Abstract
Over the last 300 years, countless climatic variations at different places and times have been witnessed, some affecting millions of people and changing the course of history, some going largely unnoticed. In this chapter, I discuss selected climatic changes in European and global climate history from about 1700, the end of the Little Ice Age, to the present. The 20 events start with the cold Maunder Minimum and end with the global warming hiatus, covering different aspects of the climate system. We will encounter continental-scale temperature dips, hydroclimatic anomalies, perturbations of the stratosphere, and changes in atmospheric composition. Thereby, we will see the mechanisms discussed in Chap. 3 at work: oceanic modes and atmospheric variability, volcanic eruptions, and humans changing their environment.
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Notes
- 1.
In fact, the demise of the Greenland Vikings was related to climatic changes already in 1824 (Ehrenheim 1824).
- 2.
Hubert Lamb (1913–1997) was a British climatologist who is known for his work on climate history and for his dynamical perspective of past climate. Lamb was the founder of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- 3.
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, born in 1929, is a French historian, known among other things for his work on climate history. He advocated for the separation of human and climate histories. Le Roy Ladurie is one of the leading figures of the French “Annales” school of historiography, which considers history from the point of view of mentalities.
- 4.
The term “Little Ice Age” was introduced earlier, but referred to a much longer period (the last ca. 5000 years), which is nowadays referred to as the neoglacial (Mann 2002).
- 5.
Climate or weather cycles were a typical, often-criticised perspective of 19th century science. Unlike many contemporaries, Brückner did not see his cycle as an exact, deterministic component; the cycle length of 35 years was an average length and could vary.
- 6.
Although the effects of the Krakatau eruption on the atmosphere and climate were actively discussed at the time Brückner wrote his book, volcanoes were only seen as possible drivers of climatic changes since the 1910s with the work of Humphreys (1913) and others, see Box 3.2, p. 124.
- 7.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1778, was a political philosopher whose work influenced the French revolution and the romantic movement.
- 8.
Horace Bénédict de Saussure, 1740–1799, was a physicist and traveller. He was among the first to study the vertical structure of the atmosphere by climbing Mont Blanc (4,808 m asl) with a barometer.
- 9.
Jakob Samuel Wyttenbach, 1748–1830, was a Bernese priest and natural scientist. Wyttenbach travelled the Alps together with painter Caspar Wolf and published his observations. He was a co-founder of the Bernese and Swiss Natural Sciences Societies.
- 10.
The overestimation of the recent retreat might be due to the fact that the glacier tongue has remained stationary since the 1980s as a block of dead ice in a narrow gorge, buried under rockslides.
- 11.
The sea-surface temperature field used to prescribe the GCM simulations contains atmospheric influences (internal variability). Hence, the resulting response of the atmosphere in the model cannot be addressed solely as an effect of the ocean on the atmosphere.
- 12.
The index of the width of the tropical belt is defined as the distance between the two latitudes with the strongest zonal-mean total ozone gradient in each hemisphere (restricted within 32\(\circ \) and 45\(\circ \) in each hemisphere) in monthly data, averaged for the May–October season (see also Hudson et al. 2006).
- 13.
John Steinbeck, 1902–1968, was an American writer. Also of interest to climatologists is his 1945 novel “Cannery Row”. It describes the boom of sardine fishery in California in the early 1940s, which was followed by rapid demise in the 1950s, both of which have been attributed to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
- 14.
Woodie Guthrie, 1912–1967, was an influential singer and songwriter of folk music.
- 15.
Dorothea Lange, 1895–1965, was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist.
- 16.
Brückner participated in an expedition across the U.S. in 1912. He reported on agricultural activities in the semi-arid Great Basin and noted that settlement in the western U.S. during 1870–1890 was facilitated by pluvial conditions, while land was abandoned in the 1890s due to drought.
- 17.
John Tyndall, 1820–1893, was a British physicist known for his work on the interaction between radiation and air.
Luigi De Marchi, 1857–1936, was an Italian geophysicist.
Svante Arrhenius, 1859–1927, was a Swedish physicist and physical chemist. He received the Nobel Price in chemistry in 1903.
- 18.
Guy Stewart Callendar, 1898–1964, was a British steam engineer. He wrote several papers on atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature.
- 19.
The stagnation ended in the 1970s. Nevertheless, I chose another year for delimitating the last phase of the book—1985, when the ozone hole was discovered.
- 20.
Bert Bolin, 1925–2007, was a Swedish meteorologist. He was one of the founders and first chair of the IPCC.
- 21.
Hans Oeschger, 1927–1998, was a Swiss physicist and climate scientist. Apart from his work on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Oeschger pioneered the measurements of trace gas concentrations and climatic changes in polar ice cores.
- 22.
This is because, for a given temperature change, the latent energy response according to the Clausius-Clapeyron relation is very large. Atmospheric circulation becomes overly efficient in transporting energy, which cannot be radiated equally efficiently. Slowing down the atmospheric circulation is the only way to thermodynamically compensate for this discrepancy.
- 23.
The Montreal Protocol was also one of the most effective climate protection measures (Estrada et al. 2013).
- 24.
Hartmut Grassl, *1940, is a German climate scientist who served as a long-term director of the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg.
- 25.
Wallace Broecker, *1931, is a chemical oceanographer and is most widely known for his work on the global ocean circulation (the “conveyor belt”) and the carbon cycle. He is professor at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
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Brönnimann, S. (2015). Climatic Changes Since 1700. In: Climatic Changes Since 1700. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 55. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19042-6_4
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