From isolated structures to continuous networks: A categorization of cytoskeleton-based motile engineered biological microstructures
Rachel Andorfer
Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Joshua D. Alper
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Eukaryotic Pathogen Innovations Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Correspondence
Joshua D. Alper, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRachel Andorfer
Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Joshua D. Alper
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Eukaryotic Pathogen Innovations Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
Correspondence
Joshua D. Alper, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Grant/Award Number: P20GM109094; Clemson University
Abstract
As technology at the small scale is advancing, motile engineered microstructures are becoming useful in drug delivery, biomedicine, and lab-on-a-chip devices. However, traditional engineering methods and materials can be inefficient or functionally inadequate for small-scale applications. Increasingly, researchers are turning to the biology of the cytoskeleton, including microtubules, actin filaments, kinesins, dyneins, myosins, and associated proteins, for both inspiration and solutions. They are engineering structures with components that range from being entirely biological to being entirely synthetic mimics of biology and on scales that range from isotropic continuous networks to single isolated structures. Motile biological microstructures trace their origins from the development of assays used to study the cytoskeleton to the array of structures currently available today. We define 12 types of motile biological microstructures, based on four categories: entirely biological, modular, hybrid, and synthetic, and three scales: networks, clusters, and isolated structures. We highlight some key examples, the unique functionalities, and the potential applications of each microstructure type, and we summarize the quantitative models that enable engineering them. By categorizing the diversity of motile biological microstructures in this way, we aim to establish a framework to classify these structures, define the gaps in current research, and spur ideas to fill those gaps.
This article is categorized under:
- Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
- Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale
- Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures
- Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Graphical Abstract
Cytoskeleton-based motile engineered biological microstructures range from isolated structures to continuous networks and from entirely biological to fully synthetic biomimetics. They interface with biological systems at the cellular scale in biomedical applications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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