Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Non-muscle Myosin II Motor Proteins in Human Health and Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Genome Analysis and Human Health

  • 820 Accesses

Abstract

Man-made machines mediate a diverse range of human activities in modern world, so are natural myosin motor proteins in driving multiple aspects of cellular life. Myosins belong to a special group of proteins called mechanochemical enzymes or colloquially molecular machines/motor proteins because of their ability to move on intracellular tracks and convert cellular free energy released from ATP into mechanical work. Every cell in the human body is equipped with polymerization, cytoskeletal, rotary, nucleic acid, myosin III, and prestin type motor proteins. These molecular machines with cell-specific expression perform dedicated functions perhaps as a part of nature’s strategy for cell origin and diversification. The mechanical work performed by these cellular motor proteins intersects with every facet of cell biology. Indeed, these motor proteins drive several cellular activities that are essential for mediating reproduction, childbirth, growth, development, immunity, and singing a courtship song in fruit flies as well as predisposing human beings to a certain degree of risk for various pathological conditions and diseases. No biological cell can function and operate without the involvement of these multifunctional molecular machines. The present chapter is about the discovery, current understanding, and recent advances in various aspects of myosin motor proteins as well as their regulation and relevance to human health and diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Althaus K, Greinacher A. MYH-9 related platelet disorders: strategies for management and diagnosis. Transfus Med Hemother. 2010;37(5):260–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Antony-Debre I, et al. MYH10 protein expression in platelets as a biomarker of RUNX1 and FLI1 alterations. Blood. 2012;120(13):2719–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arii J, et al. Non-muscle myosin IIA is a functional entry receptor for herpes simplex virus-1. Nature. 2010;467(7317):859–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badyal SK, et al. Mechanism of the Ca(2)+-dependent interaction between S100A4 and tail fragments of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA. J Mol Biol. 2011;405(4):1004–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagshaw CR. Muscle contraction. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1993.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Balduini CL, Pecci A, Savoia A. Recent advances in the understanding and management of MYH9-related inherited thrombocytopenias. Br J Haematol. 2011;154(2):161–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baluska F, Cvrckova F, Kendrick-Jones J, Volkmann D. Sink plasmodesmata as gateways for phloem unloading. Myosin VIII and calreticulin as molecular determinants of sink strength? Plant Physiol. 2001;126(1):39–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barylko B, Tooth P, Kendrick-Jones J. Proteolytic fragmentation of brain myosin and localisation of the heavy-chain phosphorylation site. Eur J Biochem. 1986;158(2):271–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates-Withers C, Sah R, Clapham DE. TRPM7, the Mg(2+) inhibited channel and kinase. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;704:173–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg JS, Powell BC, Cheney RE. A millennial myosin census. Mol Biol Cell. 2001;12(4):780–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V. Myosin II motor proteins with different functions determine the fate of lamellipodia extension during cell spreading. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8560.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V. Life without double-headed non-muscle myosin II motor proteins. Front Chem. 2014;2:45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V, Egelhoff TT. Roles of an unconventional protein kinase and myosin II in amoeba osmotic shock responses. Traffic. 2009;10(12):1773–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V, Mason C, Licate L, Egelhoff TT. Identification and characterization of a novel alpha-kinase with a von Willebrand factor A-like motif localized to the contractile vacuole and Golgi complex in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Biol Cell. 2005;16(5):2248–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V, Licate LS, Egelhoff TT. Distinct roles of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms in the regulation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell spreading and migration. Cancer Res. 2006;66(9):4725–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V, Rai V, Beach JR, Egelhoff T. Novel regulation and dynamics of myosin II activation during epidermal wound responses. Exp Cell Res. 2010;316(6):980–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V, Gokulrangan G, Chance MR, Egelhoff TT. A proteomic study of myosin II motor proteins during tumor cell migration. J Mol Biol. 2011;407(5):673–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betapudi V, Lominadze G, Hsi L, Willard B, Wu M, McCrae KR. Anti-beta2GPI antibodies stimulate endothelial cell microparticle release via a nonmuscle myosin II motor protein-dependent pathway. Blood. 2013;122(23):3808–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Betschinger J, Eisenhaber F, Knoblich JA. Phosphorylation-induced autoinhibition regulates the cytoskeletal protein Lethal (2) giant larvae. Curr Biol. 2005;15(3):276–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianconi E, et al. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol. 2013;40(6):463–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boye K, Maelandsmo GM. S100A4 and metastasis: a small actor playing many roles. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(2):528–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ME, Bridgman PC. Retrograde flow rate is increased in growth cones from myosin IIB knockout mice. J Cell Sci. 2003;116(Pt 6):1087–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryce NS, et al. Specification of actin filament function and molecular composition by tropomyosin isoforms. Mol Biol Cell. 2003;14(3):1002–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burt RA, Joseph JE, Milliken S, Collinge JE, Kile BT. Description of a novel mutation leading to MYH9-related disease. Thromb Res. 2008;122(6):861–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante C, Chemla YR, Forde NR, Izhaky D. Mechanical processes in biochemistry. Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:705–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casadei JM, Gordon RD, Lampson LA, Schotland DL, Barchi RL. Monoclonal antibodies against the voltage-sensitive Na+ channel from mammalian skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984;81(19):6227–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravorty S, Vu H, Foelber V, Vigoreaux JO. Mutations of the Drosophila myosin regulatory light chain affect courtship song and reduce reproductive success. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e90077.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen P, Ostrow BD, Tafuri SR, Chisholm RL. Targeted disruption of the Dictyostelium RMLC gene produces cells defective in cytokinesis and development. J Cell Biol. 1994;127(6 Pt 2):1933–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, et al. The May-Hegglin anomaly gene MYH9 is a negative regulator of platelet biogenesis modulated by the Rho-ROCK pathway. Blood. 2007;110(1):171–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen AK, Chen X, Lim YM, Reuveny S, Oh SK. Inhibition of ROCK-myosin II signaling pathway enables culturing of human pluripotent stem cells on microcarriers without extracellular matrix coating. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2014;20(3):227–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheney RE, Mooseker MS. Unconventional myosins. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1992;4(1):27–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi BO, et al. A complex phenotype of peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, hoarseness, and hearing loss is linked to an autosomal dominant mutation in MYH14. Hum Mutat. 2011;32(6):669–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clark K, et al. The alpha-kinases TRPM6 and TRPM7, but not eEF-2 kinase, phosphorylate the assembly domain of myosin IIA, IIB and IIC. FEBS Lett. 2008a;582(20):2993–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark K, et al. TRPM7 regulates myosin IIA filament stability and protein localization by heavy chain phosphorylation. J Mol Biol. 2008b;378(4):790–803.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JH, Korn ED. Actin activation of Ca2+-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity of Acanthamoeba myosin II is enhanced by dephosphorylation of its heavy chains. J Biol Chem. 1980;255(17):8011–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conti MA, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin II moves in new directions. J Cell Sci. 2008;121(Pt 1):11–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conti MA, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS, Elzinga M. Identification of the serine residue phosphorylated by protein kinase C in vertebrate nonmuscle myosin heavy chains. Biochemistry. 1991;30(4):966–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conti MA, Even-Ram S, Liu C, Yamada KM, Adelstein RS. Defects in cell adhesion and the visceral endoderm following ablation of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-A in mice. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(40):41263–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotman SL, Staropoli JF. The juvenile Batten disease protein, CLN3, and its role in regulating anterograde and retrograde post-Golgi trafficking. Clin Lipidol. 2012;7(1):79–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Craig R, Smith R, Kendrick-Jones J. Light-chain phosphorylation controls the conformation of vertebrate non-muscle and smooth muscle myosin molecules. Nature. 1983;302(5907):436–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross RA, Cross KE, Sobieszek A. ATP-linked monomer-polymer equilibrium of smooth muscle myosin: the free folded monomer traps ADP.Pi. EMBO J. 1986;5(10):2637–41.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cross RA, Jackson AP, Citi S, Kendrick-Jones J, Bagshaw CR. Active site trapping of nucleotide by smooth and non-muscle myosins. J Mol Biol. 1988;203(1):173–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahan I, Yearim A, Touboul Y, Ravid S. The tumor suppressor Lgl1 regulates NMII-A cellular distribution and focal adhesion morphology to optimize cell migration. Mol Biol Cell. 2012;23(4):591–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De la Roche MA, Smith JL, Betapudi V, Egelhoff TT, Cote GP. Signaling pathways regulating Dictyostelium myosin II. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2002;23(7–8):703–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Leersnyder H, de Blois MC, Vekemans M, Sidi D, Villain E, Kindermans C, Munnich A. beta(1)-adrenergic antagonists improve sleep and behavioural disturbances in a circadian disorder, Smith-Magenis syndrome. J Med Genet. 2001;38(9):586–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Lorenzo C, Mechler BM, Bryant PJ. What is Drosophila telling us about cancer? Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1999;18(2):295–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Rocco D, et al. MYH9-related disease: five novel mutations expanding the spectrum of causative mutations and confirming genotype/phenotype correlations. Eur J Med Genet. 2013;56(1):7–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Derycke L, Stove C, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, De Wever O, Dolle L, Colpaert N, Depypere H, Michalski JC, Bracke M. The role of non-muscle myosin IIA in aggregation and invasion of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Dev Biol. 2011;55(7–9):835–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaudy F, et al. Nonmuscle myosin heavy-chain gene MYH14 is expressed in cochlea and mutated in patients affected by autosomal dominant hearing impairment (DFNA4). Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74(4):770–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Du M, et al. S100P dissociates myosin IIA filaments and focal adhesion sites to reduce cell adhesion and enhance cell migration. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(19):15330–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dudek SM, et al. Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by sphingosine 1-phosphate: roles for cortactin and myosin light chain kinase. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(23):24692–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dulyaninova NG, Bresnick AR. The heavy chain has its day: regulation of myosin-II assembly. Bioarchitecture. 2013;3(4):77–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dulyaninova NG, Malashkevich VN, Almo SC, Bresnick AR. Regulation of myosin-IIA assembly and Mts1 binding by heavy chain phosphorylation. Biochemistry. 2005;44(18):6867–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egelhoff TT, Lee RJ, Spudich JA. Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain phosphorylation sites regulate myosin filament assembly and localization in vivo. Cell. 1993;75(2):363–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egelhoff TT, Croft D, Steimle PA. Actin activation of myosin heavy chain kinase A in Dictyostelium: a biochemical mechanism for the spatial regulation of myosin II filament disassembly. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(4):2879–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt WA, Liubimova MN. [Myosin and adenosine triphosphatase (Nature, 144, 688, Oct. 14, 1939)]. Mol Biol (Mosk). 1994;28(6):1229–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Even-Faitelson L, Ravid S. PAK1 and aPKCzeta regulate myosin II-B phosphorylation: a novel signaling pathway regulating filament assembly. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(7):2869–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flores C, Ma SF, Maresso K, Ober C, Garcia JG. A variant of the myosin light chain kinase gene is associated with severe asthma in African Americans. Genet Epidemiol. 2007;31(4):296–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn PG, Helfman DM. Non-muscle myosin IIB helps mediate TNF cell death signaling independent of actomyosin contractility (AMC). J Cell Biochem. 2010;110(6):1365–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford HL, Silver DL, Kachar B, Sellers JR, Zain SB. Effect of Mts1 on the structure and activity of nonmuscle myosin II. Biochemistry. 1997;36(51):16321–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foth BJ, Goedecke MC, Soldati D. New insights into myosin evolution and classification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(10):3681–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao L, et al. Novel polymorphisms in the myosin light chain kinase gene confer risk for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;34(4):487–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao L, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute lung injury: expression, biomarker, and associations. Transl Res. 2007;150(1):18–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gazda L, Pokrzywa W, Hellerschmied D, Lowe T, Forne I, Mueller-Planitz F, Hoppe T, Clausen T. The myosin chaperone UNC-45 is organized in tandem modules to support myofilament formation in C. elegans. Cell. 2013;152(1–2):183–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Getty AL, Benedict JW, Pearce DA. A novel interaction of CLN3 with nonmuscle myosin-IIB and defects in cell motility of Cln3(−/−) cells. Exp Cell Res. 2011;317(1):51–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golomb E, Ma X, Jana SS, Preston YA, Kawamoto S, Shoham NG, Goldin E, Conti MA, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS. Identification and characterization of nonmuscle myosin II-C, a new member of the myosin II family. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(4):2800–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenman C, et al. Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature. 2007;446(7132):153–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith LM, Downs SM, Spudich JA. Myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase from Dictyostelium: effects of reversible phosphorylation on myosin structure and function. J Cell Biol. 1987;104(5):1309–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupton SL, Waterman-Storer CM. Spatiotemporal feedback between actomyosin and focal-adhesion systems optimizes rapid cell migration. Cell. 2006;125(7):1361–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haigo SL, Hildebrand JD, Harland RM, Wallingford JB. Shroom induces apical constriction and is required for hingepoint formation during neural tube closure. Curr Biol. 2003;13(24):2125–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays T, D’Agati VD, Garellek JA, Warren T, Trubin ME, Hyink DP, He JC, Klotman PE. Glomerular MYH9 expression is reduced by HIV-1. AIDS. 2012;26(7):797–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heintzelman MB, Schwartzman JD. A novel class of unconventional myosins from Toxoplasma gondii. J Mol Biol. 1997;271(1):139–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellerschmied D, Clausen T. Myosin chaperones. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2014;25:9–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van den Heuvel MG, Bolhuis S, Dekker C. Persistence length measurements from stochastic single-microtubule trajectories. Nano Lett. 2007;7(10):3138–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand JD. Shroom regulates epithelial cell shape via the apical positioning of an actomyosin network. J Cell Sci. 2005;118(Pt 22):5191–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosono Y, Usukura J, Yamaguchi T, Yanagisawa K, Suzuki M, Takahashi T. MYBPH inhibits NM IIA assembly via direct interaction with NMHC IIA and reduces cell motility. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;428(1):173–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard J. Jonathon Howard: motor proteins go walkabout. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick. J Cell Biol. 2014;204(2):150–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen R, Ortiz PA, Carr-Schmid A, Nissen P, Kinzy TG, Andersen GR. Two crystal structures demonstrate large conformational changes in the eukaryotic ribosomal translocase. Nat Struct Biol. 2003;10(5):379–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung HS, Burgess SA, Billington N, Colegrave M, Patel H, Chalovich JM, Chantler PD, Knight PJ. Conservation of the regulated structure of folded myosin 2 in species separated by at least 600 million years of independent evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(16):6022–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir AM, Kakugo A, Gong JP, Osada Y. How to integrate biological motors towards bio-actuators fueled by ATP. Macromol Biosci. 2011;11(10):1314–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmes A, Merdes G, Neumann B, Strand D, Mechler BM. A serine-kinase associated with the p127-l(2)gl tumour suppressor of Drosophila may regulate the binding of p127 to nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain and the attachment of p127 to the plasma membrane. J Cell Sci. 1996;109(Pt 6):1359–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto S. Evidence for an internal regulatory region in a human nonmuscle myosin heavy chain gene. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(21):15101–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto S, Adelstein RS. Chicken nonmuscle myosin heavy chains: differential expression of two mRNAs and evidence for two different polypeptides. J Cell Biol. 1991;112(5):915–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley MJ, Jawien W, Ortel TL, Korczak JF. Mutation of MYH9, encoding non-muscle myosin heavy chain A, in May-Hegglin anomaly. Nat Genet. 2000;26(1):106–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly DA. The functional morphology of penile erection: tissue designs for increasing and maintaining stiffness. Integr Comp Biol. 2002;42(2):216–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kier WM. The diversity of hydrostatic skeletons. J Exp Biol. 2012;215(Pt 8):1247–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Adelstein RS. LPA(1)-induced migration requires nonmuscle myosin II light chain phosphorylation in breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(11):2881–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KY, Kovacs M, Kawamoto S, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS. Disease-associated mutations and alternative splicing alter the enzymatic and motile activity of nonmuscle myosins II-B and II-C. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(24):22769–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KY, Kawamoto S, Bao J, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS. The B2 alternatively spliced isoform of nonmuscle myosin II-B lacks actin-activated MgATPase activity and in vitro motility. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;369(1):124–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Wang A, Conti MA, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin II is required for internalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor and modulation of downstream signaling. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(33):27345–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura K, et al. Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science. 1996;273(5272):245–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiss B, Duelli A, Radnai L, Kekesi KA, Katona G, Nyitray L. Crystal structure of the S100A4-nonmuscle myosin IIA tail fragment complex reveals an asymmetric target binding mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(16):6048–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolomeisky AB. Motor proteins and molecular motors: how to operate machines at the nanoscale. J Phys Condens Matter. 2013;25(46):463101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriajevska MV, et al. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain as a possible target for protein encoded by metastasis-related mts-1 gene. J Biol Chem. 1994;269(31):19679–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krzyzaniak MA, Zumstein MT, Gerez JA, Picotti P, Helenius A. Host cell entry of respiratory syncytial virus involves macropinocytosis followed by proteolytic activation of the F protein. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(4):e1003309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczmarski ER, Spudich JA. Regulation of myosin self-assembly: phosphorylation of Dictyostelium heavy chain inhibits formation of thick filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;77(12):7292–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kühne W. Untersuchungen über das Protoplasma und die Contractilitat. Leipzig: W. Engelmann; 1864.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Agarwal S, Agarwal D, Phadke SR. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1): a triplet repeat expansion disorder. Gene. 2013;522(2):226–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuznicki J, Albanesi JP, Cote GP, Korn ED. Supramolecular regulation of the actin-activated ATPase activity of filaments of Acanthamoeba Myosin II. J Biol Chem. 1983;258(10):6011–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamant L, et al. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH9): a new partner fused to ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2003;37(4):427–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leal A, et al. A novel myosin heavy chain gene in human chromosome 19q13.3. Gene. 2003;312:165–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen H, Elliott G, O’Hare P. Evidence of a role for nonmuscle myosin II in herpes simplex virus type 1 egress. J Virol. 2002;76(7):3471–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann MJ, Sherer NM, Marks CB, Pypaert M, Mothes W. Actin- and myosin-driven movement of viruses along filopodia precedes their entry into cells. J Cell Biol. 2005;170(2):317–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leung T, Chen XQ, Manser E, Lim L. The p160 RhoA-binding kinase ROK alpha is a member of a kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biol. 1996;16(10):5313–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li ZH, Spektor A, Varlamova O, Bresnick AR. Mts1 regulates the assembly of nonmuscle myosin-IIA. Biochemistry. 