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A Review of Disaster Trend and Disaster Risk Governance in Indonesia: 1900–2015

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Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia

Part of the book series: Disaster Risk Reduction ((DRR))

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone countries on the planet, given its high exposure to natural hazards coupled with its high socio-economic vulnerability. The aim of this chapter is to review disaster events and impacts, and assess effectiveness of risk governance in responding to disasters and reducing risk. It discusses institutional and social-economic changes that have happened in response to particular disasters, and how different social political changes influence disaster risk governance. There are extensive studies that have examined the progress in building resilience in Indonesia, but studies that link disaster events and key historical institutional responses over the period between 1900 and 2015 have not yet been done systematically. Learning from these can help to achieve more effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) governance in the future. This study is done through review of the Emergency Events Database of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (EM-DAT-CRED) combined with desktop review of disasters, DRR, and socio-economic-political changes in Indonesia.

The findings show that there have been 429 recorded disasters caused by natural hazards since 1900, with floods and earthquakes being the most frequent. More than 238,000 people have been killed and more than 29 million people have been affected. Total economic damages are in excess of 44 million USD (UNISDR 2016). Most disasters are caused by hydrometerological and geophysical hazards. Hydrometerological disasters occur the most, affect the highest number of people and cause the greatest economic losses while geophysical disasters lead to the greatest number of deaths. The next finding shows that presidential leadership and changes in the social and economic situation played significant roles for the institutional changes for DRR. Six distinct time periods from 1900 to 2015 are marked. It starts with Dutch colonial government response to disasters before 1945, to management of people affected by war and disasters after 1945. It continues to multi-agency coordination after 1960. From 2004, the policy is transformed through the formation of legal and institutional frameworks for more systematic and holistic DRR. The period since 2014 marks increasing consideration for climate risks, urban risks, strengthening capability of local governments and organizations and the focus on community.

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Acknowledgment

Riyanti Djalante receives an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship for Experienced Researchers which facilitates her research in Germany at the United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security. In Indonesia, she is affiliated with the Local Government of Kendari city and the University of Halu Oleo.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), Bonn, Germany

    Riyanti Djalante & Matthias Garschagen

  2. Local Government of Kendari City, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Riyanti Djalante

Authors
  1. Riyanti Djalante
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  2. Matthias Garschagen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riyanti Djalante .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), Bonn, Germany

    Riyanti Djalante

  2. United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), Bonn, Germany

    Matthias Garschagen

  3. Stockholm Environment Institute, Bangkok, Thailand

    Frank Thomalla

  4. Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan

    Rajib Shaw

Appendix

Appendix

Categorization of disaster (according to EM-DAT)

Disaster Group

Disasterv sub-group

Disaster type

Disaster sub-type

Disaster sub-sub type

Natural

Geophysical

Earthquake

Ground shaking

  

Tsunami

  

Volcanic activity

Ash fall

  

Lahar

  

Pyroclastic flow

  

Lava flow

  

Mass movement

    

Meteorological

Storm

Tropical storm

  

Extra-tropical storm

  

Convective storm

Derecho

Hail

Lightning/thunderstorm

Rain

Tornado

Sand/dust storm

Winter storm/blizzard

Storm/surge

Wind

Extreme Temperature

Cold wave

  

Heat wave

  

Severe winter conditions

Snow/ice

Frost/freeze

Fog

    
 

Hydrological

Flood

Coastal flood

  

Riverine flood

  

Flash flood

  

Ice jam flood

  

Landslide

Avalanche (snow, debris, mudflow, rock fall)

  

Wave action

Rogue wave

  

Seiche

  

Climatological

Drought

Drought

  

Glacial lake outburst

    

Wildfire

Forest fires

  

Land fire: brush, bush, pasture

  

Biological

Epidemic

Viral diseases

  

Bacterial diseases

  

Parasitic diseases

  

Fungal diseases

  

Prion diseases

  

Insect infestation

Locust

  

Grasshopper

Animal accident

    

Extra-terrestrial

Impact

Airburst

  

Space weather

Energic particles

  

Geomagnetic storm

  

Shockwave

  

Technological

Technological

Industrial accident

Chemical spill

  

Collapse

  

Explosion

  

Fire

  

Gas leak

  

Poisoning

  

Radiation

  

Other

  

Miscellaneous acciden

Collapse

  

Explosion

  

Fire

  

Other

  

Transport accident

Air

  

Rail

  

Road

  

Water

  
  1. EM-DAT (2016b)

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© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

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Djalante, R., Garschagen, M. (2017). A Review of Disaster Trend and Disaster Risk Governance in Indonesia: 1900–2015. In: Djalante, R., Garschagen, M., Thomalla, F., Shaw, R. (eds) Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54466-3_2

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