirmed later on pointed to the fact that man is
nowhere on earth truly dominant except within his cities and his
superterranean burrows; and often not even there.  While he forces
individual ants and individual tribes to adjust themselves to him,
yet, on the whole, he must adjust himself to ants.  Ants are vastly
more adaptable, more plastic than man.  Even where man grows crops
over large areas of the surface of the globe, ants utilize these
crops to a greater extent than man; so that, in a more profound
view, man also has been subjected and made serviceable to ants.
This is one of the great general and important conclusions arrived
at: no matter where you go, into the tropics or into the subarctic
zones, wherever life subsists at all, there ants subsist and subdue
nature to their ends; the rest of creation pays them toll.  To this
conclusion about the fundamental dominance of ants as lords of the
animal world there is only one single exception: we Attas alone
have reached a level of civilization which makes it possible for us
to live self-contained lives, respecting, and not interfering with,
other forms of animal life unless we are ourselves interfered with.
That is the reason why, without any hesitation, we can now assert,
as a conclusion backed by science, what, in the past, has perhaps
been asserted as a matter of mere national prejudice, namely, that
we Attas must ultimately redeem the world from the sin of
predacious life.  We alone are in full accord with nature's
purpose; we alone, as our ancestors would have expressed it, serve
the will of God.

Now for a summary of the discussion that took place between Bissa-
tee and Anna-zee.  I have already said that even Bissa-tee, at the
nadir of our fortunes, would have been inclined to advise an
immediate return home; and that she had changed her mind when I
referred to the ever-accumulating evidence pointing towards a
fourth mode of life discovered by ants, namely, that of enslaving
other ants or, which means the same thing, of making themselves
dependent upon these slaves.

As for Anna-zee, it was at all times difficult to arrive at a
precise estimate of her views; she was so given to ironical
statement that she often seemed to argue on both sides of the
question.

When we were to decide whether to proceed or to return, Bissa-tee
spoke convincingly in favour of going on with our task; and since
both Azte-ca and Adver-tee fulfilled functions not immediately, but
only indirectly bearing on the ultimate aims of the expedition,
they were open to conviction.  I, therefore, welcomed Bissa-tee's
eloquent effort; for it will be remembered that I had deprived
myself of my vote and could only act as chairman of our meetings
and as a clearing-house of ideas.  Once a thing was resolved upon,
it was my duty to see to it that it was done; and to this there was
only the one exception of a dead-lock in the meeting of department
heads, in which case I held the casting vote.

Having listened to Bissa-tee, Anna-zee, in the manner characteristic
of her, wagged her huge head over her left shoulder and slowly
heaved herself to her feet.  Even the privations and hardships of
our last desperate march had not availed to reduce her obesity.
There are ants who will thrive on next to nothing; and Anna-zee was
one of them.  Amid a profound silence she began her great argument.

All formicarian endeavour, she scented, was oriented in one of two
directions: towards the knowable or the unknowable.  In a
superficial view it might seem as though, for a reasoning being,
there could be no choice: the knowable alone was worthy of her
effort.  But the mere fact that, throughout the millennia, those
who represented perhaps the finest minds among ants had striven
towards the unknowable must bid us pause; and when we looked at the
present state of our precious inheritance, what did we find?  Did
not the mass of what was handed down to us in the fields of
philosophy, art, poetry, religious thought, etc. vastly outweigh
what was handed down to us in the field of science?  In fact, what
was left of the science of a few millennia ago?  Names, that was
all; and, perhaps, a few things to laugh at.  Venerable names--
names revered in spite of the fact that the theories, hypotheses,
and so-called discoveries with which they were associated have long
since disappeared into the limbo of a forgotten childhood of
thought.  Did we think it would be different with our findings?

Science asks one question only, she went on: the question "How?"
But ant insists on asking that other question "Why?"  This latter
question has not only never been answered; it has been proved to be
unanswerable except by so-called spiritual vapourings which, by any
thinking ant, cannot be received with anything but scepticism.  The
question "How?" on the other hand, can be answered after a fashion
by one provisional answer after the other.  In a matter of fact, it
would seem, certainty is within our reach; the trouble is that
certainty on one point answers one limited question only and itself
opens up other questions.  The achievement of any ant of science is
merely the basis for the achievement of another ant of science;
from moment to moment it is superseded.  In fact, she went on,
gathering momentum as she went, since the province of fact, unknown
but knowable, is infinite in extent, all that is knowable will
never be known; though, in a way, we might be said to approach that
end; in another way, however, we may be said to be farther from the
goal the nearer we come to it; for everything knowable that becomes
known opens up a view into realms of the knowable not yet known
which exceed in magnitude all the provinces of the knowable already
known by something resembling infinity.

But suppose for a moment this were not so; suppose that, with
everything knowable that becomes known, we diminished by exactly
that much the realm of the knowable not yet known; and that
ultimately we succeeded in changing all knowable things into known
things, what should we have gained?  Precisely nothing.  Man, it is
true, from what she had seen of him, might conceivably think
himself a gainer; for man does not strive after knowledge for the
sake of knowledge; he strives after it for the sake of increasing
his power.  Ants, who have long since abandoned that aim, seeing
clearly that material progress--which means no more and no less
than the increase of power for the achievement of material ends--
would side-track them in their essential task which was to live
this life of theirs fully--ants could never be satisfied with so
low an aim; and that for the very reason that they see themselves
as thinking, exploring, feeling, and reasoning beings--not as
slaves of material ends.  What, then, stands at the end of a
complete exploration of the knowable world?  What, if such an end
there is, stands at the end of science?  At that end stands neither
more nor less than a complete realization of our ignorance.  For,
since it is ant-nature, since it always has been and will ever
remain ant-nature, to ask that question "Why?" we shall merely find
ourselves confronted with the whole realm of the unknowable; in
other words, the best that science, even on the basis of our
assumption, can achieve is the conversion of the vast knowable
universe into an unknowable universe.

But, of course, as she had already pointed out, the knowable
universe being infinite, this dilemma could never arise.  Well,
then, ultimate value there is none in science.  Meanwhile, is there
a relative value?  There is; but that value is not increased by
increasing knowledge.  A single known fact would be sufficient to
create that value.  For the moment a fact is known, the moment a
single how is known, that moment ant-reason hammers at it with the
question why; and in that lies its sole and exclusive ultimate
value.  Ants are constituted in such a way that they must ever try
to storm heaven.  They are suspended between two worlds: the world
of the knowable and the world of the unknowable; and from that very
fact arises their transcendent mission which consists in the task
of expressing their feelings with regard to a callous universe.  To
go on adding to the collection of known fact is merely one more way
of expending one's life uselessly, not superior, perhaps not even
equivalent, to that other way of swinging the hammer "Why?"  But,
if it had to be one or the other, the gift of expressing her
feelings being denied her, she, being old and obese, preferred the
latter; and she could swing that hammer sitting in comfort at home.

This, she proceeded, after an impressive pause, might seem strange,
as coming from one who had gone so far.  But it had always been her
opinion that one thing was as good as another; and, while she hoped
that we should support her by our vote, she would go on with us if
such were our pleasure.  It did not matter.  She simply found it
easier to sit and be fed than to march and go hungry.

She stood with her antenn� trembling sardonically.  Then she
dropped heavily to the ground, resting her case and spreading out
her legs sideways.

Her discourse had made a profound impression on both Azte-ca and
Adver-tee.  I was vainly searching in my mind for something to
counteract that impression when, opportunely, Bissa-tee stirred her
long limbs and briefly gave her opinion to the effect that all that
was "rank nihilism".

Anna-zee's head shook over her left shoulder, and her antenn�
trembled.  It was most unusual for her to deliver herself of long
speeches; in all my experience she had done so only twice; once on
the occasion of our visit to the ant-colonies on Acacia
Sph�rocephala, and just now.  For the former she had made up by a
silence of many months, broken only by monosyllabic remarks on the
flora of the districts traversed.  In the present case, all four of
us understood her silence to mean that she considered Bissa-tee a
consummate ass; and I could at once see that Adver-tee was
sufficiently sensitive to be won back to Anna-zee's side by this
attitude of silent contempt.

Azte-ca remained doubtful.  In her way she was a genius; she could
find ways and means of communicating with ants and other insects
and even, as we shall see, with mammals which no one else could
find; but essentially she was an ability in the concrete, without
brains.  Yet she stood too near the throne and the powers that be;
the scent nihilism had thoroughly frightened her; and her
expression betrayed, when she looked at me, that she was conscious
of having very nearly walked into a trap--a fact of which I was
glad.

Adver-tee, on the other hand, was won to Anna-zee's side; and in a
way I could not but admire her for it.  Whoever is familiar with
the reaction of sullen resistance which had, at home, greeted
advanced and ultramodern speculations, political as well as
scientific, tending in the direction of this scientific nihilism or
in that of political anarchism, will at once understand that Bissa-
tee could not have said anything more effective in counteracting
her opponent's arguments than the thing she had said.  At home, the
mere suspicion of being in sympathy with such dangerous
speculations had been sufficient to ruin an ambitious ant's career.
Yet Anna-zee's prestige was such--and since the very beginning of
our expedition it had been steadily on the increase among the
members of the High Command--that a comparatively young ant like
Adver-tee was dazzled by her intellectual powers and foolishly
inferred that Anna-zee was a coming ant.

As for me, I was now quite satisfied with the course the argument
had taken; I knew what I had to expect.  I promptly put the
question to the vote, which was evenly divided: a fact which gave
me what I wanted, the chance of deciding the issue by my casting
vote.  With its help it was resolved to proceed as soon as we were
sufficiently rested.



CHAPTER FOUR

The Plain


Containing our adventures with slave-making Rubicundas and
Polyergus, and the marvellous speculations of Bissa-tee on the
same; a report of the single combat between Assa-ree and an Amazon;
the supreme disaster of the human road; further evidence of Assa-
ree's treasonable practices; the crossing of the great river by
means of metallic threads spun by great spiders; the trial and
execution of Assa-ree; and my own speculations with regard to the
final stage of degeneration perhaps not yet reached by any slave-
making ants.


I


It was a strange coincidence that in course of time we should once
more have run across our old human enemy the Wheeler.  But one day,
a month or so later, there he was again, crossing our very line of
march a few thousand antlengths ahead, riding on his two wheels.  I
promptly gave the signal to halt and to lie low.

But he never troubled us; and since we were marching without a
vanguard of scouts, we were not perceived, in spite of the fact
that he alighted straight in front, in the margin of a small copse.
Having laid his wheels on the ground, he picked up a stick of wood
and stuck it into the soil and into certain masses of decaying
wood.  Then he bent down and, with his fore-feet, took hold of a
huge flat stone which he upended and allowed to drop upside down.

At this moment a tremendous wave of sound swept over us, produced
by a second human whom we had so far not noticed.  He was stationed
a considerable distance to the north, in the margin of the same
copse; and he was excitedly shouting to the Wheeler, no doubt
summoning him to his assistance; for the latter ran for his wheels
and departed.

We were near enough to getting beyond reach even should he turn
back.  So I gave the signal to proceed.

Our path lay a little to the north of the point where the Wheeler
had been halting; and since I had given the order for a forced
march, we soon passed it.  Judging that we were out of danger from
the humans, I halted again; for I was curious to see what the
Wheeler had been doing.  I took the precaution, however, of sending
scouts back to watch their movements, with instructions to give the
alarm should they, or either of them, turn back in our direction.
As for the army and the remainder of the High Command, I gave
orders not to break ranks and to be ready to march at a moment's
notice.

Then Bissa-tee and myself made for the point where, at the foot of
a tree, the Wheeler had raised the huge flat stone.  A very short
time only had elapsed; and we were able to witness the last
consequences of the Wheeler's action.

In order not to expose ourselves unnecessarily, we climbed the
north side of the tree to a height of perhaps seventy antlengths
and then circled the trunk.

To our delight, we saw a large, irregular, flat chamber which had
been covered by the stone.  In its centre a cylindrical opening led
perpendicularly down into the soil.  A small corner of the chamber
was still filled with naked pup� and excitedly hurrying workers of
a pale, medium-sized ant of the genus Formica.  As I have said, we
were just in time; for the workers promptly seized the remaining
pup� in their jaws and poured down, with them, into the
subterranean galleries.

We were on the point of turning away when, in the south, a motion
caught my eye.  I stopped, watching closely; and within a few
moments I became aware of a widespread disturbance in the sparse,
parched grass covering the soil.  Bissa-tee had also seen it.

A minute later it became clear that it arose from the approach of
an army of a larger ant belonging to the same genus Formica.  They
were drawn out in an irregular semicircle south of the uncovered
nest, advancing rapidly and excitedly.

When the first scouts reached the uncovered spot, they stopped,
emitting volley after volley of scent signals which much increased
the excitement prevailing behind.  Soon the edge of the uncovered
patch was swarming with ants, many of them clambering over those in
front to get sight or scent of what lay before them.  But they did
not invade the chamber.  In fact, their hesitation and the
indignation of the ants in the front lines who kept pressing back
while those behind pressed forward was ludicrous to behold.  They
quarrelled and jostled till the very rear-guard of the army had
arrived, and even longer.

At last a huge worker leapt into the chamber and made for the
opening to the burrow.  But at its edge she suddenly turned tail
and scurried back.  Her example, however, had brought down three
others.  These, in a more dignified manner, approached the opening
less precipitously; and, having reached its edge, seemed to be
peering down, as though trying to explore it without entering.
This again went on for several minutes, the hordes on the edge of
the clearing meanwhile pushing and jostling each other in the most
laughable manner.  Those behind called those in front cowards and
slackers; but the moment they reached the edge of the chamber
themselves, they became cowards and slackers in turn.

Till at last another powerful individual made her way from the
rear, over the bodies of those in front.  This ant, with a sort of
deliberate braggadocio, approached the entrance and actually
vanished in it.  But in less than a second she came flying out
again as though propelled by some superformicarian power.  For the
whole remainder of the time she stood in a corner, brushing and
combing legs and antenn� with her strigils, and working jaws and
lips as though anxious to remove whatever had been flung on her.

From then on one ant after the other did exactly as she had done.

Meanwhile orators had begun within the ranks to deliver the most
insulting and stinging scents which increased the general
confusion; for those wedged in struggled fiercely to pull these
demagogues down from their exalted stations on the shoulders of the
rest.

Suddenly, after more than half an hour, the whole army surged
forward and poured down into the entrance till it seemed as though
they must fill every subterranean chamber and gallery to capacity.
Yet they remained invisible for fully a quarter of an hour before
the first of them re-emerged with a larva in her mouth, setting off
for home.  After another interval a second ant appeared, carrying a
pupa.

Then, to our amazement, the queen of the species attacked made her
exit, followed by a solid phalanx of her own workers, all carrying
larv� and pup�; and these escaped, breaking through the ranks of a
cordon which had remained behind, circling the edge of the patch.
The ants in this cordon tried to tear these fugitives to pieces;
but they, dropping their pup� and larv� which were promptly seized
by the assailants, offered such a resistance that the robbers were
glad to let them escape.

And now began a general flight from the nest.  The assailed species
left everything behind as they poured out.  Arrived at the surface,
they still fought on; but they did so only to cover their retreat,
leaving many of their number on the field of battle, whereas the
assailing species had very few casualties.  Fifteen minutes after
the commencement of the retreat no ants of the attacked species
were left on the premises; and the raiders, laden with larv� and
pup�, went home in triumph.

Within two hours of our arrival neither assailants nor assailed
were to be seen.  We secured one each of the corpses of the two
species and returned to the army.  Both these species were new to
science, and Bissa-tee named them very appropriately Formica
Rubicunda and Formica Subsericea, the Rubicundas being the
assailants.

This raid which we had witnessed opened up a number of problems;
and Bissa-tee and myself were discussing them on our way back when
one of the scouts returned to report that the humans were
approaching rapidly on their wheels.  We reached the army in record
time.

I gave orders to our forces to dig themselves in.  But to my
surprise Azte-ca asked for leave of absence.  Naturally, I
demurred.  She insisted; and when I asked for her reasons, she
hesitatingly made an amazing announcement.  To put it briefly, she
proclaimed that SHE HAD FOUND A KEY TO THE HUMAN LANGUAGE.

This was so extraordinary a thing that, had I fully grasped its
import, I should have been willing to send the whole army and my
own associates into certain death, provided that such recklessness
had given ME that key.  As it was, I gasped; and Azte-ca spluttered
out her tale.  Ever since we had met with man, she had carefully
noted his sound-symbols; and by tabulating them, she had been able
to arrange them in order of frequency--till she had succeeded in
interpreting half a dozen of them with a fair degree of certainty.
But the great find had come during our stay in the human barn when
she had made it a rule to scale the great height of the human
shoulder, thus, unperceived herself, going about with the man as he
did his work and listening to the ejaculations in which he indulged
and to the occasional louder speech with which he addressed other
humans; soon she had enlarged her vocabulary to a degree which
enabled her to grasp the drift of almost anything he might say.
She had kept this a secret even from me because she had wished to
attain perfection before we reached that part of the country in
which, according to the legends handed down to us, man was more or
less dominant.

I was at once dumbfounded and delighted; and so was Bissa-tee who
begged me to let her accompany Azte-ca.  I had only one hesitation.
Azte-ca--and I believe I have said this before--was in her way a
genius; and I did not wish to expose her to any danger.  Yet, when
I saw the eagerness and enthusiasm of these two who, as far as age
went, were mere striplings as compared to myself, I too was
infected.

In a flash my mind was made up.  I would not only send them: I was
going to go myself.  This did not suit Azte-ca; for the first time
I saw her half rebellious; but a moment later she submitted,
stipulating, however, that I should mount a tree and look on from a
distance only.  Stipulating!  Under any other circumstances I
should have punished her for daring to prescribe to me.  But in my
excitement I overlooked the fact and agreed.  After a last look
around, to see that my orders were being obeyed, I turned, and we
departed.

On the way to the point where we expected to find the humans we ran
into the excited multitudes of the Subsericeas who, however, did
not pay the slightest attention to us; they were far too busy
digging a new nest for themselves under the enormous half-decayed
root of a fallen tree.  The humans we found examining their
deserted nest.

We halted at a respectful distance and adopted a waiting attitude.
They soon left the Subsericea nest and methodically began to circle
it.  No doubt they were searching for the Rubicundas, intending to
enslave them in turn.

A matter of 5,000 antlengths straight south they came upon their
burrow.  Azte-ca, as by common consent, assumed command of the
situation.  She led the way to a tree near the new location and
climbed it, signalling me to follow her and Bissa-tee to wait at
its base.

When we had reached a convenient height, she motioned to me to
remain where I was and herself dropped to the ground.  I was
mortally afraid that her motions would attract the attention of the
humans; but they, too, were preoccupied.  I lost sight of my
companions and did not see them again for some little time.

It was mere chance that I did so at last.  Imagine the daring of
these investigators!  When I caught sight of them, they were
stationed on the concave rims of the boat-shaped integuments
covering the crania of the giant marauders.  I admit these were
excellent points of observation; but, considering that the humans
were rapidly moving about, bending down and straightening up, I
trembled for their safety.

Meanwhile, the humans were incessantly conversing and laughing; for
thus I interpreted the seismic tremblings of their shoulders and
the spasmodic withdrawals of their thick lips from their flashing
teeth, symptoms occasionally accompanied by rumblings as from
distant earthquakes.

Next, one of the two, the Wheeler, dug into the Rubicunda nest with
a huge instrument consisting of a flat metallic blade and a wooden
handle.  Azte-ca later assured me that it was called a "spade"
though these humans did not so call it; they used a different sound
which she tried to imitate and which sounded like "pelle".  I will
not waste time over the matter; we found later that humans have
many different systems of communication called languages which they
can use interchangeably though the medium used is always the voice:
thus language serves two purposes with them, the purpose of
communication and the purpose of preventing communication.

The Wheeler having opened the formicary, his companion scooped up a
large number of the frightened inmates who were wildly trying to
escape with their larv� and pup�.  But their speed could not
compare with that of these ruthless robbers who, by a single step,
could cover a distance of eighty antlengths.

The whole raid was over in a tenth of the time which the Rubicunda
raid against the Subsericeas had taken.  Laughingly the humans
packed up their booty; and then they gathered their tools, fastened
them to their wheels, mounted the latter, and departed.  Where were
my friends?

I was just ascertaining that half of the Rubicunda nest remained
undisturbed when, to my infinite relief, I saw both Bissa-tee and
Azte-ca waiting for me at the foot of the tree.  Their purpose
achieved, they had dropped to the ground and escaped.  The
Rubicundas had been too dismayed to molest them.

The eyes of my companions glistened with excitement; and since I
was very anxious to hear whether they had observed anything that
had escaped my vigilance, I beckoned them to join me on the tree
and to report.  Azte-ca briefly stated what I have already told,
adding that, under the circumstances, the progress made in her
knowledge of human speech had been negligible.

But Bissa-tee had secured more information with regard to the
composition of this colony than she could have secured by any other
means in the course of many days.  In this nest there had been at
least three Subsericeas for every Rubicunda; and the Subsericeas,
the slaves, had been just as much dismayed by the human raid as the
Rubicundas, and just as anxious to rescue the broods which had also
consisted of the same proportions of the two species.  A few adult
Subsericeas, however, had apparently been taken in the recent
dulotic raid; and those, she had been able to observe, had still
retained the alien nest-odour.  Not even the general disaster of
the human irruption had sufficed to overcome the hostility of the
worker mob to this foreign body in the commonwealth.  She had seen
Subsericea and Rubicunda workers laden with eggs and larv� dropping
their burdens to decapitate in passing these alien adults who had
been brought in, perhaps by mistake, perhaps by callows not yet
sufficiently versed in the tactics of the Rubicundas.  For the
adult Subsericeas that had the nest-odour of the formicary were
treated as equals by the Rubicundas and even seemed to applaud them
and to rejoice in the success of the recent raid which must have
added hundreds of eggs and larv� to the common stock.  What
interested me most was that Bissa-tee, in one or two cases, had
actually observed Rubicundas in the act of devouring Subsericea
larv�; for this fact explained to me the origin of these mixed
colonies: it was hunger that sent the robbers on their raids; the
keeping of slaves was more or less incidental.

Another interesting point was that among the slaves there were a
few individuals of a third species (Neoclara) which shows that the
militant Rubicunda does not, when driven by hunger, restrict
herself to a single species of victims.  But, once adopted or
raised in the nest, the slaves are accepted on an equal footing
with the broods of the host.  The raiding army, however, had
consisted exclusively of Rubicundas.

Those were the results of our observations.  Before I leave this
subject of the Rubicundas, however, I will add that we met with
them every now and then for many weeks, and that once we had the
singular experience of being the object of one of their raids.

On that occasion, Bissa-tee presumed so far as to issue a general
order without consulting me.  We were entrenched in a temporary
formicary and had made a futile attempt at raising fungi on leaf-
shreds of the corn plant cultivated by man.  Bissa-tee's order was
to lie low and to offer no resistance.  I did not think it
advisable to insist on a reckoning with her for this breach of
discipline; for, as it turned out, I could not have given a better
order myself.  The Rubicundas swarmed all through our chambers,
expressed their disgust at our abortive fungus gardens and their
admiration at our size; but, finding neither eggs nor larv� or
pup�, left us unmolested and departed to search for more suitable
victims.

In this I am anticipating; for by that time we were already in
contact with another type of ant which saw to it that, throughout
the remainder of this march to the east, we did not forget them.


II


We did not remain in as continuous a contact with this new ant of
the genus Polyergus (the species varied with the locality) as we
had been, let me say, with the Ecitons of the isthmus or the
Pogonomyrmex of the slopes; we met them only occasionally; but when
we did, we had to admit that, as far as sheer courage and military
brilliance were concerned, Pogonomyrmex and Ecitons had been mere
amateurs and bunglers.  Both Ecitons and Pogonomyrmex had been
formidable chiefly through their numbers; but the colonies of
Polyergus were not populous.  Neither was their sting as formidable
as that of Pogonomyrmex; nor their jaws as large as those of
Eciton.  They were perhaps the most beautiful terrestrial creatures
whom it was our fate to meet with in the whole course of our
expedition.  They were wine-coloured; or, when two-coloured, the
gaster was black and the rest of the body a delicate mauve-red; or,
towards the Atlantic seaboard, the reverse.  As for their stature,
the first species we met, which Bissa-tee called Polyergus
Breviceps, were stockily-built, and their legs were short; but as
we advanced and met with the two-coloured species, their stature
underwent a corresponding change, becoming slenderer, longer-
legged, and more elegant, till, in Polyergus Lucidus, the largest
of them all, we had to acknowledge that, owing to the delicate
proportions of their slim and shining bodies, their long,
gracefully articulated legs, and their brilliant colouring, we
seemed to see the ideal of earthly beauty.  Strange to say, among
these, the male was the greatest marvel, for the colour-scheme of
the body was almost miraculously enhanced by the fact that their
wings were pure white.

But what made them such formidable enemies?  Their morale.

When we had our first meeting with them, we were approaching that
great river which divides the northern continent into two unequal
halves; and we were travelling through an almost level country
densely populated and cultivated by man.

The season was that marvellous one in which the year seems to come
to a halt.  The heat of the summer sun still seems to linger in
soil, rock, and water.  Yet a certain crispness of the atmosphere
calls for brisk exercise and the exertion of all physical powers.
At the precise moment of the meeting we had been on the march for
eight or nine hours; but we hardly felt any fatigue; the dry and
clear air made us forget such hardships as we had had to endure.

The order of our inarch was the usual one, with a few scouts in
front, spread out in fan-shaped lines, and the shrunken body of the
army following in massed formation, with the High Command bringing
up the rear.  The army, I should say, marched in a loose column,
sixteen abreast.

Suddenly report after report came in from our scouts, of the
approach of a small body of red ants from the south, at right
angles to the direction of our march.

Anxious to avoid hostilities, yet impressed with the necessity of
being prepared for anything, I gave orders to execute a flank
movement, thereby doubling the width of our column.  Our soldiers,
I am afraid, were itching for a fight: the movement was carried out
with beautiful precision.  We never stopped or even slowed our
march.

Assa-ree repeated my orders in a precise, almost nonchalant way
which showed that she was in no way flustered or alarmed.  Her
attitude was exactly what I should have wished; it was well
calculated to make a potential enemy inclined to negotiate rather
than to fight.

The Polyergus came straight on, led by some four or five maxims
who, however, were constantly changing.

Assa-ree now speeded up our march in such a way as to let the
clash, if clash there was to be, take place between the van of the
approaching enemy and the strongest part of our own body where our
ranks now marched thirty-two abreast.

Both she and I had climbed the stems of some tall weeds so that we
could communicate with each other across the whole hostile army;
for by this time a conflict seemed unavoidable.  I gave the signal
to halt and to face the enemy.

The Polyergus came on in a dense, massed formation of twenty-five
ranks twelve abreast; they strained eagerly forward as though
unaware of our presence.

AND THERE WAS NO BATTLE.  The Polyergus kept straight on, barely
delayed.  With their short, sickle-shaped mandibles they put our
soldiers to the jaw as though they were defenceless callows of some
peaceful kind; or as though they sabred their way through so many
dead masses of vegetable debris.

And then, having passed through our ranks without a casualty on
their side, they disappeared to the north.

We could only gasp.  Yet I must say that we were as yet hardly
aware of what had happened; the whole encounter, if such it can be
called, had not taken more than ten or twelve seconds.  Where, half
a minute ago, the flower of our veteran forces had stood, straining
for battle, there was nothing but an expanse of sparse, cropped
grass strewn with writhing bodies in the agony of death.

Disconsolately I climbed down and advanced to the scene of the
disaster where I met Assa-ree.  For the second time since the
beginning of the expedition she, too, was prostrated with dismay
and grief.  Every one of our soldiers who had been in the line of
the Polyergus march had head or thorax pierced; and either brains
or ganglia were trailing in the dust.  There were 384 casualties,
forming a lane twelve antlengths wide through the centre of our
army; and every one of these casualties was a total loss; but the
worst consequence of this disaster, as I realized at once, was the
effect it was bound to have on the morale of the dwindling
remainder of our troops.

What with the occasional small losses which we had had of late, our
total number was now reduced to less than 1,800.  Two or three more
encounters like this, and where was our chance of survival?  How
were we going to cross that great river which I was firmly
convinced we should shortly reach?  Yet, of course, it would never
have done to let anyone in army or Command suspect how this
disaster discouraged me.  I gave orders for our medical officers to
examine the wounded and to save as many lives as they could.  We
were delayed for an hour or so, till Bissa-tee, rejoining me,
reported that nothing could be done.

I had the ranks re-formed; and we proceeded; it seemed imperative
to get away from the place.

On the march, Bissa-tee kept close by my side.  For a while she
observed silence; but at last she began to communicate to me the
thoughts which had been set in motion by this encounter.

The tribe of Polyergus, she signified, belonged to the slave-making
ants.  That column which had just marched through our lines was
bound on a dulotic raid.  From the numbers of other ants available
in the district it seemed likely that their slaves were the same as
those of the Rubicundas.  No ant, indeed, had been as commonly met
with during the last few weeks as the peaceful and comparatively
uninteresting Subsericea.  Whenever and wherever we had met them,
they had invariably been occupying newly excavated nests; and
rarely had there been many callows; which seemed to point to the
fact that their formicaries had recently and frequently been raided
for their broods.  Subsericeas, then, were the most likely slaves.

What sort of life did the masters live?  Bissa-tee reasoned thus: a
military endowment so brilliant, so irresistible, cannot but be
compensated for by the lack of endowment in other directions; it
implied generation upon generation of tradition and a lifelong
training besides.  This, then, was the picture she painted for me.

In the nests which swarm with Subsericea slaves--probably there are
six or seven slaves to every master--these amazons of the jaw lead
an idle life doing nothing.  Their mouth-parts are such as to
disable them from taking nourishment by themselves except perhaps a
little liquid food on which they stumble by chance.  Left to
themselves, even with an abundance of food available within easy
reach, they would starve to death.  Most of their time in the
intervals between raids is taken up by their begging food from
their slaves who regurgitate freely to them; or by their submitting
to the complex processes of the toilette which is also performed by
the slaves who never tire of combing their antenn� and legs and of
polishing and coating the highly chitinized and exceedingly hard
plates of their armour.  Thus these hero-masters lounge about,
abject in their behaviour to the slaves, or treating them with the
haughty disdain of a superior race; but constantly degenerating in
all the faculties demanded for the ordinary functions of life and
developing at the same time in that one direction of military
exploit and enterprise.

The time comes when the whole colony, masters and slaves, face
starvation unless a raid is made.  Since the very continuance of
the colony is dependent on the raising of pillaged pup� and of the
eggs laid in the nest by the Polyergus queen (who, Bissa-tee
conjectured, is probably not much larger than the soldiers), it
would never do for them to feed on uninjured pup� of the slave-
species; and the broods of the master-species are of course
sacrosanct.

Ultimately, the masters must sally forth for a raid.  Meanwhile,
individual scouts have been scouring the neighbourhood, travelling
singly; the results of their explorations have been communicated
and discussed in great detail by all the soldiers.  Their plans are
made in advance: everybody knows exactly what is to be done.

One afternoon they start out.  There is no hesitation.  The
location of the Subsericea nest or the nest of any other species to
be plundered is exactly known.  If, when they arrive, everything is
found to be as it was signalized, they never stop but pour in at
once.  According as they do or do not meet with resistance, they
plunder or fight.  A colony of the slave-species that has never
been plundered before is apt to oppose itself to the proceedings;
but those who are familiar with the results sure to follow submit,
bent only on escaping alive without irritating the raiders into
violence.

On returning home, the masters are greeted by their slaves who
admire their prowess and take their booty from their jaws.
Carefully they sort out the larv� and such pup� as are injured by
the hard, denticulate mandibles of the robber-barons.  The
uninjured pup� are stacked in the brood-chambers; the others placed
in the coolest parts of the burrow where they are likely to remain
longest alive.

In the meantime, the Polyergus soldiers are impatiently tramping
about, stamping the floor of the chambers and loudly demanding to
be fed.  The slaves pay little attention to them till their task of
sorting and storing is done.  But at last they hurriedly fill their
ingluvies; and, having done so, they hasten to placate, by
regurgitation, their masters who by that time are threatening to
put every slave to the jaw unless their appetites are stilled at
once.

The larv� and the worst-injured pup� are eaten first; the less
badly injured pup� are left for later; and often the slaves hide
from their masters large numbers of them which promise partial
recovery; for the inclement seasons of the late fall, before
hibernation begins, and of the early spring have to be provided for
by storing living food.

Often, Bissa-tee continued her imaginative sketch, the lust of
battle overtakes the Polyergus, especially the younger ones, long
before such food as has to be consumed at once is exhausted.  In
that case the slaves restrain their masters in their military
ardour; and often, among the old, the reverse happens: the slaves
have to urge them to go on a raid long before they like to do so.
Who, then, exclaimed Bissa-tee, is master, who slave?

Worse may happen.  The free Subsericeas have observed a Polyergus
scout exploring their locality.  They hold a council; and as a
result of their deliberations they decamp.  When the Polyergus
arrive, there are no slaves to be carried off; they have had their
pains for nothing.

Perhaps they have been in the neighbourhood for a year.  Every
colony of the slave-species is aware of their presence; every one
of them migrates.  No matter how eager, brave, and brilliant the
raiders are, there is no booty, there are no slaves to be found;
from raid after raid they come home empty-jawed.  Perhaps, when
they can find no more nests of their proper slave-species, they try
the expedient of bringing in booty from the nests of a new species.
But their slaves are partial to their own kind.  They tear all the
pup� of these alien species to pieces; and the masters find
themselves threatened with the extinction of their slaves.
Perhaps, however, an ever-increasing proportion of a new slave-
species is raised by the old.  In that case, in the course of a few
years, a new slave-population takes the place of the old, thus
postponing but not eliminating the evil day; for the perhaps once
numerous formicaries of the new slave-species also decrease in
number; and ultimately they disappear.  And then the evil day has
come indeed; the masters must follow their slaves, perhaps invading
the territory of a rival colony of their own kind with which they
will henceforth be at war till either they or their rivals are
exterminated.

Truly, Bissa-tee added in conclusion and with a deep sigh, the life
of the capitalist[1] is no bed of roses.


[1] This is the third time that a word occurs in the text which
seems to be not only without precedent but without justification.
But again I leave it because it is unmistakably there.  E.


III


Now the strange thing about these speculations of Bissa-tee was
that they were so strikingly confirmed in the near future; in order
not to weary by repetition, I shall content myself with this mere
statement, omitting the incidents which brought that confirmation.

When we proceeded, we did so in a state of extreme nervousness; and
henceforth we had almost daily proof of a disintegration of the
fighting spirit in our army.  I tried to close my eyes to a good
deal of what was going on; but much of it was forced upon my
attention.

Thus, one day when we had halted for a rest, I saw a small group of
our soldiers who had organized a game outside of the lines of our
bivouac taking flight from a single Polyergus scout, thus leaving
us completely exposed on that side.  This scout, therefore, came
boldly into our midst.  I happened to be on the outskirts of our
encampment; and so I promptly summoned Assa-ree and told her what I
had witnessed.  Whereupon she flew into a towering rage which, I
thought at first, would turn against myself.  But suddenly she gave
the general alarm; and the whole remainder of the army boiled up as
it were out of the ground.  She had just begun to stalk along the
lines in order to find those who had offended when the Polyergus
scout appeared boldly in front of these very lines behind Assa-
ree's back.  I gave her a warning; and she veered about.

A moment later she and the scout had closed in single combat.  I
was inclined to give Assa-ree credit for the noblest motives in
thus exposing herself to the gravest danger.  Who knows but that
she thought of what might not have happened to us if this scout had
returned to her tribe?  That, however, did not worry me.  It was
late in the afternoon; and it was unlikely that an attack would be
made at once.  Besides, why should they attack us?  As far as I
knew we had no brood with us.  But Assa-ree might well have
overlooked these two facts.  I was still far from having fathomed
the whole of her treachery.

The fight which followed furnished a sight worth seeing, indeed.
Never had I seen anything as ludicrous as the surprise of that
Polyergus scout when she found herself suddenly rough-handled.  I
believe these slave-makers have no enemies at all capable of
preying upon them; and it was this element of surprise which gave
Assa-ree her first tremendous advantage.  In her initial whirl-wind
attack she succeeded in tearing one antenna and one middle leg from
her adversary's body; but even in doing so she realized her own
danger.  The Polyergus was so quick that Assa-ree's superior length
and power of jaw and even her much greater weight were a handicap
rather than an advantage.  The Polyergus scout got to her flank
whence she could ward off the bite of her aggressor; she might even
have fastened on to her in a death-grapple in which the greater
hardness of her jaws would have been of immense benefit to her.
But again Assa-ree adopted the exactly suitable tactics: she sprang
free and did not return to the attack for several seconds.  This
gave the Polyergus time to realize her wounds which, by this time,
had no doubt begun to smart.

The moment Assa-ree had left her, the scout began a series of
motions which to all lookers-on seemed utterly laughable.

Apparently she did not grasp the fact that her left antenna was
gone; but she must have been conscious of the pain produced by the
fact; for she promptly lifted her left front-leg which was provided
with a pectinated strigil and tried to comb the smart off the
missing antenna.  But the moment she lifted the front-leg, she
remained unsupported, on that side, except by her hind-leg; and so
she tumbled over on her shoulder.  She righted herself with the
help of the fore-leg and tried the same manoeuvre again, with the
same result.[2]  Clearly the fact that both antenna and middle-leg on
that side were gone was beyond her grasp; nothing of the kind had
ever happened to her before.  Again and again the same sequence of
motions was repeated; and unmistakably, in the course of these
futile endeavours, the fighting spirit oozed out of her.  She
seemed to forget that she was in the presence of the enemy, and
bent only on brushing away whatever irritated that missing antenna
of hers: the very mishap occurring when she lifted her left front-
leg prevented her from realizing or ascertaining that that antenna
was no longer there.


[2] See Wheeler, Ants, 1913, page 484, for a similar description.
Was "the Wheeler" an unobserved observer of this scene?  E.


Meanwhile, we all stood about, our antenn� trembling with mirth,
all except Assa-ree who patiently bided her time.  When at last the
Polyergus scout, in utter dejection, turned away to go home,
thinking no doubt to resume her attempts with more success there,
her tormentor was suddenly on her again, moving like a tornado.
This time she straddled her victim from behind; and in less than a
hundredth of a second she had clasped her neck between her jaws.
It was all over, of course.  On the highly chitinized armour of
head or thorax she could not have made the slightest impression
with her jaws which, powerful though they were, were not hard
enough even to scratch that armour; but she could easily sever the
articulate membranes; and when she sprang free again, the scout's
head lay on the ground, its jaws opening and shutting convulsively.

For a moment we lost sight of Assa-ree.  Bissa-tee was now running
around the amazon's headless body, closely observing it as it moved
off in a sort of high-legged, indignant prance.

When I saw what was happening--undoubtedly she was returning to her
formicary--I gave a quick warning to Bissa-tee.  Would not the
return of a headless amazon set all sisters upon our trail?  But
Bissa-tee waved a reassuring answer.  The trail had not yet been
scented; and while this scout could find her way home in a purely
instinctive manner, she would, without a brain, be unable to find
her way back to our quarters; and in her present state she was
unlikely to scent the route.

When I turned away, I saw Assa-ree once more stalking along the
lines of our army; she was entirely unhurt; and soon she had
singled out all those who had run from the Polyergus scout.  There
were six of them; and she aligned them in front of the ranks.
Then, before I had time to interfere in their behalf, she gave the
order to tear them to pieces.  As, somewhat later, when everything
had once more assumed the peaceful air of a bivouac, I pondered
this proceeding of hers, I came to the conclusion that perhaps it
had been a wise one.  Coming immediately after her own demonstration
of the fact that these amazons were not invincible, the punishment
of deserters in the face of an enemy was bound to raise the morale
of the army; and it did seem to have that effect; for there was a
new spirit in the camp that night.  Everywhere, till sun-down,
groups were standing or lounging about, discussing the duel and
appreciatively recalling every detail of Assa-ree's tactics.

But this revival of morale was destined to be of short duration.

Next morning we came to a strange structure which could not be
natural.  We spent several hours in exploring it before I gave the
order to cross.  We had, of course, many times come upon roads made
by man; but never upon one like this.  We had at first concluded
that this, too, must be a human road; it had the same crosswise
dimensions, and it showed signs of having been scored lengthwise in
the same manner in which other human roads had been scored, either
by such wheels as we had seen used by the Wheeler and his
companion, or by the iron-shod wheels of certain gigantic wooden
platforms which man uses to convey burdens on.  The material with
which the scorings on this road had been produced was the same as
that observed by Bissa-tee in escaping from her human captor a few
months ago.  But the scorings themselves were much wider; and there
were four bands of them.  Besides, the surface of the road was not
of earth but of a substance which must have been liquid when
applied.  The two or three chemists who were still with us
pronounced it to be a tarry secretion of some unknown animal,
probably, Bissa-tee added, an animal enslaved by man.

But there seemed to be no profit in delaying over an unsolvable
problem.  Reluctantly I gave the order to cross.

Now we were hardly well on the road when a most terrifying thing
happened.  The road began to heave under us like a living thing;
and from a distance, coming from the north, there swept over us an
ever-increasing noise, compounded of a strident swish and a
pulsating thunder.  I did not know how far our army had advanced.
I did not even know where my own associates were; for when we
arrived at this strange structure, we had scattered considerably;
and after I had given the order to cross, I had myself been delayed
by a call of nature.  As soon as these terrible portents manifested
themselves, I therefore gave the counter-signal to return to the
west side of the road.  This order, however, was already being
interfered with by a powerful current of air rushing along the road
and spreading out fan-wise to the south.  A moment later a weird
and gigantic shape, glittering like a newly polished beetle but
many million times as large and rushing along at an inconceivable
speed, loomed up from our left.  The speed was such that I hesitate
over a comparison that suggested itself: the speed of a meteorite
such as have been known to fall out of the heavens to the earth.

