Skip to main content

Challenges and Future Perspectives of Mxenes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Functionalized Nanostructured MXenes

Abstract

Two-dimensional materials are gaining huge attention towards technological applications owing to their unique properties. A broad spectrum of two-dimensional materials, i.e. nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides of low valent early transition metals, is known as MXene. It emerges as new material in the era between 2010 and 2011 (over 10 years ago). Owing to their tremendous characteristics like ease of functionalization, activated metallic hydroxide sites, high metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity, and high surface area make them attractive for many applications from energy storage to nanomedicine. Despite several studies reporting about the various applications of MXene, still various technological challenges including synthesis route, large-scale production, aggregation and storage, potential toxic effects, thermal and oxidative stability, environmental and biotechnological applications need to be focused to get the complete benefits of this fantastic material. As concern with future perspective, with growing research in this field along with the technological advancement, theoretical and experimental strategies are needed to make better use of MXene materials. It is expected that existing hurdles in MXene-related research will be overawed to pacify the related breakthrough in coming decades.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • An H, Habib T, Shah S, Gao H, Radovic M, Green MJ, Lutkenhaus JL (2018) Surface-agnostic highly stretchable and bendable conductive MXene multilayers. Sci Adv 4:eaaq0118

    Google Scholar 

  • Babar ZUD, Ventura BD, Velotta R, Iannotti V (2022) Advances and emerging challenges in MXenes and their nanocomposites for biosensing applications. RSC Adv 12:19590–19610

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Benchakar M, Loupias L, Garnero C, Bilyk T, Morais C, Canaff C, Guignard N, Morisset S, Pazniak H, Hurand S, Chartier P, Pacaud J, Mauchamp V, Barsoum MW, Habrioux A, Célérier S (2020) One MAX phase, different MXenes: a guideline to understand the crucial role of etching conditions on Ti3C2Tx surface chemistry. Appl Surf Sci 530:147209

    Google Scholar 

  • Chae Y, Kim SJ, Cho SY, Choi J, Maleski K, Lee BJ, Jung HT, Gogotsi Y, Lee Y, Ahn CW (2019) An investigation into the factors governing the oxidation of two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene. Nanoscale 11:8387–8393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Huang Q, Huang H, Mao L, Liu M, Zhang X, Wei Y (2020) Recent progress and advances in the environmental applications of MXene related materials. Nanoscale 12:3574–3592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chena N, Yang W, (John) Zhang C (2021) Perspectives on preparation of two-dimensional MXenes. Sci Technol Adv Mater 22:917–930

    Google Scholar 

  • Dall’Agnese Y, Lukatskaya MR, Cook KM, Taberna P-L, Gogotsi Y, Simon P (2014) High capacitance of surface-modified 2D titanium carbide in acidic electrolyte. Electrochem Commun 48:118–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Das P, Wu Z-S (2020) MXene for energy storage: present status and future perspectives. J Phys Energy 2:032004

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding L, Li L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Lu Z, Deng J, Wei Y, Caro J, Wang H (2020) Effective ion sieving with Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes for production of drinking water from seawater. Nat Sustain 3:296–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghassemi H, Harlow W, Mashtalir O, Beidaghi M, Lukatskaya MR, Gogotsi Y, Taheri ML (2014) In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy study of oxidation of two-dimensional Ti3C2 and formation of carbon-supported TiO2. J Mater Chem A 2:14339–14343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gogotsi Y, Anasori B (2019) The rise of MXenes. ACS Nano 13:8491–8494

    Google Scholar 

  • Guan Y, Jiang S, Cong Y, Wang J, Dong Z, Zhang Q, Yuan G, Li Y, Li X (2020) A hydrofluoric acid-free synthesis of 2D vanadium carbide (V2C) MXene for supercapacitor electrodes. 2D Mater 7:25010

    Google Scholar 

  • Habib T, Zhao X, Shah SA, Chen Y, Sun W, An H, Lutkenhaus JL, Radovic M, Green MJ (2019) Oxidation stability of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets in solvents and composite films. Npj 2D Mater Appl 3:8

