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Reconstructing Paleoenvironmental Conditions Through Integration of Paleogeography, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Stable Isotope Data of Lacustrine Carbonates: An Example from Early Middle Triassic Strata of Southwest Gondwana, Cuyana Rift, Argentina

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Limnogeology: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities

Part of the book series: Syntheses in Limnogeology ((SYNLIMNO))

Abstract

Reconstructing continental paleoenvironmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, hydrology, and hydrography) is essential for constraining the influences on terrestrial ecosystems, sediment and solute yields to the ocean and carbon cycles, as well as for calibrating numerical paleoclimate models. Making such reconstructions from lacustrine strata, however, is quite challenging because of varying water sources, flow paths and residence times, paleogeographic effects, and eodiagenesis. Indeed, even stratigraphic evidence of fluctuations in lake level cannot be directly interpreted in terms of changing precipitation because of the complex response of lakes to changing input conditioned by upstream and downstream factors. Such challenges can be addressed by thorough integration of paleogeography, stratigraphy, sedimentology, mineralogy, and stable isotope data of lacustrine carbonates within a framework that accounts for the many and convoluted controls on lake systems.

We illustrate this approach using data from three lacustrine units from the Cuyana Basin (Argentina) of early Middle Triassic age—the Cerro de las Cabras, Santa Clara Arriba, and Cerro Puntudo formations. They represent sedimentation in carbonate-rich lacustrine systems during a time for which information on continental paleoenvironments is sparse, especially for interior Pangea. Our detailed study of the stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the carbonate beds of these paleolakes, integrated with other geological evidence, enabled interpretation of their complex hydrology and paleoclimate conditions. Sedimentological, stratigraphic, and mineralogical data suggest surface water flow ranged from intermittently open to persistently closed, whereas C and O stable isotope values indicate that both Cerro de las Cabras and Cerro Puntudo paleolakes had open groundwater flow. The Santa Clara Arriba paleolake, although intermittently open to surface flow, had long water residence time, based on high correlation of C and O stable isotopes.

This evidence of the hydrographic-hydrologic complexity of these continental interior basins obviates confident quantitative estimates of paleotemperature from oxygen isotopes. The isotope data do, however, indicate significant evaporation and frequently varying precipitation, runoff, and nutrient supply. These data, along with ephemeral-stream strata, subaerial-exposure features, vertisols, and clay-mineral assemblages dominated by smectite/illite, suggest a seasonally varying warm semi-arid to sub-humid paleoclimate. This is in agreement with paleoclimate models for the Triassic that pointed to marked seasonality in the Cuyana Rift Basin.

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Acknowledgments

We want to thank Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch for expanding the field of Limnogeology and being the spark that ignited integrated Mesozoic lake basin studies in Argentina. It is our wish to continue honoring her memory carrying on her passion, lake science.

We also thank Editors Sila Pla Pueyo and Michael Rosen and anonymous Reviewers that improved significantly this contribution. Funding was provided by PICT 2013-0805 (ACM) and PICT 2014-0489 (CAB).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology, FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

    C. A. Benavente

  2. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

    C. A. Benavente

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina

    A. C. Mancuso

  4. KMBohacs Geoconsulting, Houston, TX, USA

    K. M. Bohacs

Authors
  1. C. A. Benavente
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  2. A. C. Mancuso
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  3. K. M. Bohacs
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. United States Geological Survey California Water Science Center, Carson City, NV, USA

    Michael R. Rosen

  2. Department of Geosciences, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA

    David B. Finkelstein

  3. Department of Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Lisa Park Boush

  4. Department of Didactics of Experimental Sciences Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Sila Pla-Pueyo

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Benavente, C.A., Mancuso, A.C., Bohacs, K.M. (2021). Reconstructing Paleoenvironmental Conditions Through Integration of Paleogeography, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Stable Isotope Data of Lacustrine Carbonates: An Example from Early Middle Triassic Strata of Southwest Gondwana, Cuyana Rift, Argentina. In: Rosen, M.R., Finkelstein, D.B., Park Boush, L., Pla-Pueyo, S. (eds) Limnogeology: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities . Syntheses in Limnogeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66576-0_16

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