Summary
Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 47 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 1983/4 and 1984/5 in 356 individual plants of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, from a microsite at Tabigha, north of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Each year the test involved two 100-meter transects, each equally subdivided into basalt and terra rossa soil types, and comparisons were based on 16 common polymorphic loci. Significant genetic differentiation, genetic phase disequilibria, and genome organization according to soil type were found over very short distances. Our results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild emmer wheat are partly adaptive, and that they differentiate at both single and multilocus structures primarily from environmental stress of such ecological factors as soil type, topography, and temporal changes, probably through aridity stress.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allard RW, Babbel GR, Clegg MT, Kahler AL (1972) Evidence for coadaptation in Avena barbata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:3043–3048
Atlas of Israel (1970) Survey of Israel. Ministry of Labour, Jerusalem. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam
Baker J, Maynard Smith J, Strobeck C (1975) Genetic polymorphism in the bladder campion, Silene maritime. Biochem Genet 13:393–410
Brown AHD (1979) Enzyme polymorphism in plant populations. Theor Pop Biol 15:1–42
Brown AHD, Clegg MT (1983) Isozyme assessment of plant genetic resources. In: Rattazzi MC, Scandalios JG, Whitt GS (eds) Isozymes: current topics in biological and medical research, vol. 11: medical and other applications. Liss, New York, pp 285–295
Brown AHD, Nevo E, Zohary D, Dagan O (1978) Genetic variation in natural populations of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). Genetica 49:97–108
Brown AHD, Feldman MW, Nevo E (1980) Multilocus structure of natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum. Genetics 96:523–536
Clegg MT, Kidwell JF, Kidwell MG, Daniel NJ (1976) Dynamics of correlated genetic system. I. Selection in the region of the Glued locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 83:793–810
Dan J, Raz Z (1970) Soil association map of Israel. Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Bet Dagan, Israel (Hebrew, with English summary)
Feldman M (1976) Wheats. In: Simmonds NW (ed) Evolution of crop plants. Longman, London, pp 120–128
Golenberg EM (1986) Multilocus structures in plant populations: Population and genetic dynamics of Triticum dicoccoides. Ph. D. Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Golenberg EM (1987) Estimation of gene flow and genetic neighborhood size by indirect methods in a selfing annual, Triticum dicoccoides. Evolution 41:1326–1334
Golenberg EM, Nevo E (1987) Multilocus differentiation and population structure in a selfer, wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. Heredity 58:451–456
Hamrick JL, Allard RW (1972) Microgeographical variation in allozyme frequencies in Avena barbata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:2100–2104
Hamrick JL, Holden LR (1979) Influence of microhabitat heterogeneity on gene frequency distribution and gametic phase disequilibrium in Avena barbata. Evolution 33:521–533
Hamrick JL, Linhart YB, Mitton JB (1979) Relationships between life history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 10:173–200
Hedrick PW (1982) Genetic hitchhiking: A new factor in evolution. Bioscience 32:845–853
Heywood JS, Levin DA (1985) Associations between allozyme frequencies and soil characteristics in Gaillardia pulchella (Compositae). Evolution 39:1076–1086
Jain SK, Rai KN (1980) Population biology of Avena. VIII. Colonization experiment as a test of the role of natural selection in population divergence. Am J Bot 67:1342–1346
Karlin S (1981) Some natural viability systems for multiallelic locus: A theoretical study. Genetics 97:457–473
Karlin S (1982) Classifications of selection migration structures and conditions for a protected polymorphism. Evol Biol 14:61–204
Kimber G, Feldman M (1987) Wild wheat. Special Report 353 College of Agriculture, Univ of Missouri, Columbia
Kimura M (1983) The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, London
Levin DA (1978) Some genetic consequences of being a plant. In: Brussard PF (ed) Ecological genetics: The interface. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 189–212
Nei M (1972) Genetic distance between populations. Am Nat 106:283–292
Nei M (1973) Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3321–3323
Nei M (1975) Molecular population genetics and evolution. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam
Nei M, Li W-H (1973) Linkage disequilibrium in subdivided populations. Genetics 75:213–219
Nevo E (1978) Genetic variation in natural populations: patterns and theory. Theor Pop Biol 13:121–177
Nevo E (1983a) Population genetics and ecology: the interface. In: Bendall DS (ed) Evolution from molecules to men. Cambridge University Press, London, pp 287–321
Nevo E (1983b) Genetic resources of wild emmer wheat: Structure, evolution and application in breeding. In: Sakamoto S (ed) Proc 6th Int Wheat Genet Symp. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, pp 421–431
Nevo E (1983c) Adaptive significance of protein variation. In: Oxford GS, Rollinson D (eds) Protein polymorphism: adaptive and taxonomic significance. Systematic association special, vol 24. Academic Press, New York, pp 239–282
Nevo E (1986) Pollution and genetic evolution of marine orgnaisms: Theory and practice. In: Dubinsky Z, Steinberger Y (eds) Environmental quality and ecosystem stability, vol. Ill A/B. Bar-Ilan University Press, Ramat Gan,Israel, pp 841–848
Nevo E, Beiles A (1988) Genetic parallelism of protein polymorphism in nature: ecological test of the neutral theory of molecular evolution. Biol J Linn Soc (in press)
Nevo E, Shimony T, Libni M (1977) Thermal selection of allozyme polymorphisms in barnacles. Nature 267:699–701
Nevo E, Brown AHD, Zohary D, Storch N, Beiles A (1981) Microgeographic edaphic difrerentiation of allozyme polymorphism of wild barely. Plant Syst Evol 138:287–292
Nevo E, Golenberg EM, Beiles A, Brown AHD, Zohary D (1982a) Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel. Theor Appl Genet 62:241–254
Nevo E, Bar-El C, Beiles A, Yom-Tov Y (1982b) Adaptive microgeographic differentiation of allozyme polymorphisms in landsnails. Genetica 59:61–67
Nevo E, Beiles A, Storch N, Doll H, Andersen B (1983) Microgeographic edaphic differentiation in hordein polymorphisms of wild barley. Theor Appl Genet 64:123–132
Nevo E, Beiles A, Ben-Shlomo R (1984) The evolutionary significance of genetic diversity: ecological, demographic and life history correlates. In: Mani GS (ed) Evolutionary dynamics of genetic diversity (Lecture notes in biomathematics vol. 53) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 13–213
Nevo E, Beiles A, Kaplan D, Golenberg EM, Olsvig-Whittaker LS, Naveh Z (1986) Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: A microsite test revealing ecological genetic differentiation. Evolution 40:13–20
Nevo E, Beiles A, Krugman T (1988) Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: a microgeographic climatic differentiation in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Theor Appl Genet 75:529–538
Ofer J (1980) The ecology of ant populations of the genus Messor and their influence on the soil and flora in pasture. Ph. D. Thesis, Hebrew University Jerusalem (in Hebrew with English summary)
Rabinovitch-Vin A (1983) Influence of nutrients on the composition and distribution of plant communities in Mediterranean-type ecosystems of Israel. In: Kruger FJ, Mitchell DT, Jarvis JUM (eds) Mediterranean-type ecosystems (Ecological studies vol. 43) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 74–85
Rabinovitch-Vin A, Orshan G (1974a) Ecological studies on the vegetation of the Upper Galilee, Israel. I. A vegetation map of the Bar'am-Malkiyya area. Isr J Bot 23:20–37
Rabinovitch-Vin A, Orshan G (1974b) Ecological studies on the vegetation of the Upper Galilee, Israel. II. Factors determining the absence of batha and garigue components on Middle Eocenian strata. Isr J Bot 23:111–119
Ravikovitch Sh (1969) Manual and map soils of Israel. Magness Press, Jerusalem
Richmond RC (1978) Microspatial genetic differentiation in natural populations of Drosophila. In: Brussard PF (ed) Ecological genetics: the interface. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 127–142
SAS (1985) User's guide, 5th edn. SAS Institute, Cary/NC
Schaal BA (1974) Isolation by distance in Liatris cylindracea. Nature 252:703
Schaal BA (1975) Population structure and local differentiation in Liatris cylindracea. Am Nat 109:511–528
Selander RK, Kaufman DW (1975) Genetic structure of populations of the brown snail (Helix aspersa). I. Microgeographic variation. Evolution 29:385–401
SPSS-x (1986) User's guide, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York
Templeton AR, Levin DA (1979) Evolutionary consequences of seed pools. Am Nat 114:232–249
Turner ME, Stephens JC, Anderson WW (1982) Homozygosity and patch structure in plant populations as a result of nearest neighbor pollination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:203–207
Van Valen L (1965) Morphological variation and width of ecological niche. Am Nat 99:377–390
Zohary D (1970) Centers of diversity and centers of origin. In: Frankel OH, Bennett E (eds) Genetic resources in plants — their exploration and conservation. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 33–42
Zohary M (1973) Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East, vols 1 and 2. G Fischer, Stuttgart, and Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by H. F. Linskens
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nevo, E., Beiles, A. & Krugman, T. Natural selection of allozyme polymorphisms: a microgeographical differentiation by edaphic, topographical, and temporal factors in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Theoret. Appl. Genetics 76, 737–752 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303521
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303521