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart JL, Hantanasirisakul K, Lang AC, Anasori B, Pinto D, Pivak Y, van Omme JT, May SJ, Gogotsi Y, Taheri ML (2019) Control of MXenes’ electronic properties through termination and intercalation. Nat Commun 10:522

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang S, Mochalin VN (2019) Hydrolysis of 2D transition-metal carbides (MXenes) in colloidal solutions. Inorg Chem 58:1958–1966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Z, Cui X, Li S, Wei J, Li P, Wang Y, Lee C-S (2020) Two-dimensional MXene-based materials for photothermal therapy. Nanophotonics 9:2233–2249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibragimova R, Rinke P, Komsa HP (2022) Native vacancy defects in MXenes at etching conditions. Chem Mater 34:2896–2906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ihsanullah I (2020) MXenes (two-dimensional metal carbides) as emerging nanomaterials for water purification: progress, challenges and prospects Chem. Eng J 388:124340

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihsanullah I, Ali H (2020) Technological challenges in the environmental applications of MXenes and future outlook. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 2:100034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kajiyama S, Szabova L, Sodeyama K, Iinuma H, Morita R, Gotoh K, Tateyama Y, Okubo M, Yamada A (2016) Sodium-ion intercalation mechanism in MXene nanosheets. ACS Nano 10:3334–3341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalambate PK, Gadhari NS, Li X, Rao Z, Navale ST, Shen Y, Patil VR, Huang Y (2019) Recent advances in MXene–based electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Trends Anal Chem 120:115643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei M, Ranjbar A, Arai M, Sasaki T, Yunoki S (2017) Electronic properties and applications of MXenes: A theoretical review. J Mater Chem. A 5:2488–2503

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei J-C, Zhang X, Zhou Z (2015) Recent advances in MXene: preparation, properties, and applications Front. Phys 10:276–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Gao S, Dai C, Chen Y, Shi J (2017) A two-dimensional biodegradable niobium carbide (MXene) for photothermal tumor eradication in NIR-I and NIR-II biowindows. J Am Chem Soc 139:16235–16247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lira E, Wendt S, Huo P, Hansen J, Streber R, Porsgaard S, Wei Y, Bechstein R, Lægsgaard E, Besenbacher F (2011) The importance of bulk Ti3+ defects in the oxygen chemistry on titania surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 133:6529–6532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorencova L, Bertok T, Filip J, Jerigova M, Velic D, Kasak P, Mahmoud KA, Tkac J (2018) Highly stable Ti3C2Tx (MXene)/Pt nanoparticles-modified glassy carbon electrode for H2O2 and small molecules sensing applications. Sens Actuators B 263:360–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotfi R, Naguib M, Yilmaz DE, Nanda J, van Duin ACT (2018) A comparative study on the oxidation of two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene structures in different environments. J Mater Chem A 6:12733–12743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maleski K, Mochalin VN, Gogotsi Y (2017) Dispersions of two-dimensional titanium carbide MXene in organic solvents Chem. Mater 29:1632–1640

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathis TS, Maleski K, Goad A, Sarycheva A, Anayee M, Foucher AC, Hantanasirisakul K, Shuck CE, Stach EA, Gogotsi Y (2021) Modified MAX phase synthesis for environmentally stable and highly conductive Ti3C2 MXene. ACS Nano 15:6420–6429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naguib M, Halim J, Lu J, Cook KM, Hultman L, Gogotsi Y, Barsoum MW (2013) New two-dimensional niobium and vanadium carbides as promising materials for Li-ion batteries. J Am Chem Soc 135:15966–15969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natu V, Sokol M, Verger L, Barsoum MW (2018) Effect of edge charges on stability and aggregation of Ti3C2Tz MXene colloidal suspensions. J Phys Chem C 122:27745–27753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natu V, Hart JL, Sokol M, Chiang H, Taheri ML, Barsoum MW (2019) Edge capping of 2D-MXene sheets with polyanionic salts to mitigate oxidation in aqueous colloidal suspensions. Angew Chem 131:12785–12790

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Okubo M, Sugahara A, Kajiyama S, Yamada A (2018) MXene as a charge storage host Acc. Chem Res 51:591–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman UU, Hamayun M, Ghani U, Usman M, Ullah H, Khan A, El-Metwaly NM, Khan A (2022) MXenes as emerging materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Moleules 27

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanavicius S, Tereshchenko A, Karpicz R, Ratautaite V, Bubniene U, Maneikis A, Jagminas A, Ramanavicius A (2020) TiO2-x/TiO2-structure based ‘Self-Heated’ sensor for the determination of some reducing gases. Sensors 20:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanavicius S, Jagminas A, Ramanavicius A (2022) Gas sensors based on titanium oxides (Review). Coatings 12:699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed PA, Pandey RP, Jabbar KA, Ponraj J, Mahmoud KA (2019) Sensitive electrochemical detection of l-cysteine based on a highly stable Pd@Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Methods 11:3851–3856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool K, Pandey RP, Rasheed PA, Buczek S, Gogotsi Y, Mahmoud KA (2019) Water treatment and environmental remediation applications of two-dimensional metal carbides (MXenes). Mater Today off. 30:80–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool K, Mahmoud KA, Johnson DJ, Helal M, Berdiyorov GR, Gogotsi Y (2017) Efficient antibacterial membrane based on two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheets. Sci Rep 7: 1598

    Google Scholar 

  • Verger L, Xu C, Natu V, Cheng H-M, Ren W, Barsoum MW (2019) Overview of the synthesis of MXenes and other ultrathin 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater Sci 23:149–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Yang CH, Duan M, Tang Y, Zhu JF (2015) TiO2 nanoparticle modified organ-like Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposite encapsulating hemoglobin for a mediator-free biosensor with excellent performances. Biosens Bioelectron 74:1022–1028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Wu Y, Yuan X, Zeng G, Zhou J, Wang X, Chew JW (2018) Clay-inspired MXene-based electrochemical devices and photo-electrocatalyst: state-of-the-art progresses and challenges Adv. Mater 30:1704561

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wang X, Li X, Bai Y, Xiao H, Liu Y, Liu R, Yuan G (2019) Engineering 3D ion transport channels for flexible MXene films with superior capacitive performance Adv. Funct Mater 29:1900326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia F, Lao J, Yu R, Sang X, Luo J, Li Y, Wu J (2019) Ambient oxidation of Ti3C2 MXene initialized by atomic defects. Nanoscale 11:23330–23337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong D, Li X, Bai Z, Lu S (2018) Recent advances in layered Ti3C2Tx MXene for electrochemical energy storage. Small 14:1703419

    Google Scholar 

  • Xuan J, Wang Z, Chen Y, Liang D, Cheng L, Yang X, Liu Z, Ma R, Sasaki T, Geng F (2016) Organic-base-driven intercalation and delamination for the production of functionalized titanium carbide nanosheets with superior photothermal therapeutic performance. Angew Chem 128:14789–14794

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Zhang P, Wang F, Ricciardulli AG, Lohe MR, Blom PWM, Feng X (2018) Fluoride-free synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene) using a binary aqueous system. Angew Chem 130:15717–15721

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu M, Feng X (2020) Scalable manufacturing of MXene films: Moving toward industrialization. Matter 3:335–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan C, Naguib M, Lukatskaya M, Kent PRC, Gogotsi Y, D-e J (2018) Understanding the MXene pseudocapacitance. J Phys Chem Lett 9:1223–1228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang CJ, Pinilla S, McEvoy N, Cullen CP, Anasori B, Long E, Park S-H, Seral Ascaso A, Shmeliov A, Krishnan D, Morant C, Liu X, Duesberg GS, Gogotsi Y, Nicolosi V (2017) Oxidation stability of colloidal two-dimensional titanium carbides (MXenes). Chem Mater 29:4848–4856

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Nafisa Gull or Atif Islam .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gull, N. et al. (2023). Challenges and Future Perspectives of Mxenes. In: Rizwan, K., Khan, A., Ahmed Asiri, A.M. (eds) Handbook of Functionalized Nanostructured MXenes. Smart Nanomaterials Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2038-9_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics