Skip to main content
Log in

Biometric signature authentication using machine learning techniques: Current trends, challenges and opportunities

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Biometric systems are playing a key role in the multitude of applications and placed at the center of debate in the scientific research community. Among the numerous biometric systems, handwritten signature verification has got keen interest over the last three decades. Handwritten signature verification is the behavioral bio-metric system that discriminates the genuine signature from the pre-stored known signatures. It has been researched in the number of application areas like banking, financial and business transactions, cheque processing, access control and e-business etc. In this article, we surveyed the techniques of offline and online signature verification systems according to the taxonomy of classification model. A detailed background of signature verification system along with the available datasets are presented comprehensively. At the end, we presented the most notable challenges that guide the readers towards the current trends and future directions of the domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abikoye O, Mabayoje M, Ajibade R (2011) Offline signature recognition & verification using neural network. Int J Comput Appl 35(2):44–51

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abuhaiba IS (2007) Offline signature verification using graph matching. Turk J Electr Eng Comput Sci 15(1):89–104

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmad R, Naz S, Afzal MZ, Amin SH, Breuel T (2015) Robust optical recognition of cursive pashto script using scale, rotation and location invariant approach. PloS one 10(9):e0133648

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmed SB, Naz S, Razzak MI, Yusof R (2019) Arabic cursive text recognition from natural scene images. Appl Sci 9(2):236

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ahmed SB, Naz S, Razzak MI, Yusof RB (2019) A novel dataset for english-arabic scene text recognition (eastr)-42k and its evaluation using invariant feature extraction on detected extremal regions. IEEE Access 7:19801–19820

    Google Scholar 

  6. Akram M, Qasim R, Amin MA (2012) A comparative study of signature recognition problem using statistical features and artificial neural networks. In: 2012 international conference on informatics, electronics and vision (ICIEV), pp 925–929. IEEE

  7. Al-Hmouz R, Pedrycz W, Daqrouq K, Morfeq A, Al-Hmouz A (2017) Quantifying dynamic time warping distance using probabilistic model in verification of dynamic signatures. Soft Computing pp 1–12

  8. Al-Hmouz R, Pedrycz W, Daqrouq K, Morfeq A, Al-Hmouz A (2019) Quantifying dynamic time warping distance using probabilistic model in verification of dynamic signatures. Soft Comput 23(2):407–418

    Google Scholar 

  9. Al-Juboori SS (2017) Signature verification based on moments technique. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science 26(2):385–395

    Google Scholar 

  10. Al-Mayyan W, Own HS, Zedan H (2011) Rough set approach to online signature identification. Digital Signal Process 21(3):477–485

    Google Scholar 

  11. Al-Omari YM, Abdullah SNHS, Omar K (2011) State-of-the-art in offline signature verification system. In: 2011 international conference on pattern analysis and intelligent robotics (ICPAIR), vol 1, pp 59–64. IEEE

  12. Alizadeh A, Alizadeh T, Daei Z (2010) Optimal threshold selection for online verification of signature. In: Proceedings of the international multiconference of engineers and computer scientists, vol 1, pp 17–19. Citeseer

  13. Alonso-Fernandez F, Fierrez J, Martinez-Diaz M, Ortega-Garcia J (2009) Fusion of static image and dynamic information for signature verification. In: 2009 16th IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 2725–2728. IEEE

  14. Alpar O, Krejcar O (2017) Online signature verification by spectrogram analysis. Applied Intelligence pp 1–11

  15. Amit Puri RV (2016) Offline signature recognition system using radon transform with genetic algorithm. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology pp 162–169

  16. Anand H, Bhombe D (2014) Enhanced signature verification and recognition using matlab. International Journal of Innovative research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) 1(4):2349–2163

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ansari AQ, Hanmandlu M, Kour J, Singh AK (2013) Online signature verification using segment-level fuzzy modelling. IET Biom 3(3):113–127

    Google Scholar 

  18. Armand S, Blumenstein M, Muthukkumarasamy V (2006) Off-line signature verification using the enhanced modified direction feature and neural-based classification. In: International joint conference on neural networks, 2006. IJCNN’06, pp 684–691. IEEE

  19. Arunalatha J, Prashanth C, Tejaswi V, Shaila K, Raja K, Anvekar D, Venugopal K, Iyengar SS, Patnaik LM (2015) Pcvos: Principal component variances based off-line signature verification. In: 2015 IEEE 2nd international conference on recent trends in information systems (ReTIS), pp 195–199. IEEE

  20. Aswathy K (2015) Online signature verification techniques: A survey. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science 3(4)

  21. Azmi AN, Nasien D, Omar FS (2017) Biometric signature verification system based on freeman chain code and k-nearest neighbor. Multimed Tools Appl 76 (14):15341–15355

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bashir S, Sofi S, Aggarwal S, Singhal S (2015) Unimodal & multimodal biometric recognition techniques a survey. International Journal of Computer Science and Network 04(1):148–155

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bharadi V, Kekre H (2010) Off-line signature recognition systems. Int J Comput Appl 1(27):48–56

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bharathi R, Shekar B (2014) Discriminative dct-mlp based approach for off-line signature verification. In: 2014 international conference on advances in computing, communications and informatics (ICACCI, pp 2309–2315. IEEE

  25. Bhattacharyya D, Ranjan R, Alisherov F, Choi M, et al. (2009) Biometric authentication: A review. Int J u-and e-Service Sci Technol 2(3):13–28

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bisen R, Mishra A (2016) Offline signature verification with random and skilled forgery detection, using grid based feature extraction. International Journal of Electronics Electrical and Computational System (IJEECS) 5(8):56–60

    Google Scholar 

  27. Blankers VL, van den Heuvel CE, Franke KY, Vuurpijl LG (2009) Icdar 2009 signature verification competition. In: 10th international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2009. ICDAR’09, pp 1403–1407. IEEE

  28. Boyer KW, Govindaraju V, Ratha NK (2007) Introduction to the special issue on recent advances in biometric systems [guest editorial]. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 37(5):1091–1095

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chadha A, Satam N, Wali V (2013) Biometric signature processing & recognition using radial basis function network, pp 1–9. arXiv:1311.1694

  30. Cho YO, Jung JW (2017) Online signature recognition based on pseudo-inked signature image template. Int J Humanoid Rob 14(02):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  31. Choudhary NY, Patil MR, Bhadade U, Chaudhari BM (2013) Signature recognition and verification system using back propagation neural network. International Jorunal of IT Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR) 2(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  32. Coetzer J, Herbst BM, du Preez JA (2004) Offline signature verification using the discrete radon transform and a hidden markov model. EURASIP Journal on applied signal processing 2004:559–571

    Google Scholar 

  33. Daramola S, Ibiyemi T (2010) Efficient on-line signature verification system. International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS 10(4):48–52

    Google Scholar 

  34. Daramola SA, Ibiyemi TS (2010) Offline signature recognition using hidden markov model (hmm). Int J Comput Appl 10(2):17–22

    Google Scholar 

  35. Dash T (2012) Handwritten signature verifications using adaptive resonance theory type-2 (art-2) net. International Journal of Global Research in Computer Science (UGC Approved Journal) 3(8):21–25

    Google Scholar 

  36. Davda HV, Gonsai SK (2014) Offline signature verification system using energy on grid level. Int J Engine Res 3(2):104–107

    Google Scholar 

  37. Deore MR, Handore SM (2015) A survey on offline signature recognition and verification schemes. In: 2015 international conference on industrial instrumentation and control (ICIC), pp 165–169. IEEE

  38. Dhanvani P (2013) Signature analysis: Test your signature. https://freefeast.info/personality-motivation/signature-analysis-test-your-signature/. Accessed: 2018-03-15

  39. Dimauro G, Impedovo S, Lucchese M, Modugno R, Pirlo G (2004) Recent advancements in automatic signature verification. In: 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, 2004. IWFHR-9 2004, pp 179–184. IEEE

  40. Dongare AA, Ghongade R (2016) Artificial intelligence based bank cheque signature verification system. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 03(01)

  41. Du X, Abdalmageed W, Doermann D (2013) Large-scale signature matching using multi-stage hashing. In: 2013 12th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 976–980. IEEE

  42. Durrani MY, Ali A, Mustafa A, Khalid S, et al. (2016) Signature verification through chebyshev polynomials a novel method. Journal Applied Environmental and Biological Science 6(3):159–165

    Google Scholar 

  43. Durrani MY, Khan S, Khalid S (2017) Versig: a new approach for online signature verification. Cluster Computing pp 111

  44. Fahmy MM (2010) Online handwritten signature verification system based on dwt features extraction and neural network classification. Ain Shams Eng J 1(1):59–70

    Google Scholar 

  45. Fang Y, Kang W, Wu Q, Tang L (2017) A novel video-based system for in-air signature verification. Comput Electr Eng 57:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fauziyah S, Azlina O, Mardiana B, Zahariah A, Haroon H (2009) Signature verification system using support vector machine. In: 6th international symposium on mechatronics and its applications, 2009. ISMA’09, pp 1–4. IEEE

  47. Fayyaz M, Saffar MH, Sabokrou M, Hoseini M, Fathy M (2015) Online signature verification based on feature representation. In: 2015 international symposium on artificial intelligence and signal processing (AISP), pp 211–216. IEEE

  48. Ferrer MA, Alonso JB, Travieso CM (2005) Offline geometric parameters for automatic signature verification using fixed-point arithmetic. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(6):993–997

    Google Scholar 

  49. Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J (2008) On-line signature verification. In: Handbook of biometrics, pp 189–209. Springer

  50. Fierrez-Aguilar J, Alonso-Hermira N, Moreno-Marquez G, Ortega-Garcia J (2004) An off-line signature verification system based on fusion of local and global information. In: International workshop on biometric authentication, pp 295–306. Springer

  51. Fischer A, Diaz M, Plamondon R, Ferrer MA (2015) Robust score normalization for dtw-based on-line signature verification. In: 2015 13th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 241–245. IEEE

  52. Garhawal S, Shukla N (2013) Surf based design and implementation for handwritten signature verification. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering (IJARCSSE) 3(8)

  53. Gomez-Barrero M, Galbally J, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J, Plamondon R (2015) Enhanced on-line signature verification based on skilled forgery detection using sigma-lognormal features. In: 2015 international conference on biometrics (ICB), pp 501–506. IEEE

  54. Griechisch E, Malik MI, Liwicki M (2014) Online signature verification based on kolmogorov-smirnov distribution distance. In: 2014 14th international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), pp 738–742. IEEE

  55. Griechisch E, Malk MI, Liwicki M (2013) Online signature analysis based on accelerometric and gyroscopic pens and legendre series. In: 2013 12th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 374–378. IEEE

  56. Gupta G, Mccabe A (1997) A review of dynamic handwritten signature verification. James Cook Univ., Australia, pp 1–54

  57. Gupta N, Saravanan K (2017) Comparative study of various signature verification algorithms. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 4(4)

  58. Hafemann LG, Oliveira LS, Sabourin R (2018) Fixed-sized representation learning from offline handwritten signatures of different sizes. Int J Doc Anal Recognit (IJDAR) 21:219–232

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hafemann LG, Sabourin R, Oliveira L (2019) Characterizing and evaluating adversarial examples for offline handwritten signature verification. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security

  60. Hafemann LG, Sabourin R, Oliveira LS (2016) Writer-independent feature learning for offline signature verification using deep convolutional neural networks. In: 2016 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), pp 2576–2583. IEEE

  61. Hafemann LG, Sabourin R, Oliveira LS (2017) Offline handwritten signature verification—literature review. In: 2017 7th international conference on image processing theory, tools and applications (IPTA), pp 1–8. IEEE

  62. Hafs T, Bennacer L, Boughazi M, Nait-Ali A (2016) Empirical mode decomposition for online handwritten signature verification. IET Biom 5(3):190–199

    Google Scholar 

  63. Hanmandlu M, Yusof MHM, Madasu VK (2005) Off-line signature verification and forgery detection using fuzzy modeling. Pattern Recogn 38(3):341–356

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Hatkar PV, Salokhe B, Malgave AA (2015) Off-line hand written signature verification using neural network. Methodology 2(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  65. Herbst N, Liu C (1977) Automatic signature verification based on accelerometry. IBM J Res Dev 21(3):245–253

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hou W, Ye X, Wang K (2004) A survey of off-line signature verification. In: 2004 international conference on intelligent mechatronics and automation, 2004. Proceedings, pp 536–541. IEEE

  67. Houmani N, Mayoue A, Garcia-Salicetti S, Dorizzi B, Khalil MI, Moustafa MN, Abbas H, Muramatsu D, Yanikoglu B, Kholmatov A et al (2012) Biosecure signature evaluation campaign (bsec’2009): Evaluating online signature algorithms depending on the quality of signatures. Pattern Recogn 45(3):993–1003

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hu J, Chen Y (2013) Offline signature verification using real adaboost classifier combination of pseudo-dynamic features. In: 2013 12th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 1345–1349. IEEE

  69. Huang K, Yan H (1997) Off-line signature verification based on geometric feature extraction and neural network classification. Pattern Recogn 30(1):9–17

    Google Scholar 

  70. Huang K, Yan H (2002) Off-line signature verification using structural feature correspondence. Pattern Recogn 35(11):2467–2477

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  71. Impedovo D, Pirlo G (2008) Automatic signature verification: The state of the art. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev 38(5):609–635

    Google Scholar 

  72. Impedovo D, Pirlo G (2010) On-line signature verification by stroke-dependent