2003;42(48):14258–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Lalwani AK, Mhatre AN. Alternative splice variants of MYH9. DNA Cell Biol. 2008;27(3):117–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liebe S, Menzel D. Actomyosin-based motility of endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts in Vallisneria mesophy ll cells. Biol Cell. 1995;85(2–3):207–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin P, et al. Nonmuscle myosin IIA facilitates vesicle trafficking for MG53-mediated cell membrane repair. FASEB J. 2012;26(5):1875–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, et al. Filament structure as an essential factor for regulation of Dictyostelium myosin by regulatory light chain phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(24):14124–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann K. Über die enzymatische ausspaltung der kreatinephosphorsaure; zugleich ein beitrag zum chemismus der muskelkontraktion. Biochem. 1934;Z(271):264–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lordier L, et al. RUNX1-induced silencing of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIB contributes to megakaryocyte polyploidization. Nat Commun. 2012;3:717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luck-Vielmetter D, Schleicher M, Grabatin B, Wippler J, Gerisch G. Replacement of threonine residues by serine and alanine in a phosphorylatable heavy chain fragment of Dictyostelium myosin II. FEBS Lett. 1990;269(1):239–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Kawamoto S, Uribe J, Adelstein RS. Function of the neuron-specific alternatively spliced isoforms of nonmuscle myosin II-B during mouse brain development. Mol Biol Cell. 2006;17(5):2138–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, et al. Ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B and II-C reveals a role for nonmuscle myosin II in cardiac myocyte karyokinesis. Mol Biol Cell. 2010;21(22):3952–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maravillas-Montero JL, Santos-Argumedo L. The myosin family: unconventional roles of actin-dependent molecular motors in immune cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2012;91(1):35–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura F. Regulation of myosin II during cytokinesis in higher eukaryotes. Trends Cell Biol. 2005;15(7):371–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura F, Hartshorne DJ. Myosin phosphatase target subunit: Many roles in cell function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;369(1):149–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka R, Yoshida MC, Furutani Y, Imamura S, Kanda N, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T, Takao A. Human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene mapped to chromosomal region 16q12. Am J Med Genet. 1993;46(1):61–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maupin P, Phillips CL, Adelstein RS, Pollard TD. Differential localization of myosin-II isozymes in human cultured cells and blood cells. J Cell Sci. 1994;107(Pt 11):3077–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mene P, Punzo G, Pirozzi N. TRP channels as therapeutic targets in kidney disease and hypertension. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13(3):386–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Middelbeek J, Clark K, Venselaar H, Huynen MA, van Leeuwen FN. The alpha-kinase family: an exceptional branch on the protein kinase tree. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010;67(6):875–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Min SY, Ahn HJ, Park WS, Kim JW. Successful renal transplantation in MYH9-related disorder with severe macrothrombocytopenia: first report in Korea. Transplant Proc. 2014;46(2):654–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuhashi M, Sakata H, Kinjo M, Yazawa M, Takahashi M. Dynamic assembly properties of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms revealed by combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. J Biochem. 2011;149(3):253–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Muhlen CA, et al. Non-muscle myosin as target antigen for human autoantibodies in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated chronic liver diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995;100(1):67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami N, Chauhan VP, Elzinga M. Two nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain isoforms expressed in rabbit brains: filament forming properties, the effects of phosphorylation by protein kinase C and casein kinase II, and location of the phosphorylation sites. Biochemistry. 1998;37(7):1989–2003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muralt A, Edsall JT. Studies in the physical chemistry of muscle globulin. IV. The anisotropy of myosin and double refraction of flow. J Biol Chem. 1930;89:351–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murata-Hori M, Suizu F, Iwasaki T, Kikuchi A, Hosoya H. ZIP kinase identified as a novel myosin regulatory light chain kinase in HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 1999;451(1):81–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MB, Egelhoff TT. Biochemical characterization of a Dictyostelium myosin II heavy-chain phosphatase that promotes filament assembly. Eur J Biochem. 1999;264(2):582–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikawa M, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS, Hidaka H. Protein kinase C modulates in vitro phosphorylation of the smooth muscle heavy meromyosin by myosin light chain kinase. J Biol Chem. 1984;259(14):8808–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Seaghdha CM, Parekh RS, Hwang SJ, Li M, Kottgen A, Coresh J, Yang Q, Fox CS, Kao WH. The MYH9/APOL1 region and chronic kidney disease in European-Americans. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(12):2450–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odronitz F, Hellkamp M, Kollmar M. diArk—a resource for eukaryotic genome research. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onishi H, Wakabayashi T. Electron microscopic studies of myosin molecules from chicken gizzard muscle I: the formation of the intramolecular loop in the myosin tail. J Biochem. 1982;92(3):871–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak C, Flicker PF, Ravid S, Spudich JA. Intermolecular versus intramolecular interactions of Dictyostelium myosin: possible regulation by heavy chain phosphorylation. J Cell Biol. 1989;109(1):203–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pastra-Landis SC, Lowey S. Myosin subunit interactions. Properties of the 19,000-dalton light chain-deficient myosin. J Biol Chem. 1986;261(31):14811–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paves H, Truve E. Myosin inhibitors block accumulation movement of chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells. Protoplasma. 2007;230(3–4):165–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pecci A, et al. Position of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMMHC-IIA) mutations predicts the natural history of MYH9-related disease. Hum Mutat. 2008;29(3):409–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pecci A, et al. MYH9 related disease: four novel mutations of the tail domain of myosin-9 correlating with a mild clinical phenotype. Eur J Haematol. 2010;84(4):291–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pecci A, et al. MYH9-related disease: a novel prognostic model to predict the clinical evolution of the disease based on genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Mutat. 2014;35(2):236–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennisi E. Profile: Ewan Birney. Genomics’ big talker. Science. 2012;337(6099):1167–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plant PJ, Fawcett JP, Lin DC, Holdorf AD, Binns K, Kulkarni S, Pawson T. A polarity complex of mPar-6 and atypical PKC binds, phosphorylates and regulates mammalian Lgl. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;5(4):301–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl M, et al. Diagnosis of Alport syndrome—search for proteomic biomarkers in body fluids. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(11):2117–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard TD, Korn ED. Acanthamoeba myosin. II. Interaction with actin and with a new cofactor protein required for actin activation of Mg2+ adenosine triphosphatase activity. J Biol Chem. 1973;248(13):4691–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rai V, Egelhoff TT. Role of B regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase type 2A in myosin II assembly control in Dictyostelium discoideum. Eukaryot Cell. 2011;10(4):604–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey IS, Delling M, Clapham DE. An introduction to TRP channels. Annu Rev Physiol. 2006;68:619–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rey M, Valenzuela-Fernandez A, Urzainqui A, Yanez-Mo M, Perez-Martinez M, Penela P, Mayor Jr F, Sanchez-Madrid F. Myosin IIA is involved in the endocytosis of CXCR4 induced by SDF-1alpha. J Cell Sci. 2007;120(Pt 6):1126–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards TA, Cavalier-Smith T. Myosin domain evolution and the primary divergence of eukaryotes. Nature. 2005;436(7054):1113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldi F, et al. Aberrant splicing and expression of the non muscle myosin heavy-chain gene MYH14 in DM1 muscle tissues. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;45(1):264–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rochlin MW, Itoh K, Adelstein RS, Bridgman PC. Localization of myosin II A and B isoforms in cultured neurons. J Cell Sci. 1995;108(Pt 12):3661–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers BD. Insulin-like growth factor-I downregulates embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMyHC) in myoblast nuclei. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2005;15(6):377–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronen D, Ravid S. Myosin II tailpiece determines its paracrystal structure, filament assembly properties, and cellular localization. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(37):24948–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg MM, et al. High resolution characterization of myosin IIC protein tailpiece and its effect on filament assembly. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(14):9779–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rottbauer W, et al. Cardiac myosin light chain-2: a novel essential component of thick-myofilament assembly and contractility of the heart. Circ Res. 2006;99(3):323–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Runnels LW. TRPM6 and TRPM7: a Mul-TRP-PLIK-cation of channel functions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011;12(1):42–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ryazanov AG, Pavur KS, Dorovkov MV. Alpha-kinases: a new class of protein kinases with a novel catalytic domain. Curr Biol. 1999;9(2):R43–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders LC, Matsumura F, Bokoch GM, de Lanerolle P. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase by p21-activated kinase. Science. 1999;283(5410):2083–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandquist JC, Swenson KI, Demali KA, Burridge K, Means AR. Rho kinase differentially regulates phosphorylation of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms A and B during cell rounding and migration. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(47):35873–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saposnik B, et al. Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in a large French cohort of MYH9-Related Disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2014;2(4):297–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scheeff ED, Bourne PE. Structural evolution of the protein kinase-like superfamily. PLoS Comput Biol. 2005;1(5):e49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlingmann KP, et al. Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia is caused by mutations in TRPM6, a new member of the TRPM gene family. Nat Genet. 2002;31(2):166–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schramek D, et al. Direct in vivo RNAi screen unveils myosin IIa as a tumor suppressor of squamous cell carcinomas. Science. 2014;343(6168):309–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sebe-Pedros A, Grau-Bove X, Richards TA, Ruiz-Trillo I. Evolution and classification of myosins, a paneukaryotic whole-genome approach. Genome Biol Evol. 2014;6(2):290–305.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers JR, Eisenberg E, Adelstein RS. The binding of smooth muscle heavy meromyosin to actin in the presence of ATP. Effect of phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(23):13880–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serwe M, Meyer HE, Craig AG, Carlhoff D, D’Haese J. Complete amino acid sequence of the regulatory light chain of obliquely striated muscle myosin from earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Eur J Biochem. 1993;211(1–2):341–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma-Walia N, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) induced COX-2: a key factor in latency, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell survival and invasion. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(2):e1000777.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin DH, Chun YS, Lee DS, Huang LE, Park JW. Bortezomib inhibits tumor adaptation to hypoxia by stimulating the FIH-mediated repression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Blood. 2008;111(6):3131–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shutova M, Yang C, Vasiliev JM, Svitkina T. Functions of nonmuscle myosin II in assembly of the cellular contractile system. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40814.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simons M, et al. Human nonmuscle myosin heavy chains are encoded by two genes located on different chromosomes. Circ Res. 1991;69(2):530–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slonska A, Polowy R, Golke A, Cymerys J. Role of cytoskeletal motor proteins in viral infection. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2012;66:810–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AC, et al. Interstitial deletion of (17)(p11.2p11.2) in nine patients. Am J Med Genet. 1986;24(3):393–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solinet S, Vitale ML. Isoform B of myosin II heavy chain mediates actomyosin contractility during TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. J Cell Sci. 2008;121(Pt 10):1681–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV. Ca2+ sensitivity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin II: modulated by G proteins, kinases, and myosin phosphatase. Physiol Rev. 2003;83(4):1325–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stedman HH, et al. Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage. Nature. 2004;428(6981):415–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strand D, et al. The Drosophila lethal(2)giant larvae tumor suppressor protein forms homo-oligomers and is associated with nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain. J Cell Biol. 1994;127(5):1361–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straub FB. Actin. Stud Inst Med Chem Univ Szeged. 1942;II:3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su LT, et al. TRPM7 activates m-calpain by stress-dependent stimulation of p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Mol Biol. 2010;396(4):858–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Szent-Györgyi A. The crystallization of myosin and some of its properties and reactions. Stud Inst Med Chem Univ Szeged. 1943;III:76–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takizawa N, Ikebe R, Ikebe M, Luna EJ. Supervillin slows cell spreading by facilitating myosin II activation at the cell periphery. J Cell Sci. 2007;120(Pt 21):3792–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan JL, Spudich JA. Dictyostelium myosin light chain kinase. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(23):13818–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan I, Yong J, Dong JM, Lim L, Leung T. A tripartite complex containing MRCK modulates lamellar actomyosin retrograde flow. Cell. 2008;135(1):123–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang HW, et al. Atg1-mediated myosin II activation regulates autophagosome formation during starvation-induced autophagy. EMBO J. 2011;30(4):636–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toothaker LE, et al. Cellular myosin heavy chain in human leukocytes: isolation of 5' cDNA clones, characterization of the protein, chromosomal localization, and upregulation during myeloid differentiation. Blood. 1991;78(7):1826–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Totsukawa G, et al. Distinct roles of MLCK and ROCK in the regulation of membrane protrusions and focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration of fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 2004;164(3):427–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter JA. Living macrophages phosphorylate the 20,000 Dalton light chains and heavy chains of myosin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982;106(3):1071–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter JA, Nixon CS, Johnson MA. The heavy chain of macrophage myosin is phosphorylated at the tip of the tail. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(26):14374–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trybus KM, Lowey S. Conformational states of smooth muscle myosin. Effects of light chain phosphorylation and ionic strength. J Biol Chem. 1984;259(13):8564–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trybus KM, Huiatt TW, Lowey S. A bent monomeric conformation of myosin from smooth muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982;79(20):6151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tullio AN, et al. Nonmuscle myosin II-B is required for normal development of the mouse heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(23):12407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tullio AN, et al. Structural abnormalities develop in the brain after ablation of the gene encoding nonmuscle myosin II-B heavy chain. J Comp Neurol. 2001;433(1):62–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ubukawa K, et al. Enucleation of human erythroblasts involves non-muscle myosin IIB. Blood. 2012;119(4):1036–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood J, Greene J, Steimle PA. Identification of a new mechanism for targeting myosin II heavy chain phosphorylation by Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain kinase B. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3:56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uyeda TQ, Abramson PD, Spudich JA. The neck region of the myosin motor domain acts as a lever arm to generate movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93(9):4459–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vaillancourt JP, Lyons C, Cote GP. Identification of two phosphorylated threonines in the tail region of Dictyostelium myosin II. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(21):10082–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vale RD. The molecular motor toolbox for intracellular transport. Cell. 2003;112(4):467–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varlamova O, Spektor A, Bresnick AR. Protein kinase C mediates phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin-II during mitosis. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2001;22(3):243–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasioukhin V. Lethal giant puzzle of Lgl. Dev Neurosci. 2006;28(1–2):13–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walder RY, et al. Mutation of TRPM6 causes familial hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. Nat Genet. 2002;31(2):171–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Pesacreta TC. A subclass of myosin XI is associated with mitochondria, plastids, and the molecular chaperone subunit TCP-1alpha in maize. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2004;57(4):218–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, et al. A comprehensive genetic study on left atrium size in Caribbean Hispanics identifies potential candidate genes in 17p10. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010a;3(4):386–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, et al. Mutations in myosin light chain kinase cause familial aortic dissections. Am J Hum Genet. 2010b;87(5):701–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wasylnka JA, Bakowski MA, Szeto J, Ohlson MB, Trimble WS, Miller SI, Brumell JH. Role for myosin II in regulating positioning of Salmonella-containing vacuoles and intracellular replication. Infect Immun. 2008;76(6):2722–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weir L, Chen D. Characterization of the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB promoter: regulation by E2F. Gene Expr. 1996;6(1):45–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt T, Taylor D, Trybus KM, Taylor K. Three-dimensional image reconstruction of dephosphorylated smooth muscle heavy meromyosin reveals asymmetry in the interaction between myosin heads and placement of subfragment 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(8):4361–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xia D, Stull JT, Kamm KE. Myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 affects cell migration by regulating myosin phosphorylation and actin assembly. Exp Cell Res. 2005;304(2):506–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xia ZK, et al. Nonmuscle myosin IIA is associated with poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2012;25(5):427–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu XS, Kuspa A, Fuller D, Loomis WF, Knecht DA. Cell-cell adhesion prevents mutant cells lacking myosin II from penetrating aggregation streams of Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 1996;175(2):218–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, et al. Nonmuscle myosin light-chain kinase mediates neutrophil transmigration in sepsis-induced lung inflammation by activating beta2 integrins. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(8):880–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang F, Wei Q, Adelstein RS, Wang PJ. Non-muscle myosin IIB is essential for cytokinesis during male meiotic cell divisions. Dev Biol. 2012;369(2):356–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yumura S, et al. Multiple myosin II heavy chain kinases: roles in filament assembly control and proper cytokinesis in Dictyostelium. Mol Biol Cell. 2005;16(9):4256–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zamudio-Meza H, Castillo-Alvarez A, Gonzalez-Bonilla C, Meza I. Cross-talk between Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases regulates formation of filopodia required for dengue virus type-2 entry into HMEC-1 cells. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(Pt 12):2902–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng J, et al. Prestin is the motor protein of cochlear outer hair cells. Nature. 2000;405(6783):149–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The present chapter was written with a particular theme on non-muscle myosin II motor proteins. The author apologizes for the omission of any study that has direct relevance with the main theme of the present chapter. The present work would not have been possible without the mentorship of author’s previous mentors Professors Anil Kumar, Seyed E. Hasnain, and Thomas T. Egelhoff as well as private and public funding agencies including the US National Institute of Health.

Competing Interests

No competing interests to be disclosed.

Dr. Venkaiah Betapudi

Dr. Venkaiah Betapudi is an Assistant Professor of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA. His major research interests are cancer and endothelial cell biology, angiogenesis, mouse tumor models, lentivirus-mediated gene expression, inflammation, mechanism of endothelial cell activation, autoantibodies, microparticle secretion, myosin II roles and regulation, cell migration, wound healing, and metastasis, nanoparticles, and bleeding disorders.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Venkaiah Betapudi

  2. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Venkaiah Betapudi

Authors
  1. Venkaiah Betapudi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Venkaiah Betapudi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cytogenetics, National Reference Laboratory, Dr Lal PathLabs, New Delhi, India

    Leena Rawal

  2. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

    Sher Ali

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Betapudi, V. (2017). Non-muscle Myosin II Motor Proteins in Human Health and Diseases. In: Rawal, L., Ali, S. (eds) Genome Analysis and Human Health. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4298-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation