Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plastomes of Bryophytes, Lycophytes and Ferns

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 35))

Summary

We review current progress in our understanding of chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of liverworts, mosses, hornworts, lycophytes and monilophytes. We briefly cover some of the methods used to obtain complete nucleotide sequences of plastomes and we summarize the published sequences from the plant groups above. We explore some of the evolutionary changes that have occurred in terms of gene content, introns and position of the inverted repeat boundaries. We also discuss RNA editing, which is especially high in plastome genes of some non-seed land plants. We finish with a phylogenetic analysis of available plastome genes and we suggest some possible directions for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

IR:

Inverted repeat

kb:

Kilobases

LSC:

Large single copy

mya:

Million years ago

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PPR:

Pentatricopeptide repeat

SSC:

Small single copy

References

  • Bateman RM, Crane PR, DiMichele WA, Kenrick PR, Rowe NP, Speck T, Stein WE (1998) Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 29:263–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedbrook JR, Kolodner R (1979) Structure of chloroplast DNA. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 30:593–620

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendich AJ (2004) Circular chloroplast chromosomes: the grand illusion. Plant Cell 16:1661–1666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bock R (2007) Structure, function, and inheritance of plastid genomes. Cell Mol Biol Plastids 19:29–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bock R, Timmis JN (2008) Reconstructing evolution: gene transfer from plastids to the nucleus. Bioessays 30:556–566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boffey SA, Leech RM (1982) Chloroplast DNA levels and the control of chloroplast division in light-grown wheat leaves. Plant Physiol 69:1387–1391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bransteitter R, Prochnow C, Chen XJS (2009) The current structural and functional understanding of APOBEC deaminases. Cell Mol Life Sci 66:3137–3147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouard JS, Otis C, Lemieux C, Turmel M (2010) The exceptionally large chloroplast genome of the green alga Floydiella terrestris illuminates the evolutionary history of the Chlorophyceae. Genome Biol Evol 2:240–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox CJ, Goffinet B, Shaw AJ, Boles SB (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among the mosses based on heterogeneous Bayesian analysis of multiple genes from multiple genomic compartments. Syst Bot 29:234–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronn R, Liston A, Parks M, Gernandt DS, Shen R, Mockler T (2008) Multiplex sequencing of plant chloroplast genomes using Solexa sequencing-by-synthesis technology. Nucleic Acids Res 36:e122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Der JP (2010) Genomic perspectives on evolution in bracken fern. Utah State University, Logan

    Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue MJ, Cracraft J (2004) Charting the tree of life. In: Donoghue MJ, Cracraft J (eds) Assembling the tree of life. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Duff RJ (2006) Divergent RNA editing frequencies in hornwort mitochondrial nad5 sequences. Gene 366:285–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duff RJ, Moore FBG (2005) Pervasive RNA editing among hornwort rbcL transcripts except Leiosporceros. J Mol Evol 61:571–578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duff RJ, Schilling EE (2000) The chloroplast genome structure of the vascular plant Isoetes is similar to that of the liverwort Marchantia. Am Fern J 90:51–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duff RJ, Cargill DC, Villarreal JC, Renzaglia KS (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of the hornworts based on rbcL sequence data: novel relationships and new insights. Monogr Syst Bot Ann Missouri Bot Gard 98:41–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Duff RJ, Villarreal JC, Caagill DC, Renzaglia KS (2007) Progress and challenges toward developing a phylogeny and classification of the hornworts. Bryologist 110:214–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest LL, Davis EC, Long DG, Crandall-Stotler BJ, Clark A, Hollingsworth ML (2006) Unraveling the evolutionary history of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta): multiple taxa, genomes and analyses. Bryologist 109:303–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao L, Yi X, Yang YX, Su YJ, Wang T (2009) Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a tree fern Alsophila spinulosa: insights into evolutionary changes in fern chloroplast genomes. BMC Evol Biol 9:130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goffinet B, Buck WR (2004) Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): from molecules to a revised classification. Monog Syst Bot Missouri Bot Gard 98:203–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffinet B, Wickett NJ, Werner O, Ros RM, Shaw AJ, Cox CJ (2007) Distribution and phylogenetic significance of the 71-kb inversion in the plastid genome in Funariidae (Bryophyta). Ann Bot 99:747–753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goulding SE, Olmstead RG, Morden CW, Wolfe KH (1996) Ebb and flow of the chloroplast inverted repeat. Mol Gen Genet 252:195–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groth-Malonek M, Pruchner D, Grewe F, Knoop V (2005) Ancestors of trans-splicing mitochondrial introns support serial sister group relationships of hornworts and mosses with vascular plants. Mol Biol Evol 22:117–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammani K, Okuda K, Tanz SK, Chateigner-Boutin AL, Shikanai T, Small I (2009) A study of new Arabidopsis chloroplast RNA editing mutants reveals general features of editing factors and their target sites. Plant Cell 21:3686–3699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirose A, Kusumegi T, Tsudzuki T, Sugiura M (1999) RNA editing sites in tobacco chloroplast transcripts: editing as a possible regulator of chloroplast RNA polymerase activity. Mol Gen Genet 262:462–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holton TA, Pisani D (2010) Deep genomic-scale analyses of the Metazoa reject Coelomata: evidence from single- and multigene families analyzed under a supertree and supermatrix paradigm. Genome Biol Evol 2:310–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen RK, Raubeson LA, Boore JL, dePamphilis CW, Chumley TW, Haberle RC, Wyman SK, Alverson AJ, Peery R, Herman SJ (2005) Methods for obtaining and analyzing whole chloroplast genome sequences. Methods Enzymol 395:348–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen RK, Cai Z, Raubeson LA, Daniell H, dePamphilis CW, Leebens-Mack J, Müller KF, Guisinger-Bellian M, Haberle RC, Hansen AK, Chumley TW, Lee S-B, Peery R, McNeal JR, Kuehl JV, Boore JL (2007) Analysis of 81 genes from 64 plastid genomes resolves relationships in angiosperms and identifies genome-scale evolutionary patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19369–19374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jobson RW, Qiu YL (2008) Did RNA editing in plant organellar genomes originate under natural selection or through genetic drift? Biol Direct 3:43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karol KG, Arumuganathan K, Boore JL, Duffy AM, Everett KDE, Hall JD, Hansen SK, Kuehl JV, Mandoli DF, Mishler BD, Olmstead RG, Renzaglia KS, Wolf PG (2010) Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages. BMC Evol Biol 10:321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick P, Crane PR (1997) The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi Y, Matsuo M, Sakamoto K, Wakasugi T, Yamada K, Obokata J (2008) Two RNA editing sites with cis-acting elements of moderate sequence identity are recognized by an identical site-recognition protein in tobacco chloroplasts. Nucleic Acids Res 36:311–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodner R, Tewari KK (1975a) Chloroplast DNA from higher plants replicates by both the Cairns and the rolling circle mechanism. Nature 256:708–711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodner R, Tewari KK (1975b) Presence of displacement loops in covalently closed circular chloroplast deoxyribonucleic-acid from higher-plants. J Biol Chem 250:8840–8847

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotera E, Tasaka M, Shikanai T (2005) A pentatricopeptide repeat protein is essential for RNA editing in chloroplasts. Nature 433:326–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz HD, Huss VAR (1996) Molecular evolution of pteridophytes and their relationship to seed plants: evidence from complete 18S rRNA gene sequences. Plant Syst Evol 202:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan NM, Rao BJ (2009) A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication. BMC Genomics 10:237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan NM, Seligmann H, Raina SZ, Pollock DD (2004) Detecting gradients of asymmetry in site-specific substitutions in mitochondrial genomes. DNA Cell Biol 23:707–714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kugita M, Yamamoto Y, Fujikawa T, Matsumoto T, Yoshinaga K (2003a) RNA editing in hornwort chloroplasts makes more than half the genes functional. Nucleic Acids Res 31:2417–2423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kugita M, Kaneko A, Yamamoto Y, Takeya Y, Matsumoto T, Yoshinaga K (2003b) The complete nucleotide sequence of the hornwort (Anthoceros formosae) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants. Nucleic Acids Res 31:716–721

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunnimalaiyaan M, Nielsen BL (1997) Chloroplast DNA replication: mechanism, enzymes and replication origins. J Plant Biochem Biotech 6:1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MA, Holder MT, Vos R, Midford PE, Liebowitz T, Chan L, Hoover P, Warnow T (2009) The CIPRES Portals. http://www.phylo.org/sub_sections/portal

  • Mishler BD, Churchill SP (1984) A cladistic approach to the phylogeny of the bryophytes. Brittonia 36:406–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton AE, Cox CJ, Duckett JG, Wheeler JA, Goffinet B, Hedderson TAJ, Mishler BD (2000) Evolution of the major moss lineages: phylogenetic analyses based on multiple gene sequences and morphology. Bryologist 103:187–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickrent DL, Parkinson CL, Palmer JD, Duff RJ (2000) Multigene phylogeny of land plants with special reference to bryophytes and the earliest land plants. Mol Biol Evol 17:1885–1895

