Skip to main content

Digital Divides and Social Justice in Technology-Enhanced Learning

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Technology Enhanced Learning

Abstract

In this chapter we bring together the work on digital divides and social justice with the field of Technology Enhanced Learning. We provide an overview of four key papers that help to conceptualise the complex set of relationships that explain the different ways that people use (or do not use) technology and the likely outcomes this has in terms of social and educational opportunities. We then move on to explore the ways that policy makers and practitioners in TEL may help to address these differences, both within formal and informal contexts of learning, and highlight why many well intended initiatives fail. We argue that a more nuanced understanding of the complex nature of the digital divide, alongside a multi-faced research approach is required, and highlight two potential fruitful areas for further work for TEL researchers—recognising learning outside the mainstream education system and education for citizenship and political engagement. Ultimately, whatever the focus taken, we suggest that TEL researchers need to bring together efforts to tackle digital inequalities and digital approaches to tackling social and educational inequalities within a broader programme of policy and practice that commits to tackling inequalities at every level of society.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See http://microsites.oii.ox.ac.uk/oxis/; http://www2.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/Home.aspx; http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/; http://www.pew.org/; http://www.worldinternetproject.net respectively.

  2. 2.

    http://one.laptop.org/.

  3. 3.

    http://www.oerafrica.org.

  4. 4.

    https://www.hastac.org/collections/badges-learning-research.

References

  • Barraket, J. (2004). E-learning and access: Getting behind the hype. In M. Osbourne, J. Gallacher, & B. Crossan (Eds.), Researching widening access to lifelong learning: Issues and approaches in international research (pp. 91–102). London: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1997). The forms of capital. In A. Halsey, H. Lauder, P. Brown, & A. Stuart-Wells (Eds.), Education: Culture, economy, society (pp. 46–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W., & Wellman, B. (2004). The global digital divide: Within and between countries. IT & Society, 1(7), 39–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook, C. K. (2002). The campus experience of networked learning. In C. Steeples & C. Jones (Eds.), Networked learning: Perspectives and issues (pp. 293–308). London: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C., & Eynon, R. (2012). Teenagers and technology. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P., & Hargittai, E. (2001). From the digital divide to ‘digital inequality’: Studying Internet use as penetration increases (Working Paper Series 15). Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Princeton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dresang, E. T. (2005). The information-seeking behavior of youth in the digital environment. Library Trends, 54(2), 178–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, W. H., & Blank, G. (2011). Next generation users: The Internet in Britain 2011. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, W. H., Shepherd, A., & di Gennaro, C. (2007). Digital divides and choices reconfiguring access: National and cross-national patterns of Internet diffusion and use. In B. Anderson, M. Brynin, J. Gershuny, & Y. Raban (Eds.), Information and communications technologies in society (pp. 31–45). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastin, M. (2005). Teen Internet use: Relating social perceptions and cognitive models to behavior. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 62–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eynon, R. (2008). The use of the world wide web in learning and teaching in higher education: Reality and rhetoric. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 45(1), 15–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eynon, R. (2009). Mapping the digital divide in Britain: Implications for learning and education. Learning, Media and Technology, 34(4), 277–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eynon, R., & Geniets, A. (2015). The digital skills paradox: How do digitally excluded youth develop skills to use the Internet? Learning, Media and Technology. doi:10.1080/17439884.2014.1002845

  • Eynon, R., & Helsper, E. J. (2011). Adults learning online: Digital choice and/or digital exclusion? New Media & Society, 13(4), 534–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eynon, R., & Malmberg, L. (2011). Understanding the online information seeking behaviours of young people: The role of networks of support. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 28(6), 514–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel, E. J. (2013). Online education: MOOCs taken by educated few. Nature, 503, 342. doi:10.1038/503342a

  • Graham, M. (2011). Time machines and virtual portals: The spatialities of the digital divide. Progress in Development Studies, 11(3), 211–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, L. (2004). Information and communication technologies in everyday life: A concise introduction and research guide. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halford, S., & Savage, M. (2010). Reconceptualizing digital social inequality. Information, Communication & Society, 13(7), 937–955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na(t)ives? Variation in Internet skills and uses among members of the “net generation”. Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helsper, E. (2008). Digital inclusion: An analysis of social disadvantage and the information society. London: Communities and Local Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helsper, E. (2011). The emergence of a digital underclass: Digital policies in the UK and evidence for inclusion (Media Policy Brief 3). London: Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hew, K., & Hara, N. (2006). Identifying factors that encourage and hinder knowledge sharing in a longstanding online community of practice. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 5(3), 297–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, M., Horst, H., Bittanti, M., Boyd, D., Herr-Stephenson, B., Lange, P.G., Pascoe, C.J., Robinson, L. (with Baumer, S., Cody, R., Mahendran, D., Martínez, K., Perkel, D., Sims, C., & Tripp, L.) (2008). Living and learning with new media: Summary of findings from the digital youth project. Chicago: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning. Available from: http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu/files/report/digitalyouth-WhitePaper.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2012.

