Gregory Hanlon

Thesis; Culture et comportements des élites urbaines en Agenais-Condomois au 17e siècle. Jury composed of Georges Dupeux (president), Paul Butel, Jean-Pierre Poussou (thesis director) and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (outside examiner). Awarded a 'mention très bien à l'unanimité'

Married Europeans, like people everywhere around the world, practiced neo-natal infanticide on some considerable scale until the modern age, by no means limited to girls or newborns of poor families. This is the first substantial exploration of the phenomenon, applied to Italy, France and England over the entire span of the early modern period. With the collaboration of Ciara Quigley, Domenic Rossi, Robin Greene Cann, Evan Johnson and Laura Hynes Jenkins.

This most recent edition of the bibliography contains almost 21,200 titles in English (64%) and French (36%), with an introductory section on historiography. It deals with every aspect of Italian history and culture from the Late Renaissance to the French Revolution.

This is the first study to propose that Europeans practiced neonatal infanticide on a large scale in the early modern era, based on careful examination of sex-ratios in southern Tuscany from the 16th to the 18th century. Published in Quaderni Storici (in Italian) in 2003. The project, extended to France and to North America is ongoing and largely confirms this first research.

This talk (which alludes to many authors but contains no notes) suggests how neo-Darwinian theory enriches our understanding of war, which is an important human universal. Passing in review some important studies in anthropology, it concludes with some recent attempts in historical writing to increase our knowledge about how men behave in combat and on campaign.

This book is the first synthesis of European military history in several decades, embracing the greater part of the continent and the Mediterranean shores. It draws upon a wide range of international literature and contains much new material. Routledge ISBN 9781138368989

This small book constitutes a close anthropology of a single Tuscan village and the farms around it, during the space of two generations in the seventeenth century. Perhaps the first history book to apply the lessons of human and primate ethology to a broad spectrum of behaviors, it studies the population taken as a collection of individuals with varying and often conflicting interests and temperaments. Underpinning the work is a wide variety of sources allowing the historian to examine these people and their predicaments in great detail. It studies in turn their governance, co-operation, competition, reproduction and invention.

This small book from 2007 is one of the first to explore a wide range of human behaviour in historical time, a Tuscan village and its surrounding farms over two generations in the seventeenth century. This first part (of three) introduces the approach based in human ethology and evolutionary psychology, examines the governance of the community (participation and hierarchy) and how contemporaries lived together for mutual benefit (sociability and cooperation).

This final section of the book examines how people coped with events they could not control. The onset of the Little Ice Age and the great 17th-century depression forced villagers to adapt and to restructure the rural economy. The apex of the Counter-Reformation coincided with this downturn, as people appealed to higher powers for their salvation. Almost imperceptibly their social and political worlds expanded beyond the village, making them part of a larger Tuscan state.

Second part of a pioneering work examining a Tuscan village of the seventeenth century in the light of human behavioural universals. The chapter on competition studies the fault lines of rural communities from 500 criminal trials, thousands of lawsuits and property damage claims and how they were managed. Reproduction deals with the formation of couples, the raising of children and the issues stemming from cohabitation. It contains one of the first close studies of sex-ratios and the reality of common neo-natal infanticide.

A closely-researched and detailed study of the operations and tactics of early modern armies, it uses the French and Savoyard invasion of Spanish Lombardy in 1636 to explore warfare through a neo-Darwinian lens. This emphasizes the universal features of human behavior and psychology as they relate to violence and war. Oxford University Press, January 2016, Paperback version 2018; Italian translation LEG 2018.

This new book examines the misadventure of young warmonger Duke Odoardo of Parma, keen to make his reputation in the Thirty Years’ War as an ally of France. In addition to constituting a rare study of the Italian theatre of Europe’s first Great War, it contains a soldier-by-soldier analysis of the duke’s army in detail unavailable for any country of the period. It also studies the impact of war and occupation on the duchy’s population through a close examination of parish registers in city and country. This work helps explain the gradual marginalization of Italian states with respect to great power politics of the modern era.

Euro 14,00 " Molti hanno lodato lo spirito d'animo del duca di Parma, un esempio singolare e mostra spiritosa, della franchezza di un animo degno di Principe libero, e di imparare ai Spagnoli come si dovevano tenere conto dei principi italiani, e con qual rispetto si deva con essi procedere. Altri hanno biasimate le azioni del duca, che era degli primi anni imbevuto di pensieri grandi, di pretenzioni maggiori della sua condizione, che non c'era buona e sufficiente ragione di rompere con la Spagna "

The first single-author textbook (in any language) focusing on the long period between the Council of Trent and the French Revolution, this work constitutes a compendium of basic information about every area of Italy over those 250 years. As a didactic text first and foremost, the content ranges from the geography of the peninsula, to the political, social, cultural and economic life manifested in city and country, with an eye to Italy’s relative position in Europe. It also constitutes a synthesis of Italian, French, British and North American scholarship over the last two generations.

This book is the first close study of religious coexistence and practical toleration in the early modern era. Winner of the 1992 Brewer Prize, American Society for Church History, as the best book manuscript for any field of religious history in 1992. Runner-up (after initial tie) of the prize awarded by the American Huguenot Society.

This book examines the surprisingly prominent place of Italian military aristocrats in European conflicts in the aftermath of the Wars of Italy, over the breadth of Europe. After the Thirty Years' War, however, their numbers and their influence shrank considerably (with the exception of Piedmont-Savoy), demilitarizing this social group and by extension the political elites of Italy. Winner of the Marraro Prize awarded by the Society for Italian Historical Studies.

Italian aristocrats were surprisingly numerous in the armies of Catholic powers throughout the sixteenth and a good part of the seventeenth century, in numbers not hitherto suspected. The book charts their activity in the framework of the numerous wars from the Atlantic to the Middle East, in Flanders, Germany, Hungary, Italy and the Mediterranean. The precipitous decline in their numbers after about 1640 and their near-disappearance by the end of the 18th century constitutes one of the principal traits of Italian political life in modern times.

This study analyzes the cultural world of social elites in the small cities and towns of southwestern France over the broad seventeenth century. More concretely it examines in details the contours of daily life, social action, religious belief and behavior among both Catholics and Protestants, the educational background of men and women, and the weight of tradition. All these were undermined by momentous shifts in the urban world-view at the extreme end of the century.

Historians have assumed that early modern Europeans did not practice neo-naticide similar to the great Asian civilizations, but sex-ratio studies are only now entering the demographic literature. This article passes in review both published and unpublished research on sex ratios at baptism in Italy, France, England and colonial Acadia, together with juvenile sex ratios drawn from censuses in Germany, France and Italy. Both endemic and conjunctural imbalances appear everywhere, but they could target females or males depending upon the context. It is still considered newsworthy that in much of the world, parents select the sex of their children before bringing a pregnancy to term. In China, the sex ratio at birth is currently 116 males for every female, while in India, the rate is 111, significantly above the well-established biological norm of 105. 1 This sex preference creates well-publicized difficulties for young men seeking brides (The Economist, April 18 2015). Why kill females preferentially? The literature often lays the blame on misogynistic ideologies, suggesting that it would be sufficient to combat them with propaganda in order to eradicate the practice. There are several better reasons: first of all, in agricultural economies requiring strenuous ploughing with large animals and equally strenuous field and forest work far from home, males were better value. In patrilocal societies where husbands, or their families, received a sizeable dowry for the bride (which served as a security cushion for her and her children in the event of the premature death of either spouse), parents were unequal to the task of providing those for several daughters. Finally, if the aim is to keep the future population stable in order not to overstretch resources, then killing future child-bearers is simply more efficient than killing males and females indiscriminately. Today unwanted pregnancies are usually terminated by abortion, but in the past, the safer solution was to kill the newborn or expose it to the elements. Infanticide, like abortion, may be human universals, that is, part of the behavioural repertoire of every known society, although its frequency would vary according to local environmental conditions. 2 Humans are not alone in this behaviour: mothers in many species of mammals will sometimes cull their offspring at birth. In Darwinian language, infanticide, or abortion that has replaced it, are adaptive mechanisms involving some kind of rational decision-making on the part of the parent, which is usually the mother. 3 In most societies, newborns are not considered full-f ledged persons when leaving the womb. Rather, some sort of ceremony confers a name and social identity on them, sometimes providing an additional set of symbolic kin. Returning to the great Asian civilizations where sex-selective behaviour persists, parents enact strategies to better themselves and assess the likelihood of survival and future of the newborn infant. In traditional China and Japan, neonatal infanticide was a kind of post-natal abortion that allowed parents to choose the number, the spacing and the sex of their offspring, while coping better with short-term difficulties like famine. 4 In his compelling recent study on northeastern Japan, Fabian Drixler suggests that one-third of live births ended with infanticide during the 18th century, despite government disapproval of the practice. 5 Historians sometimes