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oda K, Yamato K, Ohta E, Nakamura Y, Takemura M, Nozato N, Akashi K, Kanegae T, Ogura Y, Kohchi T, Ohyama K (1992) Gene organization deduced from the complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha mitochondrial DNA: a primitive form of plant mitochondrial genome. J Mol Biol 223:1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama K, Fukuzawa H, Kohchi T, Shirai H, Sano T, Sano S, Umesono K, Shiki Y, Takeuchi M, Chang Z, Aota S, Inokuchi H, Ozeki H (1986) Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA. Nature 322:572–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda K, Shikanai T (2008) PPR proteins function as a trans-factor in chloroplast RNA editing. In: Allen JF, Gantt E, Golbeck J (eds) Photosynthesis energy from the sun. Springer, New York, pp 1211–1214

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ (2004a) Most chloroplast DNA of maize seedlings in linear molecules with defined ends and branched forms. J Mol Biol 335:953–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ (2004b) Changes in the structure of DNA molecules and the amount of DNA per plastid during chloroplast development in maize. J Mol Biol 344:1311–1330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver MJ, Murdock AG, Mishler BD, Kuehl JV, Boore JL, Mandoli DF, Everett KDE, Wolf PG, Duffy AM, Karol KG (2010) Chloroplast genome sequence of the moss Tortula ruralis: gene content, polymorphism, and structural arrangement relative to other green plant chloroplast genomes. BMC Genomics 11:143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JD (1983) Chloroplast DNA exists in 2 orientations. Nature 301:92–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JD (1985) Comparative organization of chloroplast genomes. Annu Rev Genet 19:325–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JD, Stein DB (1986) Conservation of chloroplast genome structure among vascular plants. Curr Genet 10:823–833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryer KM, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Wolf PG, Hunt JS, Sipes SD (2001) Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409:618–622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Wolf PG, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R (2004) Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. Amer J Bot 91:1582–1598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu YL (2008) Phylogeny and evolution of charophytic algae and land plants. J Syst Evol 46:287–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu YL, Cho YR, Cox JC, Palmer JD (1998) The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants. Nature 394:671–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu YL, Li LB, Wang B, Chen ZD, Knoop V, Groth-Malonek M, Dombrovska O, Lee J, Kent L, Rest J, Estabrook GF, Hendry TA, Taylor DW, Testa CM, Ambros M, Crandall-Stotler B, Duff RJ, Stech M, Frey W, Quandt D, Davis CC (2006) The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15511–15516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu YL, Li LB, Wang B, Chen ZD, Dombrovska O, Lee J, Kent L, Li RQ, Jobson RW, Hendry TA, Taylor DW, Testa CM, Ambros M (2007) A nonflowering land plant phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of seven chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes. Int J Plant Sci 168:691–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson LA, Jansen RK (1992) Chloroplast DNA evidence on the ancient evolutionary split in vascular land plants. Science 255:1697–1699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renzaglia KS, Garbary DJ (2001) Motile gametes of land plants: diversity, development, and evolution. Crit Rev Plant Sci 20:107–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Renzaglia KS, Schuette S, Duff RJ, Ligrone R, Shaw AJ, Mishler BD, Duckett JG (2007) Bryophyte phylogeny: advancing the molecular and morphological frontiers. Bryologist 110:179–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roper JM, Hansen SK, Wolf PG, Karol KG, Mandoli DF, Everett KDE, Kuehl J, Boore JL (2007) The complete plastid genome sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. (Marattiaceae). Am Fern J 97:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell GW, Nixon KC (2006) How does the inclusion of fossil data change our conclusions about the phylogenetic history of euphyllophytes? Int J Plant Sci 167:737–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan BA, Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ (2010) RecA maintains the integrity of chloroplast DNA molecules in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 61:2575–2588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein CV, Gerrienne P, de la Puente GS, Astini RA, Steemans P (2010) Early middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytol 188:365–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato N, Terasawa K, Miyajima K, Kabeya Y (2003) Organization, developmental dynamics, and evolution of plastid nucleoids. Int Rev Cytol Surv Cell Biol 232:217–262

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H, Smith AR, Pryer KM (2009) Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny? Syst Bot 34:455–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, Jakobsen KS, Cavalier-Smith T (2008) Multigene phylogeny of Choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS One 3:e2098

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw J, Renzaglia K (2004) Phylogeny and diversification of bryophytes. Amer J Bot 91:1557–1581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinozaki K, Ohme M, Tanaka M, Wakasugi T, Hayashida N, Matsubayashi T, Zaita N, Chunwongse J, Obokata J, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Ohto C, Torazawa K, Meng BY, Sugita M, Deno H, Kamogashira T, Yamada K, Kusuda J, Takaiwa F, Kato A, Tohdoh N, Shimada H, Sugiura M (1986) The complete nucleotide sequence of tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression. EMBO J 5:2043–2049

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis A (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22:2688–2690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web-servers. Syst Biol 57:758–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DB, Palmer JD, Thompson WF (1986) Structural evolution and flip-flop recombination of chloroplast DNA in the fern genus Osmunda. Curr Genet 10:835–841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern DB, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Hanson MR (2010) Chloroplast RNA metabolism. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:125–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura C, Kobayashi Y, Aoki S, Sugita C, Sugita M (2003) Complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens: evidence for the loss and relocation of rpoA from chloroplast to the nucleus. Nucleic Acids Res 31:5324–5331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillich M, Lehwark P, Morton BR, Maier UG (2006) The evolution of chloroplast RNA editing. Mol Biol Evol 23:1912–1921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuji S, Ueda K, Nishiyama T, Hasebe M, Yoshikawa S, Konagaya A, Nishiuchi T, Yamaguchi K (2007) The chloroplast genome from a lycophyte (microphyllophyte), Selaginella uncinata, has a unique inversion, transpositions and many gene losses. J Plant Res 120:281–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turmel M, Pombert J-F, Charlebois P, Otis C, Lemieux C (2007) The green algal ancestry of land plants as revealed by the chloroplast genome. Int J Plt Sci 168:679–689

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahrmund U, Rein T, Müller KF, Groth-Malonek M, Knoop V (2009) Fifty mosses on five trees: comparing phylogenetic information in three types of non-coding mitochondrial DNA and two chloroplast loci. Plant Syst Evol 282:241–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahrmund U, Quandt D, Knoop V (2010) The phylogeny of mosses – addressing open issues with a new mitochondrial locus: group I intron cobi420. Mol Phylogen Evol 54:417–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickett NJ, Fan Y, Lewis PO, Goffinet B (2008a) Distribution and evolution of pseudogenes, gene losses, and a gene rearrangement in the plastid genome of the nonphotosynthetic liverwort, Aneura mirabilis (metzgeriales, jungermanniopsida). J Mol Evol 67:111–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickett NJ, Zhang Y, Hansen SK, Roper JM, Kuehl JV, Plock SA, Wolf PG, dePamphilis CW, Boore JL, Goffinet B (2008b) Functional gene losses occur with minimal size reduction in the plastid genome of the parasitic liverwort Aneura mirabilis. Mol Biol Evol 25:393–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PG, Rowe CA, Sinclair RB, Hasebe M (2003) Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from a leptosporangiate fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris L. DNA Res 10:59–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PG, Rowe CA, Hasebe M (2004) High levels of RNA editing in a vascular plant chloroplast genome: analysis of transcripts from the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris. Gene 339:89–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PG, Karol KG, Mandoli DF, Kuehl J, Arumuganathan K, Ellis MW, Mishler BD, Kelch DG, Olmstead RG, Boore JL (2005) The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of a lycophyte, Huperzia lucidula (Lycopodiaceae). Gene 350:117–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PG, Roper JM, Duffy AM (2010) The evolution of chloroplast genome structure in ferns. Genome 53:731–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf PG, Der JP, Duffy AM, Jacobson JB, Grusz AL, Pryer KM (2011) The evolution of chloroplast genes and genomes in ferns. Plant Mol Biol 76:251–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe KH, Morden CW, Palmer JD (1992) Functions and evolution of a minimal plastid genome from a nonphotosynthetic parasitic plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10648–10652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NSF DEB1020660 and DEB1036466 to KGK and NSF DEB-0228432 to PGW.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA

    Paul G. Wolf

  2. The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics Studies, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA

    Kenneth G. Karol

Authors
  1. Paul G. Wolf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kenneth G. Karol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul G. Wolf .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. AM MUEHLENBERG 1, POTSDAM-GOLM 14476, Germany

    Ralph Bock

  2. Inst. Zelluläre und Molekulare, Botanik (IZMB), Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany

    Volker Knoop

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wolf, P.G., Karol, K.G. (2012). Plastomes of Bryophytes, Lycophytes and Ferns. In: Bock, R., Knoop, V. (eds) Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2920-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation