Endoscopic Management of Acute Variceal Bleeding
Marcus C. Robertson
Liver Transplant and Hepatology Fellow
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPeter C. Hayes
Professor of Hepatology
Liver Unit and Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMarcus C. Robertson
Liver Transplant and Hepatology Fellow
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPeter C. Hayes
Professor of Hepatology
Liver Unit and Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJohn N. Plevris
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPeter C. Hayes
Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorPatrick S. Kamath
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLouis M. Wong Kee Song
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a life threatening complication occurring in patients with portal hypertension and remains a leading cause of death in patients with cirrhosis. Advances in management, including adequate resuscitation, use of prophylactic antibiotics, and vasoactive drugs, have significantly improved the mortality associated with variceal bleeding, which remains at 11–20% per episode. Early endoscopy is a key management priority in all patients with AVB; esophageal varices are preferentially treated with endoscopic variceal ligation and gastric varices with variceal obturation or injection. Rescue therapies are available for patients with bleeding refractory to early endoscopic management and include balloon tamponade, covered metal stent insertion, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion. Ectopic variceal bleeding is an uncommon clinical entity that may originate from any point in the gastrointestinal tract.
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