This monster, whatever it was, animal or heavenly body, was barely
upon us when it was gone again, to the south; and the whole series
of portents: the increasing heavings, the wind, the pulsations, and
the strident swish went through a series of mutations in an
opposite sense, decreasing instead of increasing.  As for the wind,
nothing will give so adequate an idea of its force as the statement
that, at the moment of the monster's passing, I--who am no light-
weight and who, even in a hurricane, am held down to the ground by
my head--that even I, I say, was whirled off my feet, lifted high
into the air, and turned round and round, being carried along for
seven or eight hundred antlengths, before I fell down again, in the
middle of the road, rolling over and over many times.

I was stunned; but as soon as I recovered I started back to the
scene of the disaster.  Already I was painting to myself what must
have happened; for the terror of the thing had completely unnerved
me; and I was prepared for the worst.  Nevertheless I must confess
that this time my imagination proved entirely inadequate to the
facts.

A not inconsiderable part of the remainder of our army had been
killed; but I saw at a glance that the High Command had fared
worse.  With a feeling of utter nausea I turned away and emitted
the scent of rally.  I trembled at what I might see.

The first ant I saw was Assa-ree; she was as much unnerved as I.
Perhaps the word unnerved is rather mild: we felt annihilated; both
of us could hardly stand; we trembled from head to foot.  Yet Assa-
ree had only yesterday vanquished the amazon in single combat!

Behind her, out of still whirling dust, emerged Bissa-tee and Azte-
ca; and these three, besides myself, were all that were left of the
High Command!

Gradually a few hundred soldiers straggled in, all of them
bewildered, many wounded, a few disabled to the point where they
could barely move their limbs.  I had to hold on to myself in order
not to surrender to the same sort of despair as Assa-ree.  To give
those who survived something to do and thereby time to get over
their first shock, I ordered a count to be taken.  Only 1,204
soldiers and four officers answered the roll-call.  I was still
hoping that others would straggle in; but in that hope I was
disappointed.

The only one of us who kept her head was Bissa-tee.  Having assured
herself that, apart from contusions and abrasions, I was unhurt,
she went off by herself to investigate.

Since I had to readjust all our plans to the altered circumstances,
I gave orders to prepare a small burrow.  Somehow I felt that we
could not immediately leave the scene of this disaster; and since
we had to be prepared for similar monsters rushing along the road,
I thought it imperative that we should have a retreat which offered
safety.

While these preparations were going on, the soldiers, still
preparing, from force of habit, a separate burrow for me and my two
associates, I pondered the situation.  For that purpose I sought
refuge behind a grassy dry ditch flanking the tarry expanse; and
there I was joined, after a while, by Bissa-tee.

If, at the rally after the disaster, she had still preserved a
measure of her jaunty air, it was now gone.  She was profoundly
serious.  For a moment she remained motionless; then, as though
despairing of her ability to give me an adequate idea of what she
wished to convey, she touched me with her right antenna on the
third abdominal segment, thereby indicating her desire that I
should follow her.

We went out on the road; and Bissa-tee began to explain to me just
how things had happened.  The monster had been moving on four
wheels; this she had observed with the greatest distinctness; there
was no possibility of a mistake.  The army had been in a position
half-way beyond and half-way this side of the far pair of wheels;
so that the most central part of it had been crushed.  But the High
Command had been exactly in the path of the near pair of wheels.
That was the reason why the disaster had taken such a terrible toll
of ourselves.  But she wanted to show me certain details, she
added; she despaired of conveying to me in any other way the extent
and the pathos of the catastrophe.

I followed half unwillingly; and a moment later she was pointing
out what indeed was calculated to make the stoutest heart tremble.

Sixty-six great scholars, every one a leader in her field; and
collectively perhaps the greatest and most amazing aggregate of
learning that had ever been seen assembled on earth, were reduced
to a greasy smear on a highway!  The futility of it all!  The utter
senselessness!  And, as though still further to emphasize the
inanity of all antly endeavour, Bissa-tee led me forward to show me
one such smear spread in front of the others, detached and isolated
from the rest.  Here, a single ant had been caught in the act of
trying to escape: the smear was enormous in size, measuring at
least eight antlengths in width and thirty in length.  It was still
possible to distinguish the various parts of the body.  To both
sides the legs were flattened out; and the articulations between
femur and tibia and between tibia and tarsus were still
recognizable.  In front of the head, the antenn� stretched away, a
quarter of an antlength wide and six antlengths long, still showing
the geniculate joints.  I marvelled at the size of the smear,
wondering whose remains these might be.  Once more Bissa-tee
touched me; and then she scented a name.  This, then, was what was
left of Anna-zee, that storehouse of botanical knowledge, that
fountain of searching philosophy, that greatest of all sceptics!
If such was her end, what, then, was the use of all antly striving?
What the meaning of the thirst for knowledge and achievement which
had burnt in that obese body with the brightest aspirations on this
globe?  How much more easily could we not have spared a hundred
soldiers, nay, every last one that remained!  I vowed that, should
I ever return to our own blessed country where such monsters did
not exist, I would myself scent her name on the tree of honour--a
vow which, I am glad to be able to say, I have kept.  And to that
vow I added another: I had now become the sole depositary of all
the results of her investigations and speculations on subjects
botanical: these I would carefully rehearse to myself from time to
time; and, in the exceedingly improbable event of my safe return, I
would devote a separate scent-tree to her findings and her often
highly ingenious theories, so as to preserve them for posterity.

Immersed in such thoughts and glowing with a sombre flame of
sadness, I was on the point of turning back when Bissa-tee asked me
once more to follow her.  This time she led me to the front of the
huge smear which now represented the flower of what had been the
central squadrons of our army.  Here, too, flattened smaller smears
were detached from the main one; and these had a peculiar circular
shape which puzzled me much.  Within each of these circular smears
there was the flattened image of an ant that had been crushed in a
peculiar position: with her legs folded and appressed to the body,
as though she had tried to withdraw into the smallest possible
space.

I could not, or perhaps I should say, I dared not explain this
sight to myself, till Bissa-tee cruelly formulated this sentence:
"The pup� which the carriers released as they were caught and
which, therefore, had rolled ahead of them!"  The pup�!  There was
indeed no other explanation of these marks.  And their carriers--
such is the philoprogenitiveness of ants--had still thought of
saving them, when they themselves had perhaps already begun to be
crushed by the monster!  Perhaps they had even tried to give them
an accelerated sideways motion as they rolled from their jaws.  But
the destruction had been too swift.

I did not, at the time, grasp the full significance of this
discovery; nor did Bissa-tee.  We simply concluded that parts of
the army, taught by the Rubicundas and the Polyergus, had gone on
raids to provision themselves with portable food.  Little as yet
did I fathom the whole depth of Assa-ree's treason; entrusted as
she was with our protection, she had been plotting our utter
overthrow.

I signified to Bissa-tee my desire that she keep our discoveries
strictly to herself, so as not to lower the morale of the survivors
still more; and she agreed mournfully, adding that she, at least,
would go on with her task as though nothing had happened.


IV


We remained at this station for only a single day; and then, though
in our state of physical and emotional exhaustion a longer rest
would have been most welcome, I gave orders to proceed, impelled to
do so chiefly by the fact that every now and then one of those
roaring monsters passed along the road, now going north, now south;
and every time our soldiers were thrown into a panic, till I came
to the conclusion that my first duty was to distract their thoughts
from the disaster that had overtaken us.  Assa-ree soon recovered
from her despair and grew even more jaunty than she had been
before, the obsequious deference with which she treated me assuming
a still more ironical shading.  Plainly, a reckoning with her was
approaching; but I must wait till we had crossed that great river
which we had so long been expecting to find.

For close to a moon we went on by forced marches, and sometimes,
when the weather was warm, we prolonged our forward struggle far
into the night.

Three things kept me from brooding too much on our misfortunes.  In
the first place, Azte-ca seemed now to be attracted to me in a
closer friendship; she showed much solicitude for my comfort and
conversed more freely with me.  She admitted that, in the past, her
ambition to find the key to the human language had stood in the way
of any intimacy between her and the rest of us; but she had
realized, she said, that without our help and sympathy she was not
likely to work her problems out to an entirely successful issue.
She asked for my advice and sometimes for my assistance.  Whenever
we spent the night near a human habitation, she visited it,
discussing with me ways and means and telling me of the progress
she was making.  Her chief difficulty arose from the very loudness
of man's voice which prevented her from distinguishing its
modulations.  I advised her to coat her ear-drums with many
successive applications of saliva till she was deaf to sounds of
ordinary intensity; and when she did this, she made the most
amazing progress.

In the second place, I had been much struck with what we had seen
of our slave-making sisters; and this formed the subject of endless
discussions between myself and Bissa-tee.  There were two problems
involved.  Firstly that of the line of development through which
this mode of life had arisen among ants; and in the solution of
this problem Bissa-tee showed once more her profound penetration
and unrivalled ingenuity.  Again I must refer the student to the
special scent-trees, numbers 734 and 735, in which I have given the
details of her reasoning.  While Bissa-tee acknowledged that of the
three great modes of life, the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural
modes, the latter was the highest, making possible a degree of
security which cannot be attained through any other, yet it
contained already the germs of degeneration, evolution splitting up
from that point on: one line leading to the mode of life adopted by
ourselves, the Attas, who devote the energy liberated from the
struggle for existence entirely to the pursuit of intellectual
aims; the other line leading on to the mode of life chosen by the
slave-makers, through a corruption of the instincts making for
security of the material life into instincts demanding the
accumulation of property; which accumulation led back to a military
life, for it demanded the adoption of methods, first of defence,
and then of aggression.  Secondly there was the problem of the
ultimate phase of this line of development; and this was the one in
which I took a special interest myself.

In the third place, there was the problem of these tarry roads
which became more and more common as we went east.  We had no
further losses from this cause; for now that we knew about the
monsters travelling along these roads we soon learned to avoid
them.  Whenever we reached such a structure, a scout was sent to
its centre; and if the slightest vibration was perceptible, we
waited; if not, we proceeded at a run.  Bissa-tee's conjecture that
the animals travelling along these roads were enslaved by man was
soon confirmed.  They enclose huge hollow spaces, produced
probably, similarly to the air-spaces in the bodies of our queens,
by the atrophy of certain muscular tissues; and into these hollow
spaces men insert themselves when they travel; time and again we
had occasion to observe them.  As for the origin of the roads
themselves, that problem was also solved in entire accordance with
the theories advanced by our lamented chemists.  One day we
actually saw a huge animal of an entirely different and new shape
crawling along such a road; and it was, near the anal end, provided
with an enormous serictery from which a score or more of thick
strands of the tarry substance were spun out; these, on reaching
the ground in a viscously liquid state, promptly spread out
sideways and coalesced, producing a smooth surface which slowly
hardened.  As, in a spatial sense, everything about these animals
is colossal, so, in a temporal sense, the hardening of this
substance took an enormous length of time.  We had to make a vast
detour in order not to be entangled in the sticky mass.

Nothing else needs to be added with regard to this part of our
march except that, on the twenty-seventh day after the great
disaster, we suddenly found ourselves on the muddy banks of the
great river which we had so long expected to encounter.


V


Naturally, this river being one of the most stupendous obstacles to
our progress, we settled down to explore it and to find ways and
means of crossing.  It was so wide that we could barely see its far
shores; and its channel was divided by many islands all of which
seemed to be massive and wooded at their upper extremities,
whereas, at their lower ends, they trailed out into long shallows
and sand-banks.  The current was sluggish enough and would have
permitted us to cross by means of a living bridge if we had had the
ant-power to make one.  As it was, we had to concentrate from the
beginning on other methods of accomplishing the task.

All sorts of ways were proposed: to form a raft and trust to the
current, taking boldly to the water in a mass; to use spiders
floating, at this time of year, on their webs, anchoring one strand
of such a web on the hither bank and forcing the spider to keep on
spinning by following her and frightening her into ever more
frantic efforts; to roll logs into the river and again, bestriding
them, trust to the current.  In all which methods we were, in the
last resort, depending on a favourable wind.

Two of them were actually tried.  Assa-ree caught spiders and sent
them on their aerial voyage.  She had the brilliant idea of
releasing a score of them at the same time, from the outermost tips
of the branches of willow trees growing on our bank, and entangling
their threads into a stout cable upheld by the floating power of
twenty webs at once.  She then launched out behind them.  But, the
threads being anchored, progress depended entirely on the spinning
power of the spiders; and it was exhausted long before the first
island was reached.  Then they came to a stop, suspended over the
water; and, the wind failing, Assa-ree slowly sank down into the
muddy flood where she must have perished had not our workers pulled
her out by hauling the cable in.  A few days later, when she had
recovered, she set out on a large chip of wood but found that,
weighted down by its load, it did not offer the wind a sufficient
hold and was too much deflected downstream.  To her discomfiture,
she landed ignominiously on a sand-spit of the hither bank.

Thus, in the face of this huge expanse of water, we were delayed
from day to day and at last began to think that we should have to
acknowledge defeat.

Meanwhile, Azte-ca was not idle and kept going about from one human
habitation to the other.  She reported strange things.  There were
black men living here; and paler humans of all shadings of colour
between white and black; and it was during this forced delay that
she made her next great discovery: she succeeded in deciphering
human records inscribed on paper with black fluids.

We were just beginning to suffer from the effects of idleness among
the remainder of our troops, while the leaders were exploring the
neighbourhood, when one night Azte-ca returned from a two-days'
absence in a state almost of exaltation but so utterly exhausted
that she could barely move her antenn�.  Yet she managed to convey
to us the idea that our problem was solved.  Having grasped as
much, both Bissa-tee and myself urged her to rest and postpone
further communications to the next day.

In the morning, then, she scented to us that she had found a line
of most peculiar structures crossing the river--structures which
were joined to each other by metallic threads apparently spun by
enormous spiders.  On the basis of the proportion obtaining between
the thickness of an ordinary spider's web and these metallic
threads, she had calculated the size of these spiders as being many
times that of a horse, the latter being the largest animal hitherto
encountered.  She had not seen these spiders, but--such was her
obsession by this time--she had no doubt that they, too, were
enslaved by man; for the more she saw of the latter, the more she
stood in awe of his powers.

Bissa-tee and I were of course very curious to see this marvel: a
spider's web consisting of native copper instead of a glutinous
carbohydrate; but we were also alarmed at Azte-ca's report.  Yet we
were willing to attempt almost anything in order to get away from
where we were; it was one of the least favourable stations we had
ever been at; for the ground was so saturated with moisture that we
could not possibly have wintered here, and that terrible winter
season was rapidly approaching now.  Something had to be done at
once.

So, early next morning, we prepared for another march; and at noon
we arrived at the spot signalized by Azte-ca.  We found the strange
structure to consist of white steel; and it resembled a huge, four-
legged harvest-man or false spider standing on the tips of its
toes.  Azte-ca at once climbed up on one of its legs; and, seeing
her so sure of herself, a number of us followed.  I venture to say
that the height to which we climbed was not less than a thousand
antlengths; and there, to a framework of nervures, still of steel,
we found fastened large mushroom-shaped bodies of glass around
which these copper cables were wound.  To the west, they stretched
away as far as we could see, dipping ultimately below the horizon;
to the east, they reached all the way across the river, looping
from island to island at a dizzy height above the waters.

There we stood, Azte-ca, Bissa-tee, and myself; and behind and
below us the whole army--what was left of it--came clambering up,
with Assa-ree at the head.  Assa-ree looked at me with such a
Satanic glance, half ferocious, half grinning; and she had the
three of us so absolutely in her power there that I did not see
what else I could do.  I started ahead post-haste and began to
cross the river via these aerial threads.  As for the copper, it
was strong enough to support any number of us; but I could not rid
myself of the idea that this was not a spun thread at all: I had a
vague feeling that there was something going on inside that thread;
or that in some mysterious way it was alive.  This feeling became
stronger as we advanced, I leading, with Bissa-tee behind me; for
the thread began to vibrate and to hum in the most frightening
manner so that we had at last the greatest difficulty in holding
on.  This difficulty was enormously increased when, after an hour
or so, a violent wind began to blow from the south.  Below us, the
river raised angrily foaming waves; and in order not to be swept
off, we now crawled forward in the shelter afforded by the thread
on its north side.  On and on we went; and the thread, under the
ever-rising sun, became intensely hot, till it scorched our feet.

On and on we went, hour after hour; and then, just as the weather
took an ugly turn, we reached the next steel support where I called
a halt.  The wind had blown up huge domed clouds which now obscured
the sun.  Convoluted thunderheads pushed north straight overhead,
their inner chambers lighted up by fitful winkings.  A hush had
fallen over the landscape; and then, suddenly, like a Polyergus let
loose, a flash of lightning leapt, passing close by us; and the
universe shook with the vicious bark of the thunder.  The afternoon
light assumed a lurid shade.

Below us there was the first of a series of islands; and I gave the
signal for a quick descent.  Long before we reached solid ground,
the rain fell in torrents; and we had the greatest difficulty in
resisting its wash.

I, Bissa-tee, and Azte-ca had barely touched ground when the world
about us exploded.  Behind us, the earth leapt up around one of the
legs of the steel support; Assa-ree was catapulted forward over our
heads; all about, it seemed to hail ants; and even the pebbles of
the beach on which we were, danced.  Lashed by the wind and the
rain we stood blinded, unable to realize what was happening.  The
water, though pouring down from above, seemed simultaneously to
spout up from every pore of the ground, such was the violence of
its rebound.  Within a few seconds rivulets were scoring the soil
into the pattern of miniature mountains and valleys; and we could
only stand and hold on.

This lasted for half an hour before the fury of the storm abated.
Then, the rain slowly subsiding into a warm, steaming drizzle, we
had a chance to breathe once more.  But another half hour went by
before we were in a state to investigate.

When we did so, we found that almost one half of the remainder of
our army had been killed.  That ghastly flash of lightning had
struck the support of the copper threads; it had fused the quartz
pebbles at the foot of the leg over which we had been descending;
and the intense heat had not only killed, it had shrivelled up five
hundred of our soldiers; Assa-ree and the rest had saved themselves
by a desperate leap.

By this time night was falling; and all we could do, surrounded as
we were by water, was to make for such shelter as some straggling
bushes afforded on the crest of the beach.  It turned cold after
the storm; and though we little knew what was ahead of us, we did
not remember ever having passed so miserable a night.  I personally
do not think I could have survived had not Bissa-tee and Azte-ca
insisted on covering me with their bodies.

But there was no way out of it: when morning came, we had to go on.
Again we climbed up to one of those copper threads and proceeded.
It was a cold raw day; there was little wind; but the sky remained
overcast.

All day we struggled along; and if yesterday the heat of the thread
had caused discomfort, today the cold caused misery.  On and on we
went, hour after hour, passing island after island below; and yet,
when night fell, we were still far from the goal.  Owing to the
intense cold which invaded our bodies from contact with the metal,
our progress became slower and slower.  We could not stop to rest,
for that would have meant certain death; we could never have held
on; we should have fallen into the icy flood below where we should
have been swallowed by the fishes which we had had ample
opportunity to observe.

If it had not been for this cold, we should have finished this trip
about midnight; as it was, we travelled on well into the next day;
and when at last the task was accomplished and we descended to the
ground, there was not one of us who would have wished to go on.
Everyone, on the other hand, would have taken food of almost any
description, be it ever so nauseating.

Yet there was one thought which sustained at least the three of us:
we had accomplished an almost super-formicarian task.  Who could,
after this, say that there are things from which formicarian
ingenuity and formicarian enterprise must shrink?  Who, that Attas
could ever be daunted?

As for food, the small remnant of our army was plentifully
provided: in the course of the wind-storm the river had disgorged
innumerable fishes, large and small; and we knew that our soldiers
did not despise such fare.  What Assa-ree did, I do not know; but
she recovered in a remarkably short time.  Bissa-tee, Azte-ca, and
myself managed to find some enormous fungi growing like shelves on
dead trees; but we consumed barely enough to restore our strength,
they were so unpalatable.  If I looked in any way like Bissa-tee, I
must have been a sorry sight.

So we three were not anxious to make a long stay; and on the third
morning I issued the order to proceed.  I had half expected
trouble; but all went smoothly.  It is true, there was in the
bearing of the soldiers a subtle something resembling insolence;
but there was no outright mutiny.  I was prepared for anything; for
I had now also come to the conclusion that the army was henceforth
an encumbrance; but for the moment it was probably best to wait and
see.

I began to despair of the very possibility of reaching the Atlantic
seaboard this fall, the sixth since our departure from home.  Five
years were the average lifetime of all but the queen among Attas;
and I was now twice that age.  Even Bissa-tee and Azte-ca began to
show their years; and the only member of the High Command who
looked as young as ever was Assa-ree.  The trip home, I reflected,
would take two years; I felt that I still had it in me to live
through such a term; but I also felt that I could not leave our
geographical exploration of the continent unfinished.  Another
year. . .  It was almost more than I could face with equanimity;
and if anything happened to Bissa-tee and Azte-ca?

The burden of responsibility seemed almost too great to be borne;
and Bissa-tee felt and sympathized with me.  Only Azte-ca was
blindly pushing on: she was now entirely preoccupied with man and
his works.  She was haunted by the insane idea that man had perhaps
surpassed even Attas in the development of his mental powers; and
she was bound to find out.  I wished to indulge her, if only for
the purpose of convincing her of her error.

But, after another month or so of ceaseless struggle, fate took a
hand and decided all our questions.


VI


I had at last given in and accepted the fact that we had to remain
in this northern country for another year.  The season was
beginning to be too inclement to proceed when we came upon a
location which seemed favourable for wintering.

Perhaps I should mention that every now and then we had, of late,
met with friendly tribes of minute ants who lived a very precarious
life within human habitations; and occasionally we found among them
some who, to our amazement, had travelled widely and seen much of
the world.  They laughed at us when they heard that we were
marching; they never did.  From their descriptions we concluded at
first that they made use of those monstrous animals which we had
seen on the tarry roads; but it seemed there were still other ways
and means of utilizing human contrivance.  These little ants told
us of what they called space-machines.  At any rate, the stories
which reached us mostly through Azte-ca had given me hope that
perhaps we should winter in a human city; for we heard much of a
huge hominary built around certain inlets of the eastern sea; and
what we were told about this hominary made me think that it must be
a place very different from the human farm.  But it so happened,
much to our ultimate advantage as it turned out, that we were
caught by a wintry spell at a point far removed from any human
habitation.

We arranged for what we thought would be our winter quarters.  A
small but deep formicary was excavated in a steep hillside
protected by a fringe of trees.  It held only one chamber for
Bissa-tee, Azte-ca, and myself; and in addition there were four
fungus-gardens.  Fortunately, there were still a score or so of
carriers left, preserving pellets of fungus-hyph� in their
infrabuccal chambers; and fortunately, too, there were, in that
fringe of trees, a few Gleditschias which supplied us, in their
leaves, with a substratum suitable for growing them.  At the depth
at which our gardens lay the ground was still warm enough to ensure
a growth sufficient for our needs.  A second, larger formicary was
dug for the remainder of the army, considerably lower down that
hillside; and it was stocked with the wingless bodies of
grasshoppers and crickets paralysed by the sting of wasps; for this
hillside was a favourite haunt of these insects.

When we had been living here for some ten or twelve days, fretting
but resigned, the weather changed again, and a spell of marvellous
mellowness succeeded the wintry winds of the last fortnight.  All
our ants, accustomed now, for more than five years, to a wandering
life, became restless again; and it was quite a task to keep single
small groups from straying off by themselves.

But not in our formicaries only did life revive; the whole hillside
swarmed again with insects and finally with ants.

I was naturally reluctant, now we had resigned ourselves, to
sacrifice the preparations for wintering which had been made,
especially since fungus-hyph� were beginning to be scarce.  Nor
could we know just how long this summery weather would last.
Already we saw, in the leafy domes of the trees below us,
indications of a new colour to come: that colour which in these
latitudes precedes the fall of the foliage.  But one afternoon, the
air being exceptionally warm, a series of events began which
settled my troubles once for all.

A large army of Polyergus overran our formicary.  Bissa-tee, Azte-
ca, and myself were lazily basking in the sun near the entrance to
our little burrow when Bissa-tee gave the alarm.  We dived down
into our chamber above the fungus-gardens; and Bissa-tee closed its
entrance with her head.  Hundreds of these dreaded and murderous
amazons swarmed in and out of our burrow; not one seemed to suspect
our hiding-place, for they brushed past without stopping, never
even touching Bissa-tee's head; and then they left us.  A hurried
investigation showed that they had done only inconsiderable damage
to our gardens.  They had torn the leaf-sponges open; but they had
not carried them off nor sprayed them with their poisonous
excretions.  They were after eggs and pup�, Bissa-tee concluded
laconically; and with that she led the way to the open.

The Polyergus were just swarming into the second formicary; and we
saw some of the fiercer of our soldiers, led by Assa-ree, engaged
in a desperate battle against the raiders who, however, had come in
such numbers that Assa-ree's defence barely delayed them.

As we appeared at the opening of our gallery, we were just in time
to witness the whole proceeding.  It was only a very few moments
before the first of those who had entered returned.  We had
expected to see them carrying fragments of those orthoptera that
had been stored as winter-food for the soldiers; but to our
amazement they carried nothing of the kind.  They carried eggs.
Eggs?  Eggs.  And these eggs were of a shape and size which no ant
native to these parts could have produced.  There were only two
nations known to us that could have produced them: Atta Gigantea
and Eciton Hamatum; and we soon saw that there were hundreds and
thousands of them; for the Polyergus who, by the way, were fiercer
and more elegant, both in colouring and build, than any we had so
far seen, promptly carried these eggs away and then returned for
more.  The coming and going lasted for half an hour.

In the meantime, east of the entrance, the battle was waging.
Assa-ree performed marvels of valour; but her small band of helpers
was rapidly dwindling; the Polyergus had distinctly the upper jaw;
the merest touch of the tips of their mandibles pierced the armour
of our soldiers; and soon the hillside was strewn with their
corpses; before the raid was over, there were hundreds of them to
the enemy's scores.  It seemed that only Assa-ree had both the
science and the strength to slay her assailants.

Bissa-tee was immensely puzzled; more so than I; for I had never
told her what, months ago, had been revealed to me by the officer
on the Pogonomyrmex disk.  Yet it was Bissa-tee who connected this
sight of the eggs with another puzzling discovery which we had made
together.  "The pup�!" she scented suddenly.  "What pup�?" I asked
absent-mindedly.  "On the first tar-road," she replied.  "Don't you
remember?"

I remembered indeed.  With a sickening feeling I realized the whole
depth of Assa-ree's treason; and I could barely refrain from
sending at once absolute and final execution down that hillside.
In fact, I took several steps forward but was held back by my
companions.  They were right, of course.  No matter how treasonable
Assa-ree's conduct had been, her condign punishment must wait till
the last Polyergus had departed.  Nor did we have long to wait; and
as soon as I was sure that no living enemy remained on the
premises, I summoned my two companions to accompany me.

Assa-ree had disappeared into the crater of her burrow, exhibiting
all the signs of bewilderment and despair.  We took our stand on
the north side of the entrance, forty antlengths above the upper
lip.  Azte-ca and Bissa-tee were visibly nervous; to re-assure
them, I divulged for the first time the great secret that I was
carrying a pellet of the royal perfume of instant death which I
held ready to use at any moment; and then I gave the great scent of
summons.

I had expected mutiny and revolt; but Assa-ree promptly obeyed,
raising her head within the hollow of the entrance.  Her enquiry,
however, as to what was wanted was sullen and defiant.  She did not
care what happened to her.

Holding the pellet ready between labrum and tongue, I launched
forth into what, I flatter myself, was one of the greatest pieces
of forensic eloquence ever delivered by an Atta.  I regretted even
then the untimely loss of Adver-tee who alone would have been able
to record it in full for the instruction and delight of future
ages.  As it is, I can give only the barest abstract.

I went back to Assa-ree's early life in the formicary at home and
summarized the rumours that had been current about her; and next I
mentioned the circumstances which had seemed suspicious to me
during the early years of our expedition.  All this, I told her, I
had disregarded because her unrivalled courage and resourcefulness
had seemed to outweigh whatever might be said against her.  But, I
went on, since she was now facing the most solemn moment of her
life, I asked her to answer my questions with absolute truthfulness:
were the soldiers with whom she had started out without exception
true Attas?

She darkened; and then, true to her nature, she answered boldly,
"They were Ecitons."

"And the recruits enrolled at the isthmus?"

"Ecitons."

The frankness, I went on, with which she had answered these
questions did honour to her soldierly character.  I next referred
to her methods of foraging which were unworthy of any Atta; but I
conceded that they had been most convenient for the expedition and
therefore should not serve as the basis of an indictment.  I was
coming, I said, to the more important points.  We had proof of the
fact that she had used the carriers of the army for the
transportation of pup�.  Where had they come from?

They were carried, she evaded, in order to maintain the morale of
the troops.  Was it not well-known to me that ants of a less
exalted kind than ours were ever willing to fight in defence of
their broods?

That, too, I supposed, was the reason why she had this day been
detected in harbouring thousands of eggs in her burrow?

It was.  Though incidentally they were meant to recruit the army in
spring.

Would she tell me, I asked at last, whence these eggs and pup� had
come?

At that she saw she had marched straight into a trap.  Yet she
recovered her composure in a moment.  She issued entirely from the
crater and now stood in full view.  I divined her purpose: she was
giving the few of her most trusted soldiers who remained a chance
to come close to the lip of the crater; I saw a dozen claws
reaching up to its edge; they were ready to mow us down with their
flashing jaws.  Then she raised herself proudly and answered, "I am
an ergatogyne."

At this Bissa-tee moved.  I knew her favourite theory that all the
types transitional between the three chief castes, the male, the
female, and the ergate or worker, were pathological; and no doubt
she was on the point of signifying as much when I restrained her.

Was it, or was it not, a fact, I went on, that she was not so much
an ergatogyne as an abortive queen?

"I have never been winged," she said.

I did not know; but I professed myself profoundly interested.  At
any rate I did know that her eggs produced all normal castes and
thence concluded that she was fertilized?

What if she was?

It explained her ambitions, I replied.  What could be her purpose
in carrying with her recorders who were in possession of all the
important results of the expedition?

She had thought fit to make sure that these results, secured
chiefly through the protection she had given us, should not perish
if we perished.

And she had felt sure that we were going to perish, had she not?

To this she did not condescend to reply; but I saw her move her
antenn� so as to verify the fact that her followers were ready.

I should now, I went on, summarize my indictment by revealing to
her those plans which she thought were entirely hidden from me.  In
the first place, she was not a true Atta herself but a hybrid.  In
the second place, she was fertilized by an Eciton male wherever she
might have encountered him.  In the third place she aspired to the
throne or to a position within the monarchy which could enable her
to hold even the crown in subjection.  The former two points, while
less terrible things had among Attas before this been thought
deserving a sentence of death, did not dishonour her personal
character; but the latter constituted treason.  If she aspired to
the throne, why, then, it might be asked, had she come on this
expedition?  That, too, I was prepared to explain.  She had
admitted that she was an ergatogyne; and I was willing to prove
that she was fertilized.  Physiologically, therefore, she was able
to assume all the functions of a queen; and, interpreting many
puzzling and suspicious circumstances observed in the past by the
light shed upon them by recent discoveries, I was prepared to show
that she had exercised these functions even before we had left the
maternal formicary; for the carriers taken from that formicary for
the army had been her daughters.  But she knew that no Attiine
nation would ever consent to be ruled by an ant not a true queen
unless that aspirant had claims to glory and distinction eclipsing
the exaltation of royal birth.  These claims she had meant to
establish by first aiding our explorations and then depriving us
and even our memories of their results.  For she must not think for
a moment that I was ignorant of the fate she reserved for
ourselves.  Yet, what I had resolved upon was not the outcome of
self-regarding fear: it was what the danger of the state at home
demanded.  As a matter of fact, I wound up in a stinging
peroration, the thought of that state being ruled by an ergatogyne
could be borne: but in my opinion she was not an ergatogyne but a
gyn�coid.[3]


[3] An ergatogyne is produced by the physiological degradation of a
queen; a gyn�coid by the excess development of a worker or ergate.
The expression means, therefore, that Assa-ree had risen from the
ranks.  Apparently, among ants, too, genius ranks below birth.  E.


At this Assa-ree could no longer contain herself; it appeared to
her a fortuitous insult; and in that rage which can deprive even an
ant of her self-control, she issued the scent of attack.  Her few
adherents surged up through the opening behind her.  She herself
advanced, flashing her scissor jaws; but I was ready.

I, too, advanced, so as not to expose Bissa-tee and Azte-ca to any
side-thrust of the deadly perfume which was already sending its
murderous rays straight ahead.

A moment later, just before she came within reach of me, Assa-ree
reared up in the typical attitude of one stricken by Her Majesty's
most potent perfume; and as she did so, those following her also
stood up on their hind-feet and then broke down.  More and more
ants followed them, and all went to instant death.  Knowing as I
did from former experience how persistent the perfume and its
effect must be, I at once retreated, giving my two associates the
signal to follow me promptly.

We climbed up the hillside to the crater of our burrow and thence
looked back.  There were still a few ants issuing from the lower
formicary; and every single one shared the fate of her leader till
the whole remainder of the army had perished.  Not one was left of
that proud body which more than five years ago had started out
except Bissa-tee, Azte-ca, and myself.

What I had done had been done under the dictates of state-craft.  I
venture to say that no ruling caste among ants or any other order
of animals would have hesitated doing the same.  Yet, somehow, when
it was done, the world seemed empty.

We retired to our chamber underground; and there Bissa-tee relieved
her mind of all her misgivings.

What, she asked, if in future we should need a formicary?  Our jaws
were not adapted for digging.  What if we were attacked?  Azte-ca,
it was true, was still nimble enough to defend herself.  But we?

I did not answer at once.  These and similar questions had occurred
to me, too.  But such perplexities could not outweigh the danger in
which we were so long as Assa-ree lived.

Azte-ca was not interested in such things.  She accepted what I had
done because it was done and could not be undone in any case.  Why
waste time on it, then?  She was impatient to be gone; and her
impatience helped Bissa-tee and myself to get over the first shock
of so radical a change in the conditions under which the future
must be lived.  It was for that very reason that I did not at once
give her the permission which she asked for.  She fidgeted about in
evident embarrassment.  For a little while Bissa-tee and I enjoyed
this game; we even asked her certain questions; but her answers
were confused and so much at cross purposes that we had to laugh;
and when she had thus helped us to overcome the constraint laid
upon us by the solemnity of the occasion, I turned to her at last,
signifying that she might be off to her beloved humans.  And she
shot out of our formicary in such a precipitous way that Bissa-tee
and I were highly amused.  She did not return for two full days.

I went out to make sure that the perfume of death could not be
blown our way; in a dead calm it would travel downhill, of course,
since it was heavier than air.  There was no wind.

When Bissa-tee and I were alone in our chamber at last, we settled
down to a freer and less worried rest than we had had for many a
month; and my good friend let herself go and rumbled along in the
most comfortable way, speculating on what had happened.

"I admire you," she said; "but on what grounds do you justify your
verdict?"

"On the grounds of necessity."

She asscented.  "What is justice?  Take this case.  Treason?  Assa-
ree could not help herself.  She was what she was.  You called her
a hybrid; and I believe you were right.  Could she help that?  Is
the accident of birth to be made the basis of moral condemnation?
I have my doubts about her being a gyn�coid, by the way.  I don't
believe that any excess development of the ergate will ever enable
her to become capable of fertilization except in the lowest orders
of ants, the Ponerines perhaps, in which the differentiation of
castes has not yet reached any high degree.  But even if she was an
ergatogyne, she was unique in Attiine experience.  Ergatogynes,
too, occur as a regular thing only with ants of the lower orders.
Be that as it may; she could not help herself.  If she was an
ergatogyne, it was certainly her fate to seek fertilization; and I
defy any perfect female to remain a virgin when she is courted by
an expert male.  The very hybridity of her sexual union would in my
view rather excuse her than aggravate what you called her crime.
If her union had been adelphogamous, she must have done the
courting herself."

Little as I was inclined to argue the point--for I was surrendering
to the comfortable feeling of being for once out of danger--I could
not refrain from throwing in, "It may have been adelphogamous at
that; she was half Eciton herself."

"So you say," Bissa-tee went on; "so you say; and perhaps you are
right.  But that does not solve the problem either; it merely
removes the difficulty further back in time.  I still disagree; I
can still not acknowledge that what you have done is justice."

"Justice?  I do not call it justice.  I call it expediency; it was
she or we, that is all."

"Quite," Bissa-tee agreed.  "If you put it on that basis, there is
nothing else to be said.  But a higher being, if such there is,
might question whether she or we had more right to survive."

I was nearly asleep by this time; but I still managed to murmur,
"My dear Bissa-tee, justice is not a question of right but of
might."

"Ah," Bissa-tee asscented.  "Now you are scenting something.
And . . ."

That was the last I perceived, for I was sound asleep; and though
even in my dreams I remained conscious that Bissa-tee had been
thoroughly aroused and was holding forth at the top of her scent-
glands, I did not grasp any longer what it was she was propounding;
nor did I want to.  For the moment I felt as though I did not have
a care in the world.


VII


I must, now, very briefly, unfold certain speculations of mine; for
I wish to wind up what is known and inferred about slave-making
ants before I proceed to the strangest of all our adventures,
namely, our life among men of a city.

By the comparison of Pogonomyrmex Occidentalis, Formica Rubicunda,
and the various tribes of Polyergus I seemed to have arrived at a
very definite though incomplete line of development.  Perhaps I
should, instead of Pogonomyrmex Occidentalis, have mentioned
Dorymyrmex Pyramicus, for the latter species is really the one in
which the slave-making instincts take their inception.  These
little ants live, as I have mentioned, in burrows placed within the
cleared disks or even on the flank of the mound erected by
Pogonomyrmex; and they provide their sustenance by relieving single
harvesters of the booty they are bringing in.  If we consider this
as the beginning of slavery, its origin is clearly to be looked for
in piracy.

Now true slavery may be of two kinds, but one of them is
practically unknown among ants, whereas man has both.  One of these
two kinds is characterized chiefly by the loss of personal freedom
on the part of the slave.  The slave-maker uses her superior powers
to force the slaves to perform tasks which are uncongenial and
irksome to herself; and the slave, confined to such tasks, works
unwillingly and must be restrained from the full use of her powers.
This type of slavery is very common among men.  The other kind
cloaks a relation which is originally similar under the form of
symbiosis; and it is not as dangerous and degrading, in the long
run, to the slave as to the master; for it produces, in the latter,
a physiological degeneration which makes it actually impossible for
the master to live apart from her slaves; the slaves acquiesce, for
any sort of symbiosis is apt to produce a state of mind to which
this symbiosis appears as the natural order.  The masters, on the
other hand, develop powers which, though valueless for the purpose
of sustaining life, yet enable them to render certain apparent
services to the slaves, f.i., to defend them against their enemies.

While, therefore, in the case of the Rubicunda, the keeping of
slaves seems to be the by-product of simple piracy, the Polyergus
ant represents the perfect phase of a slave-keeping state.  The
masters are no longer able to attend to the simplest tasks of their
lives: they cannot even eat by themselves.  Even the power of
finding food which is readily available seems to be lost.  They can
live on honey; but we had seen them, crazed with hunger, swarming
all over a hive of bees; and they did not notice that all they
needed to do was to lick the honey up.  That, physiologically, they
were able to do so was proved by the fact that one of these valiant
fighters happened to slip, head foremost, into a honey cell; and,
the food thus having been accidentally brought into contact with
her tongue, she promptly gorged herself.  Much less are they able
to excavate their formicaries.  Their mandibles are hard and
brittle and, as we had reason to know, eminently adapted for
piercing the armour of an enemy; but they were utterly unfit for
the ruder task of struggling with rock and soil.  This fact makes
them dependent on alien races even in the establishment of their
formicaries.  For, while the Rubicundas could simply invade an
alien nest and put queen and workers to the jaw in order to raise
the broods they found, no Polyergus could possibly raise larv� and
thus train a band of slaves for herself.  There is only one
procedure open to the young Polyergus queen when she invades the
nest of her slave-species.  It is well known that, when such an
intruding queen succeeds in establishing herself on the back of the
queen of the invaded nest, the workers will leave her alone.  Thus
she has time, while tolerated, to acquire the nest-odour; and as
soon as she has done so, she can devote all her energies to the
congenial task of sawing off her protectress' head; and when this
task is completed, she takes the place of that unfortunate
potentate.  Figuratively, the same procedure is adopted in many of
the organizations of man, especially the political ones; and though
we never witnessed the thing among Polyergus ants, we may well draw
a conclusion from analogy.  From the beginning the Polyergus queen
is dependent on the good will of her slaves who raise the broods,
first of their own, then of the alien kind.  Still, as the
Polyergus colony becomes established in a Fusca or Pallidefulva
nest, it assumes its own proper functions; it brings in the broods
of other colonies, partly for food, partly for the purpose of
preserving the race of the slaves.

This leaves the development incomplete; and since our observations
on ants were at this point to come to an end, owing to the
extraordinary events to be related in the following chapter,
speculation must take the place of observation; and again that
speculation with regard to ants is confirmed by certain things of
which we were informed as being prevalent among men, especially
among their royal families and what they call their plutocracy.

I must anticipate.  When at last we were able to decipher man's
records, we found in them reports of man's observations on ants
which would go far towards confirming my own conclusions were it
not for one single thing, namely, that, in these human records,
assertions are made which it is impossible for an ant gifted with
reason and critical faculties to accept--a fact which would seem to
discredit all his so-called science.  These observations on slave-
making ants purported to have been made in a far country across the
seas to the east.  Since in this ocean islands are known to exist,
this subterfuge might still have passed if, in certain other human
records, geographical ones, distances and dimensions had not been
given.  Thus this country which they call Europe was said to be
over 3,000 miles from our own continent, across the sea--or about
four hundred million antlengths--a distance which certainly no
terrestrial mammal can swim.  But what is much more important, the
orbit of the earth around the sun and the path it describes in its
swing around the moon postulate an entirely smooth surface on the
far side of the globe, such as can be furnished only by an unbroken
hydro-hemisphere.  From what knowledge I gained of human nature, my
conjecture is that this so-called continent of Europe, and two or
three other continents as well, is simply an invention of a human
caste, the merchants, who claim that certain goods they "sell"--or
exchange for other goods--are brought from these far countries
overseas--goods which are in reality, of course, produced right at
home--in order to enhance their value.  This explanation is in such
close accord with human nature that, to any ant acquainted with man
as we became acquainted with him, it would carry prima-facie
conviction even if man's assertions were not flatly contradicted by
the unanimous conclusions of our formicarian geographers and
astronomers.  The fact, therefore, that my speculations about the
final evolution of slave-making ants is confirmed by man
constitutes the one circumstance which makes me hesitate in
affirming their unconditional collusiveness.

But I must propound them, nevertheless, in order not to leave the
present chapter incomplete in a purely scientific sense.

The most striking thing about any race of slave-making ants is
undoubtedly to be looked for in the methods employed in order to
found a colony.  The slave-making queen grafts herself, as it were,
on an already existing colony of the slaves.  Only then does she
proceed to lay eggs from which the three castes of her own kind are
produced.  Her own workers or soldiers, as far as the ordinary
functions of life are concerned, are from the beginning entirely
dependent on the slaves with this one exception that, as the colony
grows, they forage for them.  Now let this slave species be of an
aggressive kind easily able to support itself, and the slave-making
workers or soldiers can obviously be dispensed with.  But it is an
axiom universally accepted by biological science that organs which
are not needed first become rudimentary and finally disappear; and
this holds good not only for the individual organism but for the
social organism as well.  Applying this principle to the compound
colony of slaves and masters, we can draw only one conclusion,
namely, that the slave-making workers or soldiers will disappear;
and finally a state of affairs will be reached in which the progeny
of the slave-making queen will consist exclusively of perfect males
and females who exist for one purpose only, i.e., the propagation
of their own caste and who, in every other function of life, are
entirely dependent upon their slaves.  But, since the generations
of the slaves are never renewed, neither by natural propagation nor
by capture, the end of any colony that adopts the slave-making
queen is, from that moment on, in sight.  According to man, this
state of affairs is actually reached in mythical Europe by certain
species which he calls Anergates or workerless ants.  It is not
without interest for our knowledge of man that, in these fictions,
he is just sagacious enough to postulate an exceedingly small size
for the males and females of these Anergates; but not sufficiently
so to arrive, from analogy, at the exactly opposite result.  I
suppose the reasoning, if such it can be called, on which he bases
his own conclusion is as follows.  Since the slave or host species
of such degenerate slave-makers must be able to look after their
own provisioning, they are apt to be of greater size than the
slave-makers; and especially their males and queens are larger, the
latter being perhaps even so-called macrogynes or giants.  If that
is the case, there is a momentary advantage to them in the adoption
of these parasitic queens who are supposed to be minute and
therefore require less feeding; and the slaves are of a sufficiently
low mentality to be unable to forecast their own racial extinction
as a result of their policy; for we must not forget that, in order
to explain this hypothetic state of affairs, man must postulate that
the queen of the slaves be killed by her own workers, the slave-
making queen or parasite being, on his own premises, unequal to such
a task.

Man himself, at least if we may trust his own records to that
extent, which would be doubtful if they remained unconfirmed by our
conclusions, has castes which live thus parasitically; but these
parasites, contrary to what he postulates with regard to ants, are
enormous in size and over-developed to the point where their organs
become useless to them, not from atrophy but from hypertrophy.
Needless for me to do my students' thinking for them; they will,
from that, be able to draw the proper inference.  With this hint,
then, I will abandon this speculative glance into the realms of the
unobserved.



CHAPTER FIVE

The Seaboard


Containing the marvellous story of our trip, in a space-machine, to
the human city by the sea; the unheard-of hardships suffered in
reaching the hominary where we wintered; a report of the life which
we lived there and the studies which we pursued; the no less
marvellous story of our return to southern latitudes; a summary of
what we found out about man; and a brief account of my own final
dash home.


I


I was freed of the danger of Assa-ree's proximity; but I still had
much to worry me; and I fully realized that whatever we might
undertake henceforth would be in the nature not only of a dangerous
but a desperate enterprise; and Bissa-tee shared that conviction.

We were both in this frame of mind when, early on the third morning
after her departure, Azte-ca returned in a state of complete
physical exhaustion.  I was on the point of administering to her a
minimal dose of the perfume of royal favour in order to put her to
sleep; for it seemed to me that she needed nothing so badly as a
complete rest.  She, on the other hand, would not hear of anything
of the kind; she urged us in the most insistent way to load up with
fungus-hyph� and to follow her.  The greatest of all our
adventures, she scented, was ahead of us, provided we did not
delay.  We wanted to ask questions but she waved them aside.  There
would be time for all that.  Just now action was needed.

She set both example and pace.  She completely despoiled one of our
fungus-gardens, tearing it apart and selecting the innermost and
tenderest hyph� which she rolled into a ball.  This ball she
pressed and pressed, turning it over and over, till it was small
and compact enough to be pushed, with our help, into her
infrabuccal chamber.  This done, she at once proceeded to despoil a
second fungus-garden for Bissa-tee who entered into the spirit of
the thing with gusto.  A dozen times Bissa-tee and myself judged
that the ball was large enough; but she insisted in her vivid and
dramatic way that a zoologist could swallow and carry a larger one.
I will anticipate and state right here that, though we succeeded in
inserting the ball as it was when she declared herself satisfied
into Bissa-tee's infrabuccal chamber, it remained there to the day
of her death which, strange to say, was caused by starvation while
food aplenty was stored below her mouth whence it could not be
removed without a surgical operation, so tightly was it wedged in.
Next, Azte-ca wanted to roll a third ball for myself; but I pointed
out to her that my infrabuccal chamber was already filled with the
three perfume pellets.  Hers being a single-track mind, this put
her quite out of countenance for the moment; and, becoming
conscious of her extreme fatigue, she squatted down, doubling her
legs under her body.

But this lapse lasted only for moments.  She rose again and turned
to me, asking me to surrender the leadership to her for the space
of seven days.  "If you do," she added, "I undertake to place you
in a human habitation where you will not be offended with any of
the cruder aspects of human life and where we all shall be
comfortable throughout the winter.  As far as I can see, mine is
the only plan that can save our lives."

I glanced at Bissa-tee who, by this time, was catching the
infection of excitement from Azte-ca.  She winked at me; and I
conscented.

Whereupon Azte-ca promptly led the way.  We travelled all day.
Fortunately, the mild weather still held though I seemed to discern
the signs of a coming change.  Most of our day's progress was in
the margin of an ordinary human road which, from the ever-
increasing traffic we concluded to be one leading to some human
centre.  Towards evening, however, having covered some 700,000
antlengths, Azte-ca, now reduced to a state in which her motions
were purely automatic, signalled to us to remain behind and to wait
till she returned.

It was many hours before we saw her again; Orion had risen in the
east; and the night was far advanced though by no means dark, for
the moon shone brightly, and the sky was dusted over with stars.
Altogether, Bissa-tee and myself enjoyed the interval, for the
weather was fine.

Azte-ca was not alone when she returned; with her were four small,
very pretty ants whose bright, shining eyes scanned us curiously.
They were tremendously impressed with our size; yet they were too
well-bred to stare at us; and it amused me to watch them as they
tried to examine us without appearing to do so.  Meanwhile, Azte-ca
told us that these friends of hers had come from a human city
millions of antlengths to the east, in fact, the chief human city
of the continent; and they had done so by utilizing what they
called a human invention to which they were willing to introduce
us.  This was the first time that we met with this scent
"invention" as applied to human beings.  We ants seek for
discoveries rather than inventions; but it is characteristic of
human perversity to prefer to invent things: I have already
intimated that they invent whole continents.  However, both Bissa-
tee and myself signalized our willingness to be saved further
marching; but, we added, even though the whole of the human world
might be entirely imaginary, we did not care to be turned into
human inventions ourselves; for we had work to do, and we meant to
do it.  One of our new little friends assured us that, while there
might be discomforts, there would be no danger of our disappearing;
just as an ant had, at one time, invented a time-machine, so man
had invented a space-machine.  You entered a large chamber; you
were shaken a bit; and when you left the chamber, you were
somewhere else.

All this sounded so absurd that both Bissa-tee and I laughed; but
Azte-ca was almost offended; perhaps she feared we might at the
eleventh hour refuse to follow her leadership.  We raised no
difficulty, however; we were only too curious ourselves.

We asked our little friends, great admirers of man, to lead the
way; and for the rest of the night we struggled along, using our
legs.  But towards morning we arrived in a human town where all was
still quiet; and having crossed a not inconsiderable part of it, we
reached a wide open space traversed by pairs of steel-bands from
eight to ten antlengths high.  At the east end of this open space
stood a number of huge, rectangular, wooden parallelepipeda on
wheels which in turn rested on the steel-bands mentioned.  As we
made for them, we discovered that they were hollow and thence
concluded that they were structures similar to the aphid tents of
the pastoral ants.  I will confess that, when I saw them, I was
profoundly sceptical as to the truth of what our little friends had
told us about them.  They might be built by humans; in fact, they
probably were; but as to their being space-machines in the sense in
which our venerable Etsch-Dschie had, as Azte-ca had put it,
invented the time-machine, I could not yet believe it: I remembered
too well the endless discussions as to whether that time-machine
had been real or imaginary.

However, from the open door of one of these chambers a twisted
cable was hanging down; and our friends promptly climbed it, we
following in their wake.  The inside was not a pleasant place; it
was covered with a litter of debris, like a many-years-old kitchen
midden of harvesting ants.  Azte-ca gave a single glance around
and, looking at one of the little ants for confirmation that this
was the place, promptly went to sleep in a corner.  Bissa-tee and
myself, seeing that our little friends were about to depart, took a
courteous leave from them, thanked them for having gone to the
trouble, and, a moment later, were left alone.

We waited for hours and hours before anything happened; then
suddenly a great shouting arose outside, unmistakably human; and a
few minutes later the enormous doors were shut.  Another half hour
went by before, with a rumble like that of an earthquake and a
great puffing like that of a snorting mammal, but a million times
as loud, something passed outside.  We saw nothing, but I must
report that Bissa-tee trembled.  Suddenly we were both violently
thrown off our feet; and Azte-ca rolled over half a dozen times
without awaking.  Then a strident whistling noise; and the whole
structure came to life with a series of deafening clankings.  From
now on and for several days during which we lost track of the
passage of time, that chamber did not again come to rest except for
short periods occurring at irregular intervals of several hours.
The floor of our chamber vibrated and leapt in the most amazing
way, in all three directions at once, forward and backward, right
and left, and upward and downward; so that we kept rolling and
pitching about till we were sick.  What made it worse was that
these motions were every now and then complicated by adventitious
jumps of a quite unimaginable violence.  We came to the conclusion
that the chamber must be alive after all and that it was trying to
escape from its fetters.

Azte-ca slept for three days before she awoke.  Meanwhile, we had
more than once tried to escape but without success.  Smaller ants
could have squeezed through various cracks around the door; but we
were fairly caught; and from the moment on when Azte-ca woke up,
she restrained us from our endeavours, assuring us that all we were
going through was perfectly normal.  I replied that, no matter how
general insanity might be among humans, it could never be called
normal so long as there remained a single sane ant in the world.

As I said, we lost track of the passage of time; and when, after
what seemed an eternity, that chamber came to rest without starting
again while we were in it, we all three went to sleep from utter
exhaustion; and I have no means of telling how long we slept.  This
sleep was finally disturbed by a sensation of intense cold; and
after another half day or so we were roused by a most terrific
noise accompanied by a renewed trembling of the floor; simultaneously
an icy draught swept over us; and wet flakes of snow settled all
about and even on our backs.  I was at once convinced, from the
quality of the air, that we were at the seaboard if not actually on
the sea.

I was on the point of issuing a command when Azte-ca anticipated
me, insisting that she was in charge.  We left the chamber by
dropping down from the edge of its floor where the door had been;
it was wonderful to have the solid earth underfoot again; but the
air was like a threat of death; and the ground was covered with a
mixture of liquid and frozen water which chilled our limbs to the
flesh.

It was night; and all about were amazing sights.  We were on a sort
of jetty thrown out into the water and scored with two double bands
of steel on one of which rested the chamber from which we had come,
with many similar chambers in front and behind.  The deep gurgling
water to both sides of the jetty was in perpetual motion and, to
the east, reflected a high half moon.  To the west, whence the wind
came, no stars were visible, for the sky was obscured by low-
hanging clouds.  Straight ahead of the jetty, on the far side of
the inlet, for such we concluded it to be, from the fact that the
fine spray which dashed up on the jetty was salt, there loomed
thousands of hominaries, all shining with lights similar to those
we had seen in the human barn, only much brighter.  What amazed us
most, however, was the fact that the water of the inlet was alive
with scores of firefly beetles of a size undreamt of in our
latitudes; some of them must have been fully 2,400 antlengths long;
and all of them carried more than one light, red and green as well
as white.  Altogether it was a sight as of some scene in the dim,
geologic past.

The air was vibrating with noise: whistling noises and human cries
lifted themselves against a background of a low, rumbling humming.
When one of these enormous fireflies swept by close to the jetty, I
could distinctly see how it moved; it had a tail under water which
it kept twisting around, with a sound as of churning: alligators
lashing the water produce such a sound.

All this we observed in a space of time so short that it seemed as
though we had not stopped at all.  For, in the first place, Azte-
ca, acting as if she were perfectly familiar with these sights,
summoned us to follow her; and in the second place, we could not
stand still, from fear of being congealed by the cold.

We followed our temporary leader; and she turned south.  Here,
human beings were running along the jetty, carrying fireflies in
their forefeet, encased in glass spheres.  We paid no attention to
them but struggled on in Azte-ca's wake, dodging snow-flakes as we
went, and splashing through pools of ice-cold water.  On and on,
for hours and hours.

And then we came to a wide road leading west, flanked on both sides
by enormous dark and sinister-looking structures and dimly lighted
by occasional fireflies perched on poles.  The centre of this road
was crowded with such animals on wheels as we had already met on
the tar roads in the west.  Both sides of this thoroughfare were
raised by about ten antlengths above the centre; and on these sides
human beings were hurrying east or west in great numbers.  We had
considerable trouble in finding a safe path close to the buildings
on our side.  Azte-ca never stopped, but hurried on as if she knew
exactly what she was about.

It was turning colder all the time, the temperature at last falling
almost to the freezing point; the clouds had now hidden the moon;
and snow and sleet were whirling through the air, carried by a dark
wind.  Our progress became slower and slower, though our extreme
exertions counteracted to a certain extent the chilling effect of
the cold.

On and on, for hours and hours.

Then Azte-ca, still leading, turned north.  Bissa-tee and myself
hardly knew any longer where we were or what we were doing; we
struggled forward as in a trance.  Azte-ca was now darting this way
and that, dodging the crushing feet of humans who paid no attention
to us; and suddenly we became aware that we were right on top of
one of those enormous beetles which we had seen shooting about over
the water with their red and green lights.  It was an extremely
smelly place, the atmosphere being laden with the scent of human
sweat and the exhalations of the beetle itself.  Azte-ca, following
the apparently minute and accurate directions she had received from
our small friends, now invaded, without a moment's hesitation, the
inner anatomy of the monster on which we were.  Soon we were out of
the weather; the air was warmer; in fact, we seemed to change from
one extreme to the other.  We were amazed at the amount of mineral
matter to be found within the bodies of these beetles: the floors
of the inner cavities were of iron; and when, a few minutes later,
we found ourselves actually within its gaster, we saw that even its
intestines were metallic; everywhere this iron and steel and copper
was coated with an oily secretion; and from it radiated the
monster's body-heat.

Then there was a terrific snorting; the vitals of the beetle began
to move in the most unexpected way, hissing and screeching; and the
floor on which we stood, keeping out of sight as much as we could,
began to tremble and to vibrate, just as the floor of the space-
machine had done, though not to the same extent.  We became aware
that we were moving; and we soon arrived at the conclusion that we
were crossing the inlet.  In addition to ourselves, the monster
carried hundreds of humans.

The passage across the water took over a quarter of an hour; and
then, with a bump and a terrific noise of churning, we came to
against a jetty similar to the one at which we had first left the
space-machine.

Here my memory gives out.  I still seem to hear the noise of
innumerable human feet shuffling about, and to see ourselves, after
a long time of renewed effort, hurrying along at the bottom of a
canyon 2,000 antlengths deep, struggling, struggling.  Daylight
came, dim and dismal; and then night came again; but it brought no
rest.

Once more, in this compound hominary, we came out into a new sort
of canyon where there were not only thousands of human feet
shuffling along, but in the centre of which space-machines were
gliding on steel bands; these, however, were brilliantly lighted;
and they stopped here and there to take on and to discharge human
passengers.  Man, as we found out by and by, is obsessed with the
idea that continual motion is bliss.  But we were too tired to
watch; and it seemed as though forever after we should have to
follow Azte-ca's crazy lead.

Once more day came and once more night fell; and still we were
struggling along; but it was not dark; the walls of the canyon
through which we proceeded were pierced on both sides with enormous
hollows from which light flooded out as by magic into the central
space.  The thundering noise of the space-machines and the purring
and hooting of the land-beetles which were darting about on every
hand fairly stunned us and made us indifferent and insensible.
There was barely any abatement in the numbers of humans crowding
along on their mysterious errands.  No doubt some purpose propelled
them all; but what that purpose was seemed to transcend formicarian
understanding.

And then day came for the third time since our landing.  We were
committed to a ceaseless wandering through a world gone insane.  We
were still hurrying on at the foot of the structures occupying the
south side of the canyon, now over solid snow that began to
accumulate there, and in a never-ending, blind monotony of
endeavour which seemed to deprive us of reason and sense.  But
Azte-ca led; and we followed; to stop would have been to invite
certain death.

Then that certain death seemed to swoop down on me anyway.  I
remember it had just struck me as strange that we were not being
observed: here we were, three scholars of great repute, come to
explore this human city; and the humans did not even seem to be
aware of our presence.  I should have thanked my stars for their
callousness!  For suddenly I WAS observed.  A human hurrying along,
with his head bent low, saw me and stopped.  He stopped and,
deliberately lifting his near hind-foot, he brought it down on top
of me in order to crush me out of existence!  I had just time to
scent a warning to the other two while I was furiously digging
myself into the snow before the enormous flat sole of that foot
descended.  I succeeded to the point where its pressure was largely
taken up and absorbed by the snow to both sides; but exhausted as I
was and no longer as nimble as I had been in my youth, I was not
quite fast enough; and so I felt my carapace crack and nearly
swooned.  I don't know how I know; but that man's name was Ayr; and
I want to hand at least his appellation over to the everlasting
condemnation of antkind.  Fortunately he was too stupid to
understand that his fell purpose was not achieved; and so he went
on at once.  I was badly hurt: several of the dorsal plates of my
thorax were cracked; but I had buried my head deep down in the
snow; and Bissa-tee, who made a quick preliminary examination,
pronounced my wounds to be serious but not mortal.  In front, Azte-
ca was clamouring for us to follow her, assuring us that before
long we should have a chance to rest; and so I dragged myself
forward again, racked with pain, but triumphant nevertheless at the
thought that I had saved my brain from destruction.

It was some time after noon that day when Azte-ca turned at right
angles.  In thinking this adventure over, without actually
remembering the details, I have come to the conclusion that we
must, in the course of our wanderings, have crossed many side-
roads; and whenever we did, we must have been in the gravest danger
of being crushed to death.  But our danger had no doubt been slight
compared with the risks we had to run now; for as we traversed this
main artery of human traffic, thundering space-machines and humming
beetles surrounded us on every foot.  I can only say that more than
once we were separated; and I, being the oldest and heaviest, was
always in the rear.  Somehow or other I never failed to pick up
Bissa-tee's scent again, even after I had, on one occasion,
crouched down with a space-machine thundering along right over my
head and flashes of lightning breaking right and left.  It was an
incredible experience.

But at last we arrived in a sort of forest cleared of underbrush,
just east of the canyon.  This forest was traversed by a number of
human roads or paths; and on these we saw human males and females
hurrying up to a great structure ahead of us or issuing from it.
This, as we were to find out, was Azte-ca's destination, and it
consisted of an enormous hominary containing human records.  We
were destined to spend two whole winters there.

In the forest we stopped, and Bissa-tee examined me once more.
Then, having conferred with Azte-ca, she gave it as her opinion
that I stood a fair chance of getting to the end of our journey.  I
myself was not so sure of it, for my wounds had by this time become
chilled; and in this forest the snow lay deep; but I was determined
to go on or perish: there was no choice; we could not remain where
we were.

It was late in the afternoon when, singly, we made our way into the
hominary, for each of us had to wait till a human entered or
issued, we being unable to move the enormous doors.

The moment we were inside, we had one relief: it was warm there;
but the edges of my wounds had been frozen; and as they thawed,
I fainted.  From that moment on I cannot tell what happened
further.[1]


[1] Perhaps it will help the human reader's comprehension if I state
that the above description as well as what follows, barring minor
inaccuracies, fits the approach and lay-out of the Public Library
of New York City.


II


When I recovered my consciousness, I was alone, surrounded by
twilight, though, throughout the outer reaches of the structure in
which I was, broad daylight flooded the air.  I had some trouble in
remembering; too much had happened.  But as my memory returned, I
saw myself, or rather the three of us, struggling again through
snow and sleet and rain, the human road roaring with noise and
traffic; and I felt sorry for myself.

I tried to move but could not.  Where was I?  Though I recalled
that I must be in that great hominary where the humans of this city
kept their records, I had not the slightest idea of what was
immediately surrounding me.  To the right, a rough earthen wall
rose to a dizzy height; to the left, there were peculiar columnar
structures fifteen antlengths high, terminating in an uneven line
above; these exhaled the smell of paper made of wood and of cotton
fabrics mixed with that of fish glue and oil--a mixture I had never
smelt before.

There was no light near me; but as my glance followed the right-
hand wall upward, it lost itself in a sea of sunlight above, barred
with black lines of shadow.  Again I tried to move and failed in
the attempt.  My wounds, which I now remembered again, did not
smart while I lay still; but at every motion a pain as of
tightening ligatures encircled my thorax, so intense that I winced
and henceforth was content to remain motionless.  Thus I lay for
hours.

Then, to my infinite joy, I scented Bissa-tee approaching along the
broken upper edge of the columnar structures to my left.  I even
saw her peering down at me.  But she did not yet come.  In my
weakened and helpless state, this precipitated me into the depths
of despair.  I feared I was completely abandoned; I was left there
to die alone; for, unless I was surrounded by the care of helpful
friends, I could see nothing ahead of me but a miserable end.

However, presently Bissa-tee returned.

I must here express my profound and sincere sorrow at Bissa-tee's
untimely death of which we shall hear in due course; not only
because by that death she was deprived of the full harvest of
renown and glory which was her due on account of her great
discoveries and achievements in zoology; but also because the
example of her unrivalled tact as a medical ant was lost to ant-
kind.  Her surgical and medicinal knowledge and skill, I have no
doubt, can be equalled by others, remarkable though they were; but
the subtle gradations of her bedside manner were unique.  It was
her theory that a patient must above all heal herself; and that a
doctor could help most by putting her into the humour which was
appropriate to her condition.  Thus when rest and relaxation were
indicated, she could be so tenderly and sorrowfully sympathetic
that her patient simply surrendered herself to her ministrations,
just as a callow surrenders herself to her nurse-ant; and when a
cheerful fighting spirit was needed, she would beat her thorax and
rumble along in a loud, boisterous way which made you laugh and
desire to get up at once in order to have a playful bout with her.
Between these two extremes she had an infinite number of gradations
so subtly adapted to the condition of the patient that I am
inclined to assert her mere occasional presence had a curative
effect even on my wounds, however slight or serious they may have
been.

On the present occasion she was all soothing drowsiness.  In sweet,
soporific scents she assured me that I was doing famously; but I
must not yet try to satisfy my curiosity; I must lie quite still;
with proper treatment and nourishing food I should, in a very few
days, be exploring again for myself.

At the scent of "nourishing food" I realized with something like a
pang just how hungry I was; for I had not eaten since, led by our
tiny friends, we had left our station in the middle-west of the
continent.  So, when Bissa-tee gently raised my head and
regurgitated food for me, it seemed the most natural thing for her
to do--as though the mere fact of her having anything to
regurgitate were not an almost miraculous circumstance.  And what
she had was fungi; it is true they were not the species cultivated
at home; in fact, as I found out, they were properly moulds and not
fungi at all; but Bissa-tee administered them with such a matter-
of-course air that I swallowed them readily, in spite of a slightly
bitter taste which I ascribed to medicinal ingredients.  Meanwhile
she kept up a constant, murmuring stream of scents, conveying to me
the information that, for the time being, all our troubles were at
an end: man was providing for us, not only shelter and heat, but
excellent food as well.

If it was her purpose to put me quietly to sleep again, she
succeded completely; as, after having partaken of this food, I
became drowsy, her manner changed to one of absolute somnolence; as
though, like some goddess of sleep, she were pouring hypnotics into
my antenn�.

I believe I slept for many days; for, when I awoke at last, my
wounds were nearly healed; and Bissa-tee had completely changed her
behaviour.  This time she was present at the moment of my awaking;
and she was engaged in dissolving those tight bands about my thorax
by applying saliva to them.  No sooner did she notice that I was
emerging from my long sleep than she began to scent to me in the
most inspiriting way that, as soon as she had finished removing my
bandages, I might go and find out where I was.

Only then did it strike me as curious that, while I had a
subconscious memory of the frequent visits of Bissa-tee during my
long illness, I had not once, in all that time, been visited by
Azte-ca.  I promptly enquired after her; and Bissa-tee shook with
laughter.  It took her quite a while to recover from her mirth; but
when she did, she told me that Azte-ca was indeed lost to the
world: she had succeeded in deciphering the human records and had
now no time for anything else.  She was positively reckless, Bissa-
tee added; she was transscenting some of her more amazing
discoveries at a point to which she, Bissa-tee, could lead me if I
so desired.  Her recklessness consisted in pursuing her studies day
and night, often under the very noses and eyes of man; and she
devoted no more than an indispensable minimum of time to rest and
sleep.  She frankly admitted, Bissa-tee added, that she exposed
herself to constant danger; but she had gone insane with her
curiosity; and she averred that, since her discoveries were scented
on the wall of the building, her death did not matter, so long as
she could pursue her studies, as she called them, to the end.

My impatience became such that I could hardly wait till Bissa-tee
had finished her task before I asked her to show me these scent-
fields--for such she called them--of Azte-ca's.  Accordingly, as
soon as we could, we set out for the place which was excellently
chosen, for to the left, there being a gap in the obscuring
columnar structures, a warm current of air ascended along the wall.
These walls curved upwards from all sides to a circular opening
which was crowned by a vaulted dome admitting a flood of light from
above.  As far as I could survey it, the whole chamber resembled,
on a gigantic scale, those which we build for our fungus-gardens.
No doubt some man had seen the latter and brought home the art; for
man is the most imitative of all animals.

Incidentally, I discovered on this first trip of exploration the
source of the food which Bissa-tee had administered to me.  I must,
however, not forget to mention that she had also informed me of the
nature of the columnar structures which I had noticed to my left.
They were what, in a scent new to me, she called books or human
records; and in describing them as a collective unit she used
another scent unknown to me--a scent which I will render by our own
scent literature.  Now all this human literature was mouldy; and as
I walked along behind my physician and nurse, I could not refrain
here and there from nibbling at these moulds which had the exact
taste of Bissa-tee's regurgitation.  When, on the present occasion,
she saw me, she laughed.  "Bitter?" she asked; and when I agreed,
she added, "Queer stuff; no doubt the bitterness is imparted by the
contents.  It's wholesome food; but, if I'm any judge, it must be
poison for man.  You won't see many healthy and normal specimens
here, such as we've seen in the fields and the streets; those that
come here, somehow look like worms to me; if it were not flattering
them, I'd call them bookworms.  I hope no real bookworm will scent
me, though."  And again she laughed in her boisterous way, shaking
from head to gaster as she went on, "They'd have made good food for
our lamented friend Assa-ree and her hordes."

I thought her almost frivolous; it had been tacitly understood
between us that Assa-ree was not to be mentioned.

But to come to our records.  I was soon absorbed in what Azte-ca
had recorded: it formed amazing scenting.

First of all, in an introduction of her own, she explained the
physical nature of human records.  Man had a limited number of
visual symbols standing for sounds.  These sound-symbols were
arranged in groups called words; and words were arranged in lines;
and groups of lines in pages.  These pages were imprinted on sheets
of paper made by chewing wood--a manufacture familiar to us from
certain tribes of our own kind as well as from wasps.  These sheets
of paper, both sides of which were used, were then fastened
together in bunches of from one to three hundred and formed a book.
The only way in which an ant, even when she had deciphered this
cumbersome system of symbols, could read human records was to run
along line after line and to look at symbol after symbol, carefully
fitting them together into an auditional perception; and, next, to
fit the auditional perceptions together into a conceptual context.
By way of an admiring foot-note, Azte-ca added that man had taken
great pains to guard against these records being used by the
uninitiated; for, she explained, the same symbol or group of
symbols is often used for very different sounds; and many symbols
are carefully imprinted between others without having any sound-
value whatever: a perversity which, to me, seemed to render the
whole system worthless.  I was inclined to think that Azte-ca was
simply mistaken her assumptions; I convinced myself later on that
she was right; but I did not agree with her in admiring man for
having found a way of making access to his records intellectually
very difficult to his fellow-men.  Still later I found, from man's
own records, that it takes his callows, according to the degree of
initiation required, from six to sixteen years to acquire the art
of deciphering such records as they may need in the station of life
which they wish to occupy.  On the other hand, it took me, once I
had grasped the complicated principles involved, exactly one hour
to learn to read any record of his.

But to continue.  When such a book is opened, two consecutive pages
are accessible; to make the next two available, a leaf has to be
turned.  And this, Azte-ca stated, she had learned to do.  One
considerable difficulty, which I discovered later, Azte-ca failed
to mention, namely, that the order in which the primary sound-
symbols are printed runs invariably from left to right, instead of
alternating from line to line, which means that we, after having
run along one line, had to return to our starting-point idle.  The
labour involved was thereby doubled.

In order to finish this topic before I proceed, I will anticipate
here.  Azte-ca was indefatigable in her labours and soon became so
infatuated with man's perverse ways that she devoured this
literature of his seemingly for no other purpose than to transscent
it on the walls of the building.  Whatever books she found open
on the reading tables provided for humans she went through
indiscriminately.  Bissa-tee, on the other hand, though she learned
the art of deciphering, never indulged in its exercise beyond a
measure which she prescribed for herself for the purpose of
reducing or "slimming" as she called it; like our lamented Anna-
zee, she was rapidly becoming obese.

I myself used more discrimination in the choice of books which I
read.  I soon found that Azte-ca was wasting her time on an
enormous amount of what the humans call fiction, i.e., books
written on entirely imaginary things; she actually used to get
excited about them, especially when they dealt with crime and its
detection.  It did not take me long to find out that, whenever she
came to a record of human science or history, she promptly left it;
I only needed to watch her in order to have the very thing which I
wanted; it was invariably what she disdained.  As for her
omnivorous and injudicious reading, I will give one or two figures.
During the seventeen moons which we spent in this hominary, she
read no less than 6,321 books; which feat involved travelling,
afoot and at top speed, a total distance of 1,769,880,000
antlengths or about 13,696 human miles.  In all which she had no
other aim than to satisfy a vulgar curiosity.  I myself, on the
other hand, aimed at understanding man's social organization which
would decide his position in the phylogenetic scale of evolution.

It goes without saying that in this brief record I cannot even
summarize the information gathered.  The curious are referred to
scent-trees 346 to 389 and 733 to 813 for such a summary.  At
present I must be content to relate events rather than give the
results of investigation and research.

During our stay in this library we had, naturally, to adjust our
own day to that of the humans.  Or perhaps it would be more correct
to state that I had to do so; for Bissa-tee stood apart from our
labours, learning to decipher the records of man more from a motive
of vanity than from that of a thirst for knowledge which is the
fountain head of all intellectual achievement; and Azte-ca, in
spite of repeated warnings, took such risks as no ant should take.

To speak of her first, I might say that she pursued her reading at
almost any time of the day or night.  Usually the library began to
fill with human readers quite early in the morning; and Azte-ca
soon knew a good many of them.  That is to say, she knew their
tastes in literature and the places where they preferred to sit.
There was accommodation for eight hundred human readers.  I will
briefly tell of the circumstances which first induced her to
disregard all danger.  On the counter near the door where at night
nearly all books that had been used and were required again must be
deposited, she had become acquainted with a record which, from what
she reported about it, dealt with a peculiarly intricate murder
story; and she had just reached the most exciting part of it (for
in all this branch of literature man aims chiefly at excitement)
when, next morning, the human officers of the library arrived; so
far, she had always taken that for a signal to retire; and she did
so on this occasion.  She watched, however, for she was trembling
with excitement; and soon she saw a human female appear and take up
this record which she carried to a certain favourite seat of hers.
This was exactly what Azte-ca had expected.  But within an hour the
human female finished her reading and returned the book to the
counter where she was supplied with another.  Azte-ca had, in the
meantime, on one of the shelves where the books were kept, run the
whole round of the hall, getting herself quite out of breath with
hurry.  She hated to lose sight of that precious record.  To her
disgust, a human attendant promptly picked it up and replaced it on
one of the shelves.  Again Azte-ca ran a race with this man and,
helpless to prevent it, saw what he did.  There it was to stand
henceforth, much regretted by Azte-ca, tightly wedged in between
other records.  I believe that, had she lived a thousand years, she
would still have been impatient whenever anyone alluded to that
book; for although she read meanwhile thousands upon thousands of
other books, she could never forget her being disappointed of this
one.  She asserted, of course, that her curiosity was solely
concerned with the question whether man's resolution of the mystery
agreed with her own which she pronounced to be highly ingenious.
We often teased her about it.  But from that day on she began to
take undue risks.  Whenever, henceforth, she had been unable to
finish a book, she made it a point to linger about the counter
where she could not turn the pages without being detected; and when
the human reader returned for the book, she jumped on to his
flowing outer integuments and climbed up on shoulder or head of
this reader.  When he sat down, she remained and read with him.
This was an art which she acquired by infinite practice: I never
did; my eye-sight was no longer good enough.  For man does not run
along the lines when he reads; he merely follows them with his
eyes; and Azte-ca who, as I have repeatedly said, was a genius in
her way, soon learned from him.  Many and many a time she was seen,
of course, and ruthlessly brushed to the ground by a human fore-
foot; but she was not to be discouraged by such slight reverses,
not even after she had lost a middle leg by a fall.  Ultimately, as
we shall see, Azte-ca brought disaster upon herself and came near
bringing it upon Bissa-tee and me as well.

I myself read chiefly at night and rested in daytime.  The sort of
books I read--science, history, philosophy, and the like--were
mostly used by privileged human readers of a more or less advanced
age who had the right to leave them, piled together, on the tables
where they had their seats; and there these books were left
undisturbed when at night their readers went home.  Such records,
which were often of considerable bulk, presented, however, one
considerable difficulty, namely, that they were exceedingly hard to
open.  Almost every night I had to enlist the help of both my
associates in order to achieve that feat; and though I did manage
to turn the often large and stiff pages by myself, that task, too,
required the exertion of every ounce of my strength.  I pursued my
studies invariably till the first human readers appeared which was
an hour or two after the attendants had arrived at the counter.

As for Bissa-tee, I have already said that she took no interest
whatever in our pursuits; for two or three hours every morning she
indulged in what she called gymnastics, in order to keep her ever
growing bulk within manageable limits; after that she undid
whatever effect these exercises might have had by roaming all over
this hominary in search of the choicest moulds; she asserted that
these varied considerably according to the kind of literature they
grew on, being bitter and tasting of medicinal substances when
growing on philosophic works; sweet and ethereal, when growing on
poetry written by females; and having an outright intoxicating
effect when growing on works of so-called theology.  Personally, I
never could taste the difference.


III


For a long while--in fact, for over a year--life thus went on
placidly enough.  The moulds growing on this human literature
furnished an inexhaustible and nourishing though, to me, slightly
unpalatable food; the temperature was almost as equable as in our
brood-chambers; and we seemed to be perfectly safe.

Then I had the first terrifying intimation of the fact that our
presence had not remained unnoticed.  What I am about to relate
forms one of the most harassing memories of this period; and it is
with some hesitation that I set it down; only a strict regard for
truth forces me not to suppress a single feature of the adventure.

I had by this time completely mastered the art of understanding
human speech.  For this purpose I had my ear-drums coated, just as
in the past I had coated those of Azte-ca; but we now used a
different substance for the purpose, namely, a liquid which, on
exposure to the air, hardened quickly and which we found in large
glasses on the counter by the door; man calls it mucilage.  These
coatings which Bissa-tee applied for me, so deadened the thunder of
the human voice that it reached my delicate auditory nerves as from
a great distance, resembling the pleasant murmur of a brook.

One night, then--I believe it was in the fourteenth moon of our
stay in the library--I had run across a book dealing with
ourselves.  My students will hardly credit the fact, which is
nevertheless quite true: this book was written by our old friend or
enemy, the Wheeler.  It seems only natural that I should have been
sufficiently absorbed to lose track of the passage of time; and
suddenly I became aware that I had read on, still turning the
pages, till it was broad daylight.  Already there were numbers of
human readers scattered throughout the great chamber and engaged in
their studies.  Now the human which had frequented this particular
reading platform, in a remote corner of the hall, was a young
female which did not, as a rule, make its appearance much before
noon.  So, glancing about and finding that I was in fair privacy, I
made up my mind that it was safe to go on for another hour or so;
for I had just reached an account, from the human point of view, of
the Attas.

To my dismay, however, the human female appeared shortly, and at
the very moment when I was laboriously turning a page.  She was a
bold sort of callow, not over forty years old; and humans, I
suppose, would have called her handsome.  Her head was covered by a
sort of smooth clypeus; and her neck rolled up in a thick fur
resembling that of a fox (I shall have more to say about these
singular human integuments in the next section).  She was tall,
slender, and athletic; and her face showed several coatings of a
wax-like substance of two colours, white and red.  This coating,
Bissa-tee conjectured, was applied by the tongues of males; one
day, she asserted, she had, in a recess of the library, distinctly
seen a male applying its mouth to the cheek of a female; and,
investigating at once, she had, beyond the possibility of a doubt,
ascertained the fact that the same substance, also red and white,
was coating the lips of the male which promptly protruded its
tongue to lick it back into its mouth.

Now I must explain that, from the very moment on when Azte-ca had
first deciphered human speech and records, I had cherished the hope
of establishing communication with man.  This could not be done
orally; for man's auditory nerves are far too coarse to perceive
the fine and delicate sounds we produce by stridulation.  It could
be done only by way of his records, and I had already conceived a
practicable method.

When, therefore, the human female appeared on this fateful morning,
I made up my mind to attempt this great task then and there.  Here,
I said to myself, is a human being which, by the very nature of its
reading, shows that it is interested in ants.  What better
opportunity could I expect to find?

I dropped the leaf I was on the point of turning and began running
along the lines of the page; and whenever I found one of the
symbols I needed, I carefully deposited a drop of my black anal
secretion below it.  I could not believe that she would fail to see
it.

Imagine, therefore, my surprise when this female, at sight of me,
uttered a low scream and instinctively, at least so it seemed,
swept me to the ground by a terrible swoop of her fore-foot.  Yet
even then I could not conceive of a young female's soul being so
devoid of all finer stirrings as to make it instinctively bent on
murder.  Had she watched for just a minute, she could not have
failed to grasp my intention.  But what did she do?  She ran after
me and, raising her hind-foot, tried to bring it down on me, just
as the man had done in the street some fourteen moons ago.

It was my good fortune that I did not for a moment lose my presence
of mind.  Seeing what this human female was about, I remembered an
anatomical peculiarity of the female foot as compared with that of
the male.  The fore-part of the foot consists, on its under side,
of a huge, flat expanse which, towards the rear, curves up into a
vault behind which there is a columnar heel; this heel is, in the
female, much higher than in the male.  I have sometimes thought
that it would be possible to classify human beings by their heels:
the higher it is, the larger the share of the female characteristics,
even in males; and the lower it is, the larger the share of the male
characteristics, even in females.  I believe this would furnish a
perfectly sound basis for division.  But to return to my story.

Remembering this peculiarity of the foot of the female, I turned on
my back when I saw the foot descending upon me.  At the exactly
right moment I propelled myself upward with an extreme exertion,
first raising abdomen and head and then bringing them down with a
thump on the smooth stone of the floor, imparting a spring to my
whole body.  I had to calculate that jump to a nicety; for had I
reached sole or heel instead of the arch of the foot, it would have
meant certain death.  To my relief, however, I found myself, a
moment later, securely clinging to the vaulted roof of that arch;
and then the foot, with a terrific impact, came down on the floor,
nearly dislodging me.

Apparently the human female was half exhausted by the effort; for
she dropped into a sitting posture in what humans call an arm-
chair.  This sitting position was of a kind peculiar to humans
which must ever seem offensive to the modesty of ants.  My students
can imagine the state of mind I was in.  The moment the tension
resolved itself into the feeling of relief, I simply shook with
indignation: a clumsy human female had nearly annihilated me, the
depositary of the most advanced science of ants!

In relating the remainder of this adventure, however, I cannot but
confess to a certain degree of shame.  I, a votary of science,
having just, by a special dispensation, escaped from imminent
danger, should not have allowed myself to be carried away by
unreasoning anger.  Yet, had I not been so carried away, we should
not have had the warning to which I have referred.  Let the student
remember that even science leaves us, in our lesser moments, mere
formicarian beings subject to passion.  For my own justification I
can say that I struggled against the lower impulse which, however,
proved stronger than my more elevated thought.

Slowly and stealthily I left the cave of my refuge and swung up on
top of that foot.  There, too, it was partly covered with the same
coriaceous integument as the sole.  I proceeded upward along the
tibial reach of the leg, covered, up to and slightly beyond the
genicular joint, by a different, fibrous integument.  Over this I
ran carefully and swiftly, feeling comparatively safe, for I was
here hidden from the female's eye by a series of outer, long,
curtain-like coverings.  More than once, however, the human female
made sudden rubbing movements, leg against leg, as if to brush me
off, just as we should try to brush off a particle of dust
irritating our legs.  Whenever she did so, I stopped, keeping out
of the way.

And then I reached a large, bare expanse of soft white skin and
stopped.  I was standing on the very edge of the fibrous integument
covering her tibia.  While pausing, I collected in my poison glands
as large a quantity of formic acid as I could muster; and, taking
hold, with my jaws, of the soft flesh, I injected, in a sudden
giddy burst of passion quite unworthy of myself, an enormous dose
of the poison.

A scream resounded such as I never hope to hear again.  The sound
loosened my joints.  It was followed by a most violent motion.  The
human female had, with one single bound, sought the privacy of a
niche behind a book-rack; and before I was aware of what was
happening, she there lifted up her outer, loose integuments.  She
must actually have seen me in the act of withdrawing my sting.
Fortunately her scream had attracted the attention of a number of
males who came running; and as they appeared, the young female for
one reason or other dropped those fringe-like integuments.  I took
a leap, reached the rear edge of these fringes, and jumped to
safety on a book-shelf.

Thence I watched and listened.  The young female turned to one of
the males who seemed to be a man in authority and said, her eyes
flashing, "The whole place swarms with ants!"  "Yes," replied the
male.  "We have had complaints before.  I shall see to it shortly."

That was our warning; and I did not fail to communicate it to my
associates.  The incident has been given in such detail chiefly
because I suspect it led directly to the catastrophe which was to
terminate our stay in the library.  But, strange to say, this
catastrophe was delayed for several moons, perhaps because we,
having had a warning, became much more cautious; till, early in the
spring of the second year, the seventh of our absence from home, we
became just a little careless again and thereby perhaps
precipitated the vengeance of man.

One morning there appeared a whole squad of old human females of a
type which we had, so far, seen only singly.  They were the
charwomen who looked after the cleaning of the floors.  Bissa-tee
was, at the time, absorbed in her gymnastic exercises which she now
performed religiously every morning in order to keep her ever
growing corpulency down: she was at the back of that row of books
behind which, a year and a half ago, I had regained consciousness.
Azte-ca was on the counter near the open door, reading a detective
story and, therefore, lost to the world.  I was sunning myself on a
shelf along the eastern wall.  It was a most beautiful day of the
early spring.

The moment I saw that squad of old women with their pails, carrying
long-handled, loose, fringy things called mops, I felt invaded by a
sense of coming disaster.  They looked so sinister and determined.
Only then did it strike me that no human readers had yet appeared
although it was quite late in the day.  For a moment I thought this
must be one of those periodically recurring days on which the
library remained closed.  But I also knew that these days came in a
regular succession and that none was due.  I felt it my duty to
investigate at once.

One of the women emptied the fluid in her pail on the floor; and
promptly all of them began to swish it about with their mops.  By
this time I had gained a vantage-point on a window-ledge directly
above them.

There I felt suddenly assailed by sickening fumes rising from that
liquid which they were mopping about.  For the fraction of a second
I remained inactive; for the fumes seemed to deprive me of the
power of motion; in fact, I came very near to falling off the
ledge.

Then, with the sense of a coming disaster intensifying, I made a
superformicarian effort and hastened away, towards the place where
Bissa-tee was performing her exercises.  I was still under the
illusion that Azte-ca was on the counter near the door.
Unfortunately I chose the outside of the shelf for my hurried run.
Had I been on the inside, between books and wall, I could not but
have passed the very place where, at that moment, Azte-ca was
engaged in recording the contents of her latest story on the wall.
Only when I arrived opposite the spot where, an hour or so ago, I
had left Bissa-tee, I swung up on the cliff formed by the books;
and, a moment later, I espied Bissa-tee who had interrupted her
exercises and was now standing rigid, waving her antenn� in a first
realization of the coming danger; for the fumes were already
faintly perceptible even here.  When she saw me, she scented the
single word, "Chlorine", and stared at me.  I told her what I had
observed; and she turned at once, scenting, "Come," and began to
scale the wall.  This wall consisted of a rough-cast of aluminious
clay.  I soon passed Bissa-tee who, by reason of her recently-
acquired obesity, was no longer quite as quick as she might have
been.  But when she reached the dizzy height of the next tier of
windows, her scent overtook me, signalling "Stop!"  We were here
above the fumes; but I feared that, owing to the diffusing power of
gases, they would soon reach us.  I waited for Bissa-tee who was
laboriously following in my wake.  She turned at right angles to
our previous line of ascent; and, going north, we reached a window-
shelf, I being first again; but when Bissa-tee caught me up, she,
to my infinite relief, pointed out a small round opening between
frame and sash of the window--an opening through which a strong
current of fresh air was entering from the outside.  This opening
was large enough for us to crawl through, a feat which Bissa-tee
promptly proposed to perform.  It was a feat indeed, for the air
pressure against which we should have had to work was enormous.  At
the very moment, however, at which Bissa-tee was inserting her head
into this tunnel, I thought of Azte-ca and held her back.

Having communicated to her my misgivings with regard to our
associate, I took a flying leap down to the topmost book-shelf
where I intended to wait for Bissa-tee.  But when she did not come,
I looked up and saw her on the very edge of the ledge where she
stood, waving to me in great distress that, owing to a fatty
degeneration of her heart, she dared not to take the leap.  I
signalled back to her to wait and hurriedly ran south, in the
direction of the counter near the door.  Azte-ca was not there.  I
became frantic with alarm.

I quickly descended to the lower shelf on which we had had our
quarters.  Here, the fumes were now much thicker; but disregarding
all danger I dashed forward at a speed of which I should not have
thought myself capable.  I had barely reached our abandoned station
when I caught sight of Azte-ca on the wall where she had only just
become aware of the fumes.

I noticed that these fumes had here already taken sufficient effect
to shrivel up the delicate moulds on which we had lived so long.
But I did not delay over that; I was bent only on attracting Azte-
ca's attention; and I cannot believe that the powerful scents I
emitted should have failed to reach her; yet she paid no attention
to them.

For a long while Azte-ca had shown symptoms of a peculiar mental
aberration.  It had become a mania with her to imagine herself in
the part of a human being engaged in detecting crime.  She had even
elaborately constructed methods of committing such crime in a way
which would make its detection impossible or at least exceedingly
difficult.  I am sorry to say that both Bissa-tee and myself had,
in the beginning, encouraged her in this pernicious activity.  We
took an unreasonable pride in the fact that an ant should prove
herself superior in ingenuity to man, a thing we should have
treated as a matter of course.  For our justification I can only
aver that we ceased doing this as soon as we became aware of the
effect this preoccupation had upon Azte-ca's practical sense.

This utter lack of practical sense, a consequence of the submersion
of her mind in human folly, showed itself disastrously at the
present moment.  Already half overcome by the fumes, Azte-ca,
instead of obeying my summons, precipitated herself from the dizzy
height at which she was to the floor beneath.  She was alive when
she landed; but in her panic she made a dash in a direction exactly
opposite to that which she should have taken.  A moment later she
lay, expiring, in the swirling flood whence our danger arose.  It
was my sad destiny to see her perish there.  One of the old women
said in a voice full of unspeakable disgust, "The nahsty crayture!"
and squarely planted her foot on the dying ant.  Thus perished
Azte-ca, one of the most ingenious signallers the world had ever
seen.  She was crushed to a pulp.  To such senseless accidents are
we ants exposed on this earth!

I could not help her; I was by that time half overcome myself; and
I sought safety in flight.

When I rejoined Bissa-tee, the news I brought almost prostrated
her; and if I had not kept my head and propelled her towards the
tunnel, she would have stayed behind and perished like Azte-ca.
There was not a moment to lose.

The narrowness of the passage came near frustrating our escape.
More than once Bissa-tee found her abdomen tightly jammed between
its walls.  Fortunately I was behind her; and so, after much
squeezing and pushing, we arrived outside.  When we did, we were so
exhausted that we resolved to anchor ourselves as best we could and
to stay where we were till we had regained a measure of our
strength.  During the interval of waiting we vowed to each other
that under no circumstances would we allow ourselves to be
separated after we had descended to earth.  There was much
speculation with regard to the direction to follow; for neither of
us had paid much attention to this matter when we had arrived a
year and a half ago: at that time we had simply followed the lead
of our lamented Azte-ca.

We left our eyrie with the fall of night; and when the steep
descent was accomplished, we struck east.  There was no lack of
light and scarcely a diminution of the traffic usual on these human
roads; and we found this so harassing that, after a few hours, we
were glad, on catching sight of another huge hominary, to be able
to escape from it.  This hominary which we thus entered by a mere
chance turned out to be a sort of aphis-shed or stable for those
enormous beasts that pull the human space-machines over the bands
of steel provided for their progress.[2]


[2] In human words, it was a railway station, probably the 42nd
Street station in New York.  E.


We remained there for many days, watching and studying; Bissa-tee
regained a measure of her former agility and enterprise and spent
many hours exploring by herself.  Ultimately she brought the news
that she had found out when and whence a certain space-machine was
going to start for the south-west.

That this south-west of the continent must be our destination was
tacitly understood between us.  With only the two of us left, we
were bound to strike for home at last; and such is the power of
hope which dwells forever in the breast of ants, that from now on
we began to live mentally once more in the great and glorious
formicary in the valley of the Orinoco River.  I, for one, needed
only to close my eyes in order to see myself stretched out
luxuriously while half a dozen medi� groomed my long-neglected
body--a luxury which I had foregone for so many years.  Bissa-tee,
too, avowed that when she slept she dreamt of home; and henceforth,
when we were awake, we both struggled and fought in order to get
there.  Already the sufferings and incessant labours which lay
behind us counted for nothing; ahead of us lay the happy return.

A matter of six or seven days later we arrived, in a human space-
machine, in a city near the mouth of that very river which we had
crossed so long ago by way of the metal-threads of that mysterious
spider which we had never seen after all.  This river we crossed by
an enormous bridge built on the same principle of which we make use
in spanning smaller waters; and after various vicissitudes of which
there is no need to speak in detail, we were launched on our last
great march to the south and west.  The difficulties and privations
we had to cope with were worthy to inspire our minstrels and to be
preserved for the memory of posterity as an inspiration to future
generations.  Before I record a few details, however, I must
briefly summarize the conclusions we arrived at with regard to man.


IV


First of all, then, both Bissa-tee and myself verified the
remarkable fact that man moults at will, seasonally as well as
diurnally.  This gift seems at first sight to place him apart from
all the rest of nature as one of the luckiest of all created
beings.  Yet, when we reflect what pangs, let me say, a grasshopper
has to endure in order to change his coat three or four times in
his life, we may well hesitate in pronouncing him blessed in this
fact.  We shall soon see that, though man moults at will and is
able to adapt himself to all changes of the weather, there is good
reason to infer that he does not do so without suffering and pain.

Unfortunately we had, in the earlier part of our stay among men,
small opportunity to observe man in his more intimate private life.
The nearest we came to such observations was on our last trip in
the great space-machine which took us south; for this space-machine
was provided with special chambers to which the human passengers
retired at night for the purpose of resting.  There, then, we saw
this curious mammal in a state least protected against the
vicissitudes of the climate.  The integuments which he wore in
daytime were discarded and others were donned, of a kind which
would serve but poorly to keep out the cold and to shed rain,
sleet, or snow.  The process of change from one set to another,
which we had a good chance to observe, was essentially similar to
that by which a grasshopper moults: man crawled out of the
integument to be discarded, often using his limbs to push it
forward while he withdrew.  When every one of the successive
integuments was removed, the body was found to be covered only by a
soft membranaceous skin of a porous texture with a sprinkling of
hair here and there and a few chitinous plates distributed over the
extremities of his limbs.  The hair was rudimentary; not one of
them retaining even a trace of the power to serve as a sensilla.
The chitinous plates were found exclusively on the upper surfaces
of the toes of both fore- and hind-limbs where they serve as a
protection to the most sensitive nerve-endings of these members.
This, too, is curious in the extreme.  For of what use can these
sensitive nerve-endings be when they are covered with an
insensitive armour?  That they are there, was conclusively shown
when a man's extreme toe-tips were caught between the frame and the
movable part of a heavy door: this man gave evidence of pain by
using frightful language, calling upon his god and that god's
counterpart to bear him witness that the door had wronged him.

When, on retiring at night, man had thus divested himself of his
diurnal integuments, he remained in this naked state for only a
minimum of time; and then followed what seemed to be the most
startling part of the performance.  For, while, no doubt, a new
integument is gradually being secreted by the inner skin, he
assumed provisionally another integument BY CRAWLING INTO IT.
Similarly in the morning, when the nocturnal integument was
discarded, he crawled back into the diurnal ones.  What is more, he
carried about with him a choice of such integuments, both diurnal
and nocturnal: a most amazing thing which would have been entirely
incomprehensible to us if we had not in a manner already been
prepared for some such discovery.

During our long stay in the hominary of the great human city we had
more than once had an opportunity of listening in when two or three
human beings, mostly females, indulged in a little relaxed
conversation about their integuments.  Strange to say, integuments
form the chief and most absorbing theme of their thoughts, and they
are the chief object of their pride.  It was long before we
understood this.  As far as I could make out, both male and female
man produce these integuments in advance and in number, so as to
have them on hand.  It is exactly as though a grasshopper moulted
three or four times in succession without growing in size and,
therefore, without outgrowing the discarded moults.  He would,
then, store these moults, which would be of varying strength and
consistency, in a place which he could remember; or he would carry
them about, suspended, let me say, in an appropriate leaf-fold from
his forefoot; for that is exactly what man does.

The process by which these integuments are produced we had no
opportunity to watch; but I heard a good deal of it; enough to give
me a fairly accurate idea.

Undoubtedly man produces his integuments in exactly the manner of
the grasshopper; namely, as a secretion of his skin.  This was
strikingly confirmed by a conversation which I overheard in a
remote recess of the library where it took place between a young
male and a female who were getting ready for their marriage flight.
The male reproached the female for never having time for him; and
she replied that she had to keep working in order to have
integuments to cover her nakedness; man, by the way, is not
satisfied with one plain and clear word for anything; in this case
she called her integuments "clothes".  Whereupon the male said
smilingly, "In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou clothe thyself,
eh?"  If any ant can put a satisfactory interpretation on these
words other than the one suggested, I should like to know it.  I
visualized that condition of the female.  Just like the grasshopper
she sat or lay, sweating in anguish as she produced a new
integument.  Worse than the grasshopper, she had to go on maturing
this integument till she could slip it off; for only from that
moment on was it of any use to her.  Unlike the grasshopper, she
could henceforth slip back into it at will.  This explanation of
the process furnishes at least a working hypothesis, scientifically
sound because it explains all the known facts.

Another remarkable feature about these integuments, perhaps the
most remarkable of all, is more difficult to explain; and for the
present I must content myself with a simple statement of the facts.
All man's integuments are mimetic.  I presume it to be well known
that mimicry occurs among insects wherever a species is either
formidable on account of the weapons with which it is provided or
unpalatable to its potential enemies.  The most striking examples
of this human mimicry came under our observation during the two
winter seasons spent in the human city.  Nearly every human wore an
outer integument closely resembling the hairy covering of some
other mammal.  Bissa-tee identified among them those of the wolf,
the fox, the beaver, the squirrel, the sheep, the marten, the mink,
and many others.  Why man who, in his own cities, can to a certain
extent be said to be the dominant animal should mimic, let me say,
the rat, in his integuments, is beyond my power to understand.  As
a matter of fact, Bissa-tee was of the opinion that not man but the
small rodents, rats, mice, etc., were dominant there.  To me, the
relation between man and these rodents seemed to be rather of the
nature of a symbiosis.  I do not think that man could live without
the scavenging service performed by the rodents; in return for
which man furnishes them with shelter, warmth, and food.

Be that as it may, Bissa-tee had another remarkable theory which
might explain at least some of the facts.  She suggested that these
integuments were not true integuments at all but trophies; just as
some of our soldiers had been wearing the heads of Pseudomyrmex
ever since the battle at the isthmus.  This theory of Bissa-tee's,
highly ingenious as it was, seemed inadequate to me.  If, f.i., the
integuments mimicking rat skins had been real rat skins worn as
trophies, we should occasionally have seen humans who wore only two
or three such skins, or five or six; but the integuments in
question were always complete.  It cannot be presumed that in every
battle between humans and rats--and battles do take place--the two
species are always represented in the exact proportion of one man
to so-and-so-many rats, enough to furnish the former with a
complete integument; nor that man should always and invariably be
victorious to the extent of killing the exactly right number.
Further observation will be needed to decide between these two
contending theories; but I venture to say, after mature
deliberation, that there is no third way of explaining the facts.

So much for the morphological side of this mooted question.

There is, however, an ecological and even an ethnological side to
it; and a very brief summary of our investigations is perhaps
needed here to round off the subject.  I must say, however, that in
this respect our expedition shared the fate of all former
expeditions sent out from our own city: it opened up more problems,
at least with regard to man, than it answered.  In saying this, I
am well aware that I am confirming the speculations about the
ultimate fate of all scientific enquiry which our lamented
botanist-in-chief expounded to us in her disquisition on the
knowable and the unknowable worlds.

So far, it has been considered as axiomatic that only insects have
reached a point of development where the division of labour
attendant upon a social life is reflected in a morphological
division into physiological castes.  Such castes, it has been held,
do not exist in any other subdivision of the animal kingdom, least
of all among mammals.  Not even the dimorphism of the sexes was,
strictly speaking, and apart from the purely sexual functions,
reflected in a division of castes.  The cow grazes as much as the
bull; the she-panther hunts as laboriously as the male.  Now the
very conditions under which we studied man imposed certain
limitations upon our investigations.  But enough was seen to place
one fact beyond doubt, namely, that man's whole social organization
is built up on at least the ideal of a strict division into castes.
If I add that much of the certainty with which I can assert this
derives from human records, I must beg leave to point out that, in
this particular case, the general unreliability of these records
does not invalidate our conclusions.  They are based, not on what
man consciously meant to put down, but on a critical interpretation
of what he put into them without being aware of its import.

Thus certain integuments disqualify their bearer for certain
occupations.  No conclusion could be more certain; and if Azte-ca's
promiscuous reading in human fiction had any value whatever, it
must be looked for in the confirmation her summaries gave to this
theory of mine.  When, in a story, a man wishing to perform certain
work is debarred from achieving his ambition, because he lacks the
proper integuments, that is evidence of the highest importance; and
it is trustworthy for the very reason that it is indirect.
Nevertheless, if there is such a purely physiological division, it
is not yet rigid or fixed; for, strange to say, man can pass from
one caste into another, provided he can produce the integuments
proper to that caste.  At first sight this may seem wholly
admirable.  I thought of the medi� and the minims among the
Myrmecocysts of the Garden of the Gods, those unfortunates who,
while physiologically not adapted for the function of authors, yet
thought they had had "the call".  But among humans it leads to a
state of affairs which, among ants, would never be tolerated.  For
man's occupations--i.e., among workers--are not considered as of
equal value, or, as he would express it, of equal prestige; and
this is the incomprehensible thing about it: the more necessary and
indispensable a given kind of work is, the more it is despised; and
the less necessary and indispensable it is, the more highly is it
rewarded; till absolute idleness and parasitism become the coveted
goal.

Consequently, man's chief aim in life is to produce such
integuments as confer upon him the admission into a higher caste,
either in fact or in semblance.  If we can trust the conclusions we
drew from Azte-ca's transscentures of human fiction, most of human
life is taken up by a frantic endeavour to produce ever finer and
more respected integuments; most men, and especially females, spend
the greater part of their waking hours in so-called "sweat shops"
to produce them; and, having produced them, they spend the
remainder in flaunting or discussing them.  We even met with
evidence tending to show that integuments can be produced by one
individual for another; but what reward can be offered to induce
anyone to do so is beyond my understanding, especially when I
reflect that such vicarious production might enable the producer
himself to enter the higher caste.  From what I have said, however,
it will be clear that the very fact of the fluidity of the castes,
instead of being a blessing, is a curse to mankind; it keeps man
enslaved to purely material ends.  It was a surprise to find that,
under the circumstances, there should be any men at all who devoted
themselves to science, art, and other things of the spirit.  The
difficulty was partly solved when we found that these are precisely
the ones who despise the pomp of integument; and that, on the
whole, they live the lives of the lowest castes.

One more point I must mention though I cannot explain it.  Man has
a way of enslaving his fellow-men by means of a thing of which we
read much--a thing he calls money and which some have and others
have not.  Just what it is, I do not know; and neither, I suspect,
does man himself.  It is a cruel thing, since its lack condemns to
abject slavery or actual want; whereas its possession confers the
highest privileges.  It has something to do with man's integuments;
but just what the connection is I never found out.

Since man has the rudiments of a medical science, I could never
understand either why he does not, by certain innocent surgical
manipulations, so alter the structure of the brain of all those
whom he intends for slaves as to make it impossible for them to
covet a higher status.  If he gave his medical officers the power
to enquire into the financial circumstances (as he calls them) of
the parents of a new-born child--man, as I infer from analogy with
other mammals, is viviparous--and, if these financial circumstances
are found to be such as to predestine the child to a life of
slavery, what could be simpler than for this medical officer to
make the future man happy in that acquiescence in slavery which
will be enforced in any case, but by methods both cruel and
inefficient?

The curious will infer from this neglect of simple expedients
that man has either not yet risen to any very high degree of
civilization; or--which is my own opinion--that he has considerably
degenerated from a level previously attained.  In this opinion I
was confirmed by certain historical records of man which dealt with
the past of this continent from the human point of view.

If, then, I were, in conclusion, to give my final idea of man,
based on such experience as we had with him, I should say that he
is at present a degenerate type; and that, even in a happier past,
he has never attained a level of civilization which could in any
way be called comparable to our own.


V


Bissa-tee and myself had been struggling along for months and
months, going roughly in a south-west direction.  So long as we
were north of the range of the Ecitons, we travelled in daytime,
resting at night in any hollow that offered, mostly in the cracks
of the bark of certain trees.  We suffered as we had never suffered
before, from hunger, from exhaustion, from that depression which I
now recognized as arising from the fact that we were alone.  This
may sound strange; the point is that the responsibility for others
and the very magnitude of the task which had so far been ahead of
us had, during the first five or six years of the expedition,
distracted our thoughts from ourselves.  A whole compound organism
had been functioning; and we had been part of that organism.  It
had carried us along.  Now that organism had disappeared; the task,
apart from reporting our results, had been accomplished or
abandoned.  Perhaps both of us felt that we were entitled to our
rest; both of us resented the fact that we had to go on struggling
in order to get home before we could rest; and, worst of all, each
of us resented any delay that became necessary, not as a new
misfortune opposing us, but as the fault of the other.

Thus, one evening, we came to a stream which, at any earlier date,
we should have promptly crossed, for it was shallow and all but
bridged by stones.  I was the first to arrive; and had I been
leading any considerable number of my associates, I should have
gone on and crossed at once.  As it was, I waited for my companion;
but during that wait my joints stiffened; for the day's work that
lay behind me had been enormous.  By the time Bissa-tee joined me,
I was moving about painfully.  She recommended a rest, speaking
sharply, as though she noticed my condition only now, and with
alarm; there was another hour of daylight left.  I, thinking
chiefly of her--for she had lost considerably more weight than I--
acquiesced; I was willing enough not to exert myself; and I will
admit I dropped without replying.  This was bad; I had more than
once reflected upon the desirability, if not the absolute
necessity, of observing the strictest forms of politeness all the
more punctiliously when any discourtesy on my part was apt to be
interpreted as pointing directly against the only companion I had
left.  I saw Bissa-tee darkening.  But, instead of feeling
compunction on account of my rudeness, I resented the interpretation
she put upon my silence.  Any over-exertion which is continuously
repeated has this demoralizing effect.  Half an hour later I felt
suddenly as though it were absolutely necessary to cross the brook
at once; and, gathering every remaining ounce of my strength, I rose
and signified as much.  But by this time Bissa-tee had reached that
state of stiffness in which I had been when she arrived.  She
groaned as she rose; seeing which, I scented somewhat impatiently
that we might as well stay for the night.  She was obstinate now and
painfully moved on to the ford.  From the way she moved I concluded
that she would never be able to take those desperate leaps from
stone to stone which were required.  I, using the scent of supreme
command, gave the order to postpone the crossing to the next day,
impersonally, as though the order were addressed to an army; and
simultaneously I turned to search for a hollow suitable to spend the
night in.  Bissa-tee had hesitated; then, I having meanwhile found a
place, she followed me resentfully.  Neither of us gave a scent.  We
did not even wish each other good-night.  There being nothing to
eat, we dropped and were instantly asleep.

That night it rained; and next morning the brook carried a turbid
flood which covered all the stones: for a whole week it was
impossible to effect a crossing.

During that week the relationship between Bissa-tee and myself--a
relationship which could no longer be that between a commander and
an inferior officer--slowly disintegrated.  I remember how, the
first morning, we both stood on the bank and looked out over the
flood.  No signal, no scent passed between us.  But both of us
wept.  Had we crossed last night, we should now have been well on
the way.  But Bissa-tee's attitude conveyed an unmistakable
reproach.  "I was willing to go on," it seemed to say.  "You
prevented me; and now see what has come of it."  I was thinking of
the fact that, when I had arrived at the brook, I had had to wait
for Bissa-tee; had she not lagged behind, neither of us would have
stopped.  We turned in silence and began to search for such food as
we could find, each for herself.  It was little enough, very
unpalatable, and not sufficiently nutritious to repair a day's loss
of strength.

Thus the time went by; the brook subsided and then swelled once
more, as a consequence of another rain.  Every now and then I
caught Bissa-tee, now recovered to a point to which I, being so
much older, could not recover any longer, looking wistfully across
the brook and scanning the horizon; and I knew that she was blaming
me in her heart.  How I knew I cannot tell.  Perhaps it is simply
ant-nature to judge your fellow by yourself.

Towards the seventh evening the brook showed once more signs of
subsiding.  But then the sky clouded over again; and though I kept
a furtive eye on these clouds myself, I resented it in Bissa-tee
that she, ostentatiously I thought, climbed a hummock to look
about.  For a while I merely looked on, darkening slowly; but at
last, when my anger had reached an explosive pressure, I emitted a
faint scent of rally.  I did this only to relieve myself; I never
thought the scent would reach Bissa-tee.  But it did, and she
veered around, snarling.  I will throw a scent-screen over the
scene that followed.  For more than an hour we indulged in mutual
recriminations.  Both of us were partly in the right; and that fact
blinded us to that other fact that we were both wholly in the
wrong.  At last we ceased from sheer exhaustion; for, though we had
found little bits of food, tiny moulds and fungi which, however,
caused us severe digestive disturbances, we were very weak; and at
no time did we, up to the day of Bissa-tee's death, succeed in
recuperating to the full measure of our natural strength.

An hour or so before dark I retired to our temporary quarters,
angry and despondent, but at the same time longing for comfort and
companionship, longing for Bissa-tee to come and make it up.  She
did at last; slowly and shame-facedly she came in; touching me with
her antenn�.  Both of us felt stirred to our depths; and we begged
forgiveness from each other, blaming fate, blaming the state we
were in; feeling sorry for each other, feeling sorry for ourselves.

The amazing thing was that, half an hour later, we had somehow
crossed the brook.  We spent the night on the far bank; and for a
few days all went well; we were most solicitous of each other;
carefully we avoided any cause of possible disagreement; we
rehearsed to each other the sum of our findings as though we were
anxious only to make sure that, no matter what happened to either
of us, should one survive, they would not perish.

But under the extreme exertions of our ever-slowing forward-thrust,
and under the privations which we had to endure, our mutual
solicitude slowly waned again; once more it was each for herself;
our communicativeness merged again into a sullen taciturnity; more
and more frequently one of us lagged behind while the other
ostentatiously pushed forward; the latter blamed the former for
delaying progress; the lagging one blamed the other for a lack of
consideration.  The resentment was borne till it had again reached
explosive pressure; and then a quarrel ensued, more violent from
time to time and the more demoralizing the less our state of
exhaustion permitted us to give vent to our feelings.

Thus matters went from bad to worse; the weaker we grew, the more
of our resentment remained unexpressed on each occasion; and what
remained unexpressed naturally formed the starting point and
nucleus of a new quarrel.

And then we were back in the country of the Ecitons.  There,
certain findings of ours had been recorded on conspicuously marked
trees.  Without any express agreement we arranged our marches,
which were night marches now, in such a way as to lead us through
familiar territory; and as we found that we succeeded beyond our
boldest hopes, picking up station after station where, six years
ago, we had spent a night or rested for some time, a false
semblance of strength returned to us.  A great hope beckoned: the
hope of finding the friendly formicary of Angza-alla-antra where,
we felt sure, we should find rest and food aplenty.  This hope
united us once more; we struggled on in an almost cheerful spirit.
On, on, and on.  We conversed again; we even laughed at the idea
that, six years ago, we had marched over this same territory,
10,162 strong; and that now we were just two!

On, on, and on.  Marching at night; resting in daytime.  And then--
we were already far into the northern part of the isthmus--I had a
terrible revelation.  Bissa-tee, my intimate friend, the companion
of all my adventures, was turning traitress!

Though we had struggled on more cheerfully, we had not had anything
like a sufficiency of food for months and months.  We were mere
skeletons; I venture to say that what we now called a night's march
would have been little more than an hour's march two years ago.
Somehow Bissa-tee had become habituated; mostly we halted because
it was I who could not go on.  Bissa-tee had often energy enough
left to hunt for some sort of food, unsuitable though it might be:
Beltian bodies or a little honey or a rare, rare fungus.  Whatever
she found, I suppose, she meant to share fairly; the fact remained
that, whenever she found a supply, she fed on the spot and brought
me what was left.  How much was needed to support life we had to
guess at, for we had long since ceased to feel the pangs of hunger.
But it was a fact that Bissa-tee recovered to a certain extent: she
was gaining in strength now, if not in weight, while I was still
falling off.

At any rate, on the morning on which I made the fateful discovery I
had been unable to proceed before the sun rose; and Bissa-tee had
rather cheerfully advised me to rest in the crotch of a tree; she
herself would go and hunt for food.  So far, whenever we had done
this, I had promptly gone to sleep; but it so happened that this
morning my inability to proceed arose, not so much from excess of
fatigue as from a sore foot which pained me badly.  So I watched
Bissa-tee as she climbed to the ground; and it struck me right then
that, the moment she reached the earth, she turned back, not like
one who is searching at random, but like one who knows exactly
where she is going and what she is after.

Within half an hour she reached a tree north of the resting-place;
and she promptly began to run round and round that tree, in an
upward spiral, RESCENTING A RECORD.  There could be no doubt.  The
tree was one of those on which, six years ago, we had scented our
findings.  In my preoccupation with the difficult task of moving I
had overlooked it in passing.  At once the question flashed through
my mind how often a similar thing might not have happened before
this, when I had been sound asleep.  I watched for Bissa-tee's
return; if this was an isolated first occurrence, she would
naturally at the first opportunity tell me about it; if she did
not, I should have proof that she had done the same thing before
and was hiding her purpose from me.  Her purpose?  There must be a
purpose.  What was it?  There was one explanation, and one only:
she counted on returning home ALONE and was making sure that she
had all our findings.  Why was she counting on returning home
alone?  Was she predicting an early death for me?  From natural
causes?  Or was she going to make sure that I did not return with
her?  I was in a state of tremendous excitement.  I felt suddenly
so tired that I could not have slept; and yet I should have been
willing to go to sleep never to rise again.  I was weary, weary of
life, of everything.

Bissa-tee came back to my resting place and, bringing a small
supply of food, wakened me; at least she thought she did.  Even
then the possibility struck me that she might be administering to
me a slow, wasting poison.  I did not care.  I accepted her
regurgitation.  I was bound to sound her treason to its utmost
depth.  For she did not volunteer the slightest hint of her
discovery.  That secret of the scent-tree she meant to keep to
herself.  I could have wept.

What can I say?  We went on next night, on, on, and on; and the
overnext night and every following night, covering less and less
ground in every succeeding march; for I did not rest any longer; I
watched.  Occasionally I saw, late in the night, towards morning, a
scent-tree which we had marked on our way out; and intentionally I
did not call Bissa-tee's attention to it but proceeded a short
distance before I signified my desire to rest for the day.
Invariably, as soon as she thought I was asleep, Bissa-tee returned
to it and rescented its contents.  Never once did she mention the
fact to me.  But now I waited on my part till, having returned, she
went to sleep and then hurried down to rescent the tree myself.
This in turn exhausted my strength and retarded our progress.
Again several months went by.

And then, one morning when we climbed a tree to find a halting-
place, I saw the gleam of water ahead: this was the noble lake at
the north end of which we had enjoyed Angza-alla-antra's
hospitality.  All thought of rest was gone, of course.  I
communicated my discovery to Bissa-tee; and though the country
swarmed with Ecitons, she did not hesitate a moment.  Food, rest,
help, and proper nursing were within our grasp: we must proceed at
once.

In the course of four more hours of a slow, weary march we arrived
at the head of the lake.  The Wawaqueensic colony, as both of us
remembered with the utmost distinctness, had been situated a few
thousand antlengths south-east of a rock rising sheer out of the
waters of the lake; and we saw this rock to our left.  Having
reached it, we took our bearings with the greatest care; we could
not afford to waste a motion.  We were surprised not to have met
any Wawaqueenses so far; for their favourite foraging grounds had
been near this rock.  But we reflected that quite likely they had
shifted the scene of their activities to the east or the south.

After a short rest we went on, holding anxiously to the line on
which we had decided.  Every three or four antlengths we had to
halt now; for my exhaustion was extreme; and I could no longer take
twenty paces at a time.  And then, directly in the line of our slow
advance, we saw the mound.  My heart sank; for no ants were going
out to, or returning from, their labours.  Yet we went silently
forward; and at last we reached the first of the main entrance
craters on the flat top of the hill.

To our infinite disappointment and grief we found the burrow a
perfectly desolate habitation.  There were the chambers, it is
true; but they were slowly caving in; and there was no sign of a
fungus-garden; there was no trace of the once populous tribe that
had inhabited it; there was not even a scented record of where they
might be found.  It would be impossible to describe our sensations
after entering this abode: both Bissa-tee and I shed tears.

In our first dismay we simply let ourselves drop to the floor of
the last chamber which we had entered in the hope of finding at
least a survivor.  Neither of us slept; yet sleep, and though it
had been a never-ending sleep, would have been the most welcome
gift.

But Bissa-tee, who was not nearly as much exhausted as myself, soon
began to stir.  I did not know what her purpose might be; I did not
care.  Not without bitterness I thought that, if she was going to
hunt for the kind of food on which we had been subsisting, she
would most likely return too late to rescue me; but that did not
matter, either: I had never withheld from her a single item of our
findings; her memory was excellent; and if, perhaps, it did not
serve her quite as well as mine did me, at least for the earlier
phases of our expedition, she had recently refreshed it by her
rescentings of the records left behind.  I had now referred
everything that happened to us for so long to this one aim only, to
take safely home the results of our long and arduous labours, that
my own personal fate weighed very light in the balance; and, for
the moment at any rate, I only wanted to be left to myself.

Yet, when Bissa-tee returned from her first absence, I accepted
regurgitation; but I am afraid I did so in an impatient, ungracious
way.  Bissa-tee, however, took no notice of it and promptly went
out again.

The scanty food which I had imbibed had at least the effect that it
put me to sleep; it worked like a powerful soporific.  In an
indistinct, shadowy way, however, I remained conscious, as though
in a dream, of a constant going and coming.  When, many hours
later, I awoke to a full consciousness of my surroundings, I saw
that Bissa-tee had brought in a not inconsiderable quantity of
leaf-cuttings which, in one of the garden chambers, she was now
engaged in shredding.

I must remind my students of the fact that, before we left our last
station in the northern parts of the middle-west of the continent,
Azte-ca and Bissa-tee had filled their infrabuccal chambers with
large pellets of the hyph� of our fungus.  Azte-ca's pellet had
perished with her; but Bissa-tee's, as I mentioned at the time, was
so tightly wedged in that we had found it impossible to remove it.
We had often tried, of course; for, had we been able to propagate
that seed, we should, at least in the south, have had a permanent
supply of food; all we should have needed to do was to stop from
time to time, to grow our fungi, and, when we moved on again, to
take a new pellet of the hyph� along.  But, the pellet having
swollen and hardened, we had found it impossible to remove it or
even part of it from the chamber; to get it out, a major operation,
namely, the removal of the tongue, including the salivary glands,
would have been necessary.  Although I am no surgeon, Bissa-tee had
more than once proposed that, under her direction, I should perform
that operation.  Three considerations had kept me from doing so.
Firstly, we had no orderlies left; and they, as is well known, are
chosen for the aseptic properties of their saliva; to perform a
major operation without proper asepsis seemed too risky to me.
Secondly, I feared that the scar-tissue which must form over the
wound would deprive the opening of the infrabuccal chamber of the
elasticity necessary for the retention of further pellets of hyph�,
so that we should indeed have had a single supply of the fungi
during our retreat, but no more.  Thirdly, we both had our doubts
whether the hyph�, after having been carried so long tightly
compressed, still retained their viability; the small chance of
their doing so did not seem to justify the risks involved.  It was
true that, with regard to the second objection, Bissa-tee had
argued that I might leave the pellets of the three royal perfumes
behind and charge myself with the task of carrying the hyph�.  This
I had been unwilling to do for two reasons.  In the first place, I
had still expected I might be in need of these pellets, at least of
one of them.  In case of an encounter with Ecitons, I could, if
alone, defeat any number of enemies by exposing the pellet of the
royal perfume of instant death; for I myself, having carried that
other pellet, of the perfume of royal favour, for so many years,
was impregnated with it to such a degree as to be immune from the
effects of the mortal perfume; though any companion of mine would
most probably have shared the fate of the Ecitons.  In the second
place, I felt that, if I left them behind, they would cause another
disaster like that worked by the exposure of the body of that
officer who had first given me proof of Assa-ree's treasonable
practices; in fact, the slaughter of all antdom over a considerable
area would have borne an even worse aspect; for the pellet of
supreme command would have deprived the death of hundreds of
millions of ants of its character of suicide; it would have changed
it into murder on my part.  For all these reasons I was still
carrying the pellets; and Bissa-tee, the ball of hyph�.

But when I saw her shredding the leaf-cuttings, I knew of course
that she had made up her mind to induce or even to force me to
perform the operation; and by this time things had come to such a
pass that I did not see how I could refuse.  Dark thoughts
accompanied the recognition of this necessity.  Bissa-tee had
turned traitress: if she insisted on having the operation
performed, she was going to do so, not to save me, but to save
herself.  She was younger than I was.  She stood a better chance to
reach home than I did.  On that she was counting.  I could not
imagine that her treason extended to the point where she would
actually kill me; she was not a murderess; but she was not
unwilling to let nature take her course with me after she had done
her utmost to keep me alive long enough to have my help in carrying
the fungi which she could no longer carry till home was within
reach.  On the way out it had taken us a year or longer to reach
our present station.  We knew the road now; and no further
explorations were going to cause delay.  It would take us perhaps
nine, perhaps only six months to get home.  Was I likely to survive
another six months?  I thought I was; but perhaps she did not share
that belief; and she was a medical ant.

Such were my thoughts during that day and the three days that
followed; for the leaf-shreds had to shrink and to decay before
they would support the fungi.

On the fourth morning, having fed me by regurgitation, she
approached me with her demand.  I conscented.  Nothing else could
be done.  She gave me the clearest and minutest directions; and
apart from these no communication was exchanged.  Then she placed
herself in the most favourable position; and in a few minutes I was
at work.

The operation was highly successful.  When it was finished, I
removed the ball of hyph� and at once tore it apart and placed the
best of the roots in contact with the leaf-shreds.  Before evening
they had begun to grow; but Bissa-tee lay expiring.  She had felt
sure she would survive; but one of the last things she communicated
to me was that, no doubt as a consequence of the utter lack of
proper grooming during the last year or two, the wound had turned
septic.  Then she went on to tell me that she had, of late, often
rescented the records which we had left behind on our way out
without telling me about it; she had wished, so she averred, to
save me all unnecessary trouble; but she wished now to give me a
condensed report.  This she did.  Whether, in this her most solemn
hour, she spoke truth or whether she was impelled by an unquiet
conscience to give up her secret, I do not know and do not care to
surmise.  She died by night.

Next morning I had my first meal of fungi.  I remained at this
station for a full moon.  When I set out again, I had discarded two
of the three pellets of the royal perfumes and retained only that
of instant death; instead of the others I carried a very small ball
of fungus hyph�.

Five months later I arrived at home.




APPENDIX

Note on the habitat and mode of life of Atta Gigantea


As far as is known, the geographical distribution of Atta Gigantea
is limited to the interior of central and southern Venezuela and of
the northernmost provinces of Brazil where the latter drain into
the Orinoco basin.

Atta Gigantea lives in huge, partly hypergean, partly subterranean
structures.  Most of their older cities number hundreds of
thousands of ants.  Like all ants they are polymorphic, that is,
each tribe is composed of a queen and three castes: the maxims, the
medi�, and the minims.  The maxims are the leaders and organizers;
the medi�, the ordinary outdoor workers or leaf-cutters; the minims
the indoor workers who attend to the culture of the fungi on which
the Attas feed.

Their burrows are many-chambered, the upper ones serving, as it
were, as residences; those only slightly below the surface of the
ground, as brood-chambers; the deepest, for their fungus-gardens.

Armies of the medi�, every day, repair to certain acacia trees
where they swarm into the foliage to cut circular disks of the
leaves which they carry home, to be shredded by the minims and to
be inoculated with the hyph� or spores of the fungus which grows on
them.  All work is directed and supervised by the maxims.

In their fungus-gardens the leafy substratum forms a huge spongy
mass which can be penetrated only by the minute minims who weed and
cultivate the fungi and see to it that they remain at a uniform,
optimal temperature.  To the latter end they open or close
perpendicular passages used for no other purpose.  Except as a
measure of warfare against man no trees but Acacias are ever
attacked; and a tree despoiled of its foliage is given time to
recuperate before it is attacked again.  This fact constitutes the
whole race a truly agricultural tribe.  As the book proves, their
civilization is of the highest order.



THE END




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