The sections in this article are:

• 1 Why Does [La] Increase During Exercise?
  • 1.1 Muscle Hypoxia: The Traditional Hypothesis
  • 1.2 Evidence Against Muscle Hypoxia
  • 1.3 Multiple Factors
    • 1.3.1 Biochemical Regulation
    • 1.3.2 Sympathoadrenal Activity
    • 1.3.3 Motor Unit Recruitment
    • 1.3.4 Lactate Appearance vs. Disappearance
  • 1.4 Criticism of Evidence Against O₂-limitation
  • 1.5 Near-Equilibrium Steady State: A Unifying Hypothesis?
  • 1.6 Summary
• 2 The Lactate Shuttle
• 3 Carrier-Mediated Lactate Transport
  • 3.1 Lactate Transport in Sarcolemmal Vesicles
  • 3.2 Lactate Transport in Isolated Cells
  • 3.3 Reconstitution of the Lactate Carrier
  • 3.4 Lactate Transport In Situ
  • 3.5 Summary
• 4 Muscle as a Consumer of Lactate: Regulating Factors
  • 4.1 Lactate Concentration
  • 4.2 Metabolic Rate
    • 4.2.1 Metabolic Rate: Effects on Lactate Metabolism
    • 4.2.2 Metabolic Rate: Effects on Lactate Transport
  • 4.3 Blood Flow
  • 4.4 Hydrogen Ion Concentration
  • 4.5 Muscle Fiber Type
    • 4.5.1 Net Lactate Uptake and Disposal
    • 4.5.2 Lactate Transport
  • 4.6 Exercise Training
    • 4.6.1 Lactate Metabolism
    • 4.6.2 Lactate Transport
  • 4.7 Summary
• 5 Blood Transport of Lactate
  • 5.1 Lactate Distribution between Plasma and RBCs
  • 5.2 Comparative Aspects of Lactate Transport in RBCs
• 6 Altitude
  • 6.1 The Lactate Paradox
  • 6.2 Explanations for the Lactate Paradox
    • 6.2.1 Sequestration of Lactate Inside Muscle Cells
    • 6.2.2 Improved Oxygen Supply to Muscle during Acclimatization
    • 6.2.3 Muscle Glycogen Depletion during Acclimatization
    • 6.2.4 Inability to Fully Activate Skeletal Muscles
    • 6.2.5 Low Blood Bicarbonate Concentration
    • 6.2.6 Enzymatic Adaptations
    • 6.2.7 Improved Mechanical Efficiency
    • 6.2.8 Improved Coupling Efficiency of Metabolic Signals to Oxidative Phosphorylation
    • 6.2.9 Changes in Epinephrine Concentration
  • 6.3 Summary