A repertoire of 1,700 letters dispatched from the desk of bishop Claude Joly, (sent at the rate of several every day) enables the historian to follow the manner in which this forceful prelate imposed his views on his underlings. It underscores how little place the repression of Huguenots held in the late 1660s, relative to the need to allocate capable priests in rural parishes, and to enhance the discipline of the Catholic Church.

This paper surveys the use social and anthropological historians made of French and Italian criminal justice records in order to analyze those societies in the 16th and 17th centuries, from 'mentalités' to micro-history. Far from being 'Others', subjects in that time and place reveal how much the human behavioural repertoire has in common.

The article passes in review social science writing on war as a human universal, and the constants we find in the behaviour of its participants. It calls for patient data collection of first-hand accounts of combat that will enable future historians to rejuvenate the field.

Darwinian approaches to human behavior are inherently historical; recounting the origin and development of Homo sapiens and the increasing complexity of human societies over many millennia is second nature to evolutionary psychologists and behavioral ecologists. Admitting the existence of biologically based human universals entails some considerable adjustment for historians, who are forced to retool by learning more about various social and biological sciences. Most historians have specialized interests by region, period, and topic; it is rare enough for practitioners to study the same problem across longer periods or in a different locale.
This contribution will try to speak to both communities of scholars, on the off chance that practicing historians will wish to rethink their problems afresh from the perspective of human nature. Historians often assume that all of our practices are subject to constant change, where we can apply a date to observable shifts in behavior. Human nature posits that some things change slowly or not at all, and this helps explain the uncanny similarity of the situations and motivations one finds across time and space. This section will pass in review some of the main acquisitions of a half-century of evolutionary inquiry for the benefit of historians, without pretending that scholars follow identical approaches or reach the same conclusions. I have no need here to take sides in the debates between evolutionary psychologists, human behavioral ecologists, or ethologists, or to choose between individual or group selection. Evolutionary thinking can inform a vast array of historical problems; indeed, it embraces every facet of human activity, but in this brief contribution, I will discuss only four areas at more length: reproduction, interpersonal conflict and violence, war, and aesthetics.

Theories of biological, social and cultural evolution, built on models of reciprocal altruism, help explain the principal problems of all the social sciences, and of history in particular. After a brief genealogy of this trend from the 1990s, the article discusses theoretical and empirical work done in three areas of enquiry: Reproduction, Interpersonal Conflict and War, and Aesthetics and Display.

The Thirty Years' War constitutes the major event in Italian history between the Council of Trent and the French Revolution, but it is woefully understudied and the impact of hostilities on the lives and property of contemporaries remains terra incognita. This research examines not only the plundering of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza by Habsburg troops in 1636-1637, but also describes the many ways war imposed financial costs on the population, before, during and long after the fighting. Many of these costs have never been taken into consideration by historians who argue the positive net benefits of war for economic development.

When the Duke of Parma, Odoardo Farnese, summoned his noble subjects to join his
army with a view to joining the French alliance against Spain in 1635, he was gratified by
a turnout of astonishingly high proportions. Not nearly enough of them had personal
experience of modern war, and so the prince appointed military nobles from much of
northern Italy to fill the cadres, alongside the French officers whose contingents on loan
from Louis XIII made up a third of the infantry. Unlike Spanish nobles, Odoardo’s
subjects were even willing to serve in the ranks, while waiting for their advancement.
The two brief campaigns turned out to be a disaster for Odoardo and his subjects. War
quickly receded from Parma’s horizon, but the experience reveals that Italy’s aristocrats
had not yet consigned their weapons to display cases.

This contribution examines the Italian state system over the 'long' eighteenth century, beginning with the long period of stability and gradual administrative reform after 1660, then the quickening of these reforms in the Enlightenment era after 1750.

This is a pioneering study of sex-ratios in Europe similar to those undertaken on Asian societies to demonstrate the persistent reality of sex-selective infanticide on a large scale across the Western World until modern times. Subsequent projects have explored single large parishes in Italy, France and colonial Acadia, and the History Compass article provides an overview of some of these.
The project continues at Dalhousie University, with new research undertaken almost every year that provides additional nuance.

This course introduces students to the neglected Granducal period of Florentine and Tuscan history, from 1530 to 1737. It deals with the political, economic, religious, artistic and cultural realms over two centuries of the early modern era. An array of primary sources, drawn mostly from archival research, are introduced week by week alongside a sample of scholarly literature in English published over the last several decades.

Most historical work on infanticide in the Western world has been rendered obsolete by advances in sex-ratio studies applied worldwide. By examining census materials and focusing on the relative numbers of boys and girls at the youngest ages, historians of Asia and elsewhere conclude that neo-naticide was a fairly routine form of population control. Western research has concentrated instead on single women prosecuted by tribunals, a modest fraction of all prosecuted homicides. If we study sex ratios in the West the same way we study them in Asia, it becomes obvious that neo-natal homicide by married women was anything but rare. However, the phenomenon was never uniform across society nor over time, nor was it ever directed exclusively against girls. If I had graduate students (Honours, MA or PhD) interested in the phenomenon, this would be their basic reading list.

This reading course (3-4 articles weekly, in English and French) examines display as a distinct behaviour with multiple facets, enacted by everyone in Italy from the late sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries. Its theoretical framework is ethological, before branching out into specific domains, like dress and textile culture, decor, religion, aristocratic consumption, courtly behaviour, and the production and consumption of art and spectacle.

Instructors: Professors Gregory Hanlon and Estelle Joubert. This course offers its students a survey of key aspects of seventeenth and eighteenth-century European history and society along with a first-hand view of some of the most important aspects of Baroque style and material culture. The class introduces students to the socio-political conditions that led to the birth of Baroque civilization before entering into an exploration of the court life of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Europe. It then examines the cultural and artistic forms most characteristic of this period, with particular emphasis on theatre history, music history, and on the role of the " theatrical " and " musical " in the Baroque arts. As the course proceeds, students will have an opportunity to consider the connections between course material and the evidence of Baroque culture to be found in the Castle Theatre's machinery, its stock of original scenery and props, and its collection of historical costumes, as well as to witness an experimental Baroque opera performance. Finally, the course will include visits to Prague and other sites of interest to add to students' understanding of the Baroque and its legacy to subsequent periods.

This upper-year course uses Ancien Regime France, 1550-1780 as a framework to teach undergraduate students the wide variety of primary sources available to historians, and the methods and pitfalls of using them. It also introduces them to empirical logic for historians and the common fallacies encountered in the literature. No French required.

Introductory course to the phenomenon of warfare and the populations supporting and enduring it over two centuries. Ranging from Spain to Ottoman Turkey, the course provides a broad chronological framework, into which it inserts the principal themes. Illustrated lectures are combined with dozens of archival and literary sources, while weekly readings underscore the manner in which research was conducted by the authors.

This upper-level seminar class alternates studies in the social and behavioural history of early modern Italy, and readings taken from a wide variety of social and behavioural sciences, from psychology to anthropology to human and primate ethology, in order to give human behaviour its larger context over time and place. Themes range from Governance (both hierarchy and participation) to Sociability, Economic Co-operation, Competition, Deviance, Sexuality, Reproduction, Religion, War and combat to Beauty and Art. The historical and scientific writings are buttressed with archival documents drawn from my research in Tuscany and Emilia.