Abstract
Sometimes political parties co-opt a specific other party’s policy issue positions. Sometimes political parties systematically boycott a specific other party. In this book, we have argued, and demonstrated empirically, that the combination of these measures reduces the targeted party’s electoral support. In this conclusion, we summarize our empirical findings as well as their theoretical and practical implications. We also list several limitations of this study and conclude by outlining four avenues for future research.
References
Akkerman, Tjitske, and Matthijs Rooduijn. 2015. Pariahs or Partners? Inclusion and Exclusion of the Radical Right and the Effects on Their Policy Positions. Political Studies 63 (5): 1140–1157.
Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Art, David. 2006. The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bale, Tim. 2003. Cinderella and Her Ugly Sisters: The Mainstream and Extreme Right in Europe’s Bipolarising Party Systems. West European Politics 26 (3): 67–90.
Bolsius, Erik Jan. 1994. Racistische partijen met recht verbieden. Een onderzoek naar de juridische mogelijkheden om extreem-rechtse en racistische partijen te verbieden of te ontbinden, naar Belgisch, Duits en Nederlands recht. Utrecht: Wetenschapswinkel Rechten, Universiteit Utrecht.
Bouw, Carolien, Jaap Van Donselaar, and Carien Nelissen. 1981. De Nederlandse Volks-Unie : Portret van een racistische splinterpartij. Bussum: Het Wereldvenster.
Burscher, Björn, Joost H.P. van Spanje, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2015. Owning the Issues of Crime and Immigration: The Relation Between Immigration and Crime News And Anti-Immigrant Voting in 11 Countries. Electoral Studies 38 (1): 59–69.
Capoccia, Giovanni. 2005. Defending democracy: reactions to extremism in interwar Europe. London / Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., and Martin P. Wattenberg. 2000. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., Scott Flanagan, and Paul Allen Beck (eds.). 1984. Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment?. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Debus, Marc. 2007. Pre-Electoral Alliances, Coalition Rejections, and Multiparty Governments. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
De Swert, Knut. 2002. The Cordon Sanitaire Around the Extreme Right in the Flemish Media. Paper read at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, at the University of Turin.
De Vreese, Claes H., and Hajo G. Boomgaarden. 2006. Media Message Flows and Interpersonal Communication: The Conditional Nature of Effects on Public Opinion. Communication Research 33: 1–19.
De Vreese, Claes H., and Holli A. Semetko. 2004. News matters: Influence on the Vote in the Danish 2000 Euro Referendum Campaign. European Journal of Political Research 43: 699–722.
Dilliplane, Susan, Seth K. Goldman, and Diana C. Mutz. 2013. Televised Exposure to Politics: New Measures for a Fragmented Media Environment. American Journal of Political Science 57 (1): 236–248.
Downs, William M. 2002. How Effective is the Cordon Sanitaire? Lessons from Efforts to Contain the Far Right in Belgium, France, Denmark and Norway. Journal für Konflikt- und Gewaltforschung 4 (1): 32–51.
Easton, David. 1975. A Re-assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science 5: 435–457.
Eskes, J.A.O. 1980. Politieke verenigingsvrijheid in Nederland. NCJM-Bulletin 5: 258–281.
Eskes, J.A.O. 1988. Repressie van politieke bewegingen in Nederland. Een juridisch-historische studie over het Nederlandse publiekrechtelijke verenigingsrecht gedurende het tijdvak 1798–1988. Zwolle: Tjeenk-Willink.
Fennema, Meindert, and Marcel Maussen. 2000. Dealing with Extremists in Public Discussion: Front national and ‘Republican Front’ in France. Journal of Political Philosophy 8: 379–400.
Fennema, Meindert. 1988. Conclusions. In Communist Parties in Western Europe. Decline or Adaptation?, ed. M. Waller and M. Fennema. Oxford/New York: Basil Blackwell.
Fiorina, Morris P. 2002. Parties and Partisanship: A 40-Year Retrospective. Political Behavior 24 (2): 93–115.
Franklin, Mark N., and Joost H.P. van Spanje. 2012. How Do Established Voters React to New Parties? The case of Italy, 1985–2008. Electoral Studies 31 (2): 297–305.
Gardberg, Annvi. 1993. Zweden. In Racistische partijen in West-Europa: Tussen nationale traditie en Europese samenwerking, ed. F. Elbers and M. Fennema. Leiden: Stichting Burgerschapskunde/Nederlands Centrum voor Politieke Vorming.
Gschwend, Thomas, and Marc Hooghe. 2008. Should I stay or should I go? An experimental study on voter responses to pre‐electoral coalitions. European Journal of Political Research 47 (5): 556–577.
Hoebink, Hein. 2004. Mit Intoleranz leben, mit Toleranz sterben. Zur Rolle der Communistische Partij Nederland im kalten Krieg. In Ablehnung, Duldung, Anerkennung: Toleranz in den Niederlanden und in Deutschland, ed. H. Lademacher, R. Loos and S. Groenveld. Munster: Waxmann.
Hopmann, David N., Rens Vliegenthart and Claes H. de Vreese. 2010. Effects of election news coverage: How visibility and tone affect party choice. Political Communication 27 (4): 389–405.
Hotterbeex, Marcel. 1988. The Price of Delayed Adaptation: The Communist Party of Belgium. In Communist Parties in Western Europe: Decline or Adaptation?, ed. M. Waller and M. Fennema. Oxford/New York: Basil Blackwell.
Husbands, Christopher T. 2002. Combating the Extreme Right With the Instruments of the Constitutional State. Journal für Konflikt und Gewaltforschung 4: 52–73.
Ingraham, Barton L. 1979. Political Crime in Europe: A Comparative Study of France, Germany, and England. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. 1995. Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics 1 (1): 5–28.
Kepplinger, Hans M., Hans-Bernd Brosius, and Joachim F. Staab. 1991. Instrumental Actualization: A Theory of Mediated Conflicts. European Journal of Communication 6: 263–290.
Kleinnijenhuis, Jan, Anita M. van Hoof, Dirk Oegema, and Jan A. de Ridder. 2007. A Test of Rivalling Approaches to Explain News Effects: News on Issue Positions Of Parties, Real-World Developments, Support and Criticism, and Success and Failure. Journal of Communication 57 (2): 366–384.
Levite, Ariel, and Sidney Tarrow. 1983. The Legitimation of Excluded Parties in Dominant Party Systems. Comparative Politics 15 (3): 295–327.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Stein Rokkan. 1967. Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments. An Introduction. In Party systems and voter alignments, ed. S. M. Lipset and S. Rokkan. New York: Free Press.
Mayer, Nonna. 2007. Comment Nicolas Sarkozy a rétréci l’électorat Le Pen. Revue française de science politique 57 (3–4): 429–445.
Meffert, Michael F., and Thomas Gschwend. 2010. Strategic Coalition Voting: Evidence from Austria. Electoral Studies 29: 339–349.
Meffert, Michael F., Sacha Huber, Thomas Gschwend, and Franz Urban Pappi. 2011. More than Wishful Thinking: Causes and Consequences of Voters’ Electoral Expectations about Parties and Coalitions. Electoral Studies 30: 804–815.
Meguid, Bonnie M. 2008. Party Competition between Unequals: Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Minkenberg, Michael. 2006. Repression and Reaction: Militant Democracy and the Radical Right in Germany and France. Patterns of Prejudice 40 (1): 25–44.
Minkenberg, Michael. 2013. From Pariah to Policy-Maker? The Radical Right in Europe, West and East: Between Margin and Mainstream. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 21 (1): 5–24.
Mol, Peter. 1993. Om de democratie te beschermen: de uitsluiting van zendtijd voor politieke partijen van de CPN, 1948–1965. In Van beeld tot beeld: de films en televisieuitzendingen van de CPN, 1928-1986, ed. B. Hogenkamp and P. Mol. Amsterdam: Stichting Film en Wetenschap, Audiovisueel Archief.
More, Gillian. 1994. Undercover Surveillance of the Republikaner Party: Protecting a Militant Democracy or Discrediting a Political Rival? German Politics 3 (2): 284–292.
Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mudde, Cas, and Joop J. M. van Holsteyn. 2000. The Netherlands: Explaining the Limited Success of the Extreme Right. In The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream, ed. P. Hainsworth. London/New York: Pinter.
Mutz, Diana C. 1998. Impersonal influence: How perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pauwels, Teun. 2011. Explaining the Strange Decline of the Populist Radical Right Vlaams Belang in Belgium: The Impact of Permanent Opposition. Acta Politica 46 (1): 60–82.
Pedersen, Karina, and Jens Ringsmose. 2004. From the Progress Party to the Danish People’s Party: From protest party to government supporting party. Paper read at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, at Uppsala University.
Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rabinowitz, George, and Stuart E. Macdonald. 1989. A Directional Theory of Issue Voting. American Political Science Review 83 (1): 93–121.
Reif, Karlheinz, and Hermann Schmitt. 1980. Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results. European Journal of Political Research 8 (1): 3–44.
Rummens, Stefan, and Koenraad Abts. 2010. Defending Democracy: The Concentric Containment of Political Extremism. Political Studies 58: 649–665.
Rydgren, Jens. 2005. Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family. European Journal of Political Research 44 (3): 413–437.
Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Party and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shields, Jim. 2010a. Support for Le Pen in France: Two Elections in Trompe l’œil. Politics 30 (1): 61–69.
Shields, Jim. 2010b. The Far-Right Vote in France: From Consolidation to Collapse? French Politics, Culture and Society 28 (1): 25–45.
Sjöblom, Gunnar. 1968. Party Strategies in a Multiparty System. Lund: Berlingska Boktryckeriet.
Strøm, Kaare, and Wolfgang C. Muller. 1999. Political Parties and Hard Choices. In Policy, Office, or Votes?, ed. W. C. Muller and K. Strøm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tannahill, R. Neal. 1978. The Communist Parties of Western Europe. A Comparative Study. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Tardi, Gregory. 2004. Political Parties’ Right to Engage in Politics: Variations on a Theme of Democracy. In Militant Democracy, ed. A. Sajo. Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing.
Tillie, Jean. 1995. Party Utility and Voting Behaviour. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
Van der Brug, Wouter, and Joost H. P. van Spanje. 2009. Immigration, Europe, and the ‘New’ Cultural Dimension. European Journal of Political Research 48 (3): 309–334.
Van der Brug, Wouter, and Meindert Fennema. 2003. Protest or Mainstream? How the European Anti-Immigrant Parties Developed into Two Separate Groups by 1999. European Journal of Political Research 42 (1): 55–76.
Van der Brug, Wouter, Meindert Fennema, and Jean Tillie. 2000. Anti-Immigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or Protest Vote? European Journal of Political Research 37 (1): 77–102.
Van der Brug, Wouter, Meindert Fennema, and Jean Tillie. 2005. Why Some Anti-Immigrant Parties Fail and Others Succeed. A Two-Step Model of Aggregate Electoral Support. Comparative Political Studies 38 (5): 537–573.
Van der Eijk, Cees, and Mark N. Franklin. 1996. Choosing Europe?: The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P. 2011. The Wrong and the Right. A Comparative Analysis of ‘Anti-Immigration’ and ‘Far Right’ Parties in Contemporary Western Europe. Government and Opposition 46 (3): 293–320.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2011. So What’s Wrong With the EU? Motivations Underlying the Eurosceptic Vote in the 2009 European Elections. European Union Politics 12 (3): 405–429.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2014a. Europhile Media and Eurosceptic voting: Effects of News Media Coverage on Eurosceptic Voting in the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections. Political Communication 31 (2): 325–354.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2014b. The Way Democracy Works: The Impact of Hate Speech Prosecution of a Politician on Citizens’ Satisfaction with Democratic Performance. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 26 (4): 501–516.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2015. The Good, the Bad, and the Voter. The Impact of Hate Speech Prosecution of a Politician on the Electoral Support for his Party. Party Politics 21 (1): 115–130.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P., and Wouter Van der Brug. 2007. The Party as Pariah: The Exclusion of Anti-Immigration Parties and its Effect on their Ideological Positions. West European Politics 30 (5): 1022–1040.
Van Spanje, Joost H. P., and Wouter Van der Brug. 2009. Being Intolerant of the Intolerant. The Exclusion of Western European Anti-Immigration Parties and its Consequences for Party Choice. Acta Politica 44 (4): 353–384.
Verrips, Ger. 1992. Desillusies en dossiers—PvdA en CPN na de bevrijding. In Oost-Europa en de sociaal-democratie. Identiteit, beleid, aanwezigheid. Het dertiende jaarboek voor het democratisch socialisme, ed. M. Krop, M. Ros, S. Stuiveling and B. Tromp. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers.
Vliegenthart, Rens, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, and Joost H.P. van Spanje. 2012. Anti-Immigrant Party Support and Media Visibility: A Cross-Party, Over-Time Perspective. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 22 (3): 315–358.
Westholm, Anders. 1997. Distance Versus Direction: The Illusory Defeat of the Proximity Theory of Electoral Choice. American Political Science Review 91: 865–883.
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Spanje, J. (2018). Conclusion. In: Controlling the Electoral Marketplace. Political Campaigning and Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58202-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58202-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58201-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58202-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)