  • Jenkins, H., Clinton, K., Purushotma, R., Robison A. J., & Weigel, M. (2006). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. Chicago: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning. Available from: https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/confronting-challenges-participatory-culture. Accessed 5 May 2012.

  • Kahne, J., Feezell, J., & Lee, N. J. (2012). Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Lee, N. J., & Feezell, J. (2011). Youth online activity and exposure to diverse perspectives. New Media and Society, 1–21. Available from: http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/all/files/publications/Online_Diversity.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2012.

  • Kahne, J., Ullman, J., & Middaugh, E. (2011). Digital opportunities for civic education. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Available from: http://www.civicsurvey.org/sites/default/files/publications/Digital_opps_civ_ed.pdf. Accessed 5 May 2012.

  • Lee, L. (2008). The impact of young people’s Internet use on class boundaries and life trajectories. Sociology, 42, 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A., & Luckin, R. (2008). Designing for social justice: People, technology, learning. Bristol: Futurelab. Available at: http://archive.futurelab.org.uk/resources/publications-reports-articles/opening-education-reports/Opening-Education-Report1128 [downloaded 15.5.2012].

  • Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2007). Gradations in digital inclusion: Children, young people and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 9(4), 671–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the Internet: The role of online skills and family context. New Media & Society, 12(2), 309–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehra, B., Merkel, C., & Peterson-Bishop, A. (2004). The Internet for empowerment of minority and marginalized users. New Media & Society, 6(6), 781–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S., & Rana, V. (2001). Children and the Internet: Experiments with minimally invasive education in India. British Journal of Educational Technology, 32(2), 221–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieh, S. (2004). On the web at home: Information seeking and web searching in the home environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(8), 743–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L. (2009). A taste for the necessary: A Bourdieuian approach to digital inequality. Information, Communication & Society, 12(4), 488–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rollett, H., Lux, M., Strohmaier, M., Dösinger, G., & Tochtermann, K. (2007). The Web 2.0 way of learning with technologies. International Journal of Learning Technology, 3(1), 87–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seale, J., & Cooper, M. (2010). E-learning, accessibility and pedagogy: In search of the missing tools of practice. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1107–1116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2006). Digital division or digital decision? A study of non-users of computers. Poetics, 34, 273–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharples, M., Graber, R., Harrison, C., & Logan, K. (2009). E-safety and Web 2.0 for children aged 11–16. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(1), 70–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, F., Haddon, L., Gilligan, R., Heinzmann, P., & de Gournay, C. (2005). Cultural factors shaping the experience of ICTs: An exploratory review. In L. Haddon (Ed.), International collaborative research: Cross-cultural differences and cultures of research (pp. 13–51). Brussels: COST.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traxler, J., & Ng’gambi, D. (2012). Snapshot of Africa’s mobile learning milestones: Guest editorial preface for special issue on mobile learning in Africa. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 4(2), i–iv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsatsou, P. (2011). Digital divides revisited: What is new about divides in the research. Media Culture & Society, 33(2), 317–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unwin, T., Tan, M., & Pauso, K. (2007). The potential of e-learning to address the needs of out-of-school youth in the Philippines. Children’s Geographies, 5(4), 443–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Helsper, E. J., Eynon, R., & Van Dijk, A. J. A. M. (2016). Compound and sequential digital exclusion: Internet skills, uses and outcomes. In 66th Annual ICA Conference, Fukuyama.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Deursen, A. J. A. M., & Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2011). Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13(6), 893–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, J. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34, 221–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbroeck, M., Verschelden, G., & Boonaert, T. (2008). E-learning in a low-status female profession: The role of motivation, anxiety and social support in the learning divide. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(3), 181–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L. (2008). Shoutbox report. Bristol: Futurelab. Available from: http://www2.futurelab.org.uk/projects/shoutbox/research. Accessed 16 May 2012.

  • Warschauer, M. (2002). Reconceptualising the digital divide. First Monday, 7(7). Available at: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/967/888. Accessed 6 May 2012.

  • Warschauer, M., Cotten, S., & Ames, M. (2012). One laptop per child Birmingham: Case study of a radical experiment. International Journal of Learning and Media, 3(2), 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warschauer, M., Knobel, M., & Stone, L. (2004). Technology and equity in schooling: Deconstructing the digital divide. Educational Policy, 18(4), 562–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, P., & Selwyn, N. (2012). Learning online? Educational Internet use and participation in adult learning, 2002 to 2010. Educational Review, 64(4), 451–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, S. (2003). Non-users also matter: The construction of users and non-users of the Internet. In N. Oudshoorn & T. Pinch (Eds.), How users matter: The co-construction of users and technologies (pp. 67–79). Cambridge/MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lyndsay Grant .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grant, L., Eynon, R. (2017). Digital Divides and Social Justice in Technology-Enhanced Learning. In: Duval, E., Sharples, M., Sutherland, R. (eds) Technology Enhanced Learning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02600-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02600-8_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02599-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02600-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics