Abstract
Children exposed to various forms of adversity early in life are at increased risk for a broad range of developmental difficulties affecting the stress system, cognitive function, and emotional adjustment. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can begin as young as in the early stages of fetal development in utero and can have a lasting impact throughout the life course. In addition to the typical ACEs such as childhood maltreatment, adversity that occurs with prenatal exposures in the intrauterine environment such as to viruses and poor nutrition could alter neurodevelopment and contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy from viruses or a pro-inflammatory diet can impair neurodevelopment. ACEs increase vulnerability to substance use disorders that could result in intergenerational cycles if adult survivors of ACEs use substances during pregnancy and parenting. Marijuana and alcohol use by pregnant women and adolescents may be increasing because people think they are safe because they are legal. However, exposure to alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and/or other substances during fetal development and/or throughout adolescence and into adulthood can irreversibly impair neurodevelopment and brain function. Even paternal substance use can impair the child’s neurodevelopment. Potential interventions for prevention and optimal brain function are described here but more so throughout the chapters of Part IV. COVID-19 trauma is addressed briefly here and more so in Chap. 7.
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Brewer-Smyth, K. (2022). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neurodevelopment. In: Adverse Childhood Experiences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08801-8_2
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