Review article
MRS: a noninvasive window into cardiac metabolism
Petronella A. van Ewijk,
Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling,
Sebastiaan C. A. M. Bekkers,
Jan F. C. Glatz,
Joachim E. Wildberger,
M. Eline Kooi,
Petronella A. van Ewijk
Maastricht University Medical Center, Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorVera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling
Maastricht University Medical Center, Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorSebastiaan C. A. M. Bekkers
Maastricht University Medical Center, Cardiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJan F. C. Glatz
Maastricht University Medical Center, Molecular Genetics, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJoachim E. Wildberger
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. Eline Kooi
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Correspondence to: M. Eline Kooi, Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this author
Petronella A. van Ewijk,
Vera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling,
Sebastiaan C. A. M. Bekkers,
Jan F. C. Glatz,
Joachim E. Wildberger,
M. Eline Kooi,
Petronella A. van Ewijk
Maastricht University Medical Center, Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorVera B. Schrauwen-Hinderling
Maastricht University Medical Center, Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorSebastiaan C. A. M. Bekkers
Maastricht University Medical Center, Cardiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJan F. C. Glatz
Maastricht University Medical Center, Molecular Genetics, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJoachim E. Wildberger
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. Eline Kooi
Maastricht University Medical Center, Radiology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Correspondence to: M. Eline Kooi, Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A well-functioning heart requires a constant supply of a balanced mixture of nutrients to be used for the production of adequate amounts of adenosine triphosphate, which is the main energy source for most cellular functions. Defects in cardiac energy metabolism are linked to several myocardial disorders. MRS can be used to study in vivo changes in cardiac metabolism noninvasively. MR techniques allow repeated measurements, so that disease progression and the response to treatment or to a lifestyle intervention can be monitored. It has also been shown that MRS can predict clinical heart failure and death. This article focuses on in vivo MRS to assess cardiac metabolism in humans and experimental animals, as experimental animals are often used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of metabolic diseases. Various MR techniques, such as cardiac 31P-MRS, 1H-MRS, hyperpolarized 13C-MRS and Dixon MRI, are described. A short overview of current and emerging applications is given. Cardiac MRS is a promising technique for the investigation of the relationship between cardiac metabolism and cardiac disease. However, further optimization of scan time and signal-to-noise ratio is required before broad clinical application. In this respect, the ongoing development of advanced shimming algorithms, radiofrequency pulses, pulse sequences, (multichannel) detection coils, the use of hyperpolarized nuclei and scanning at higher magnetic field strengths offer future perspective for clinical applications of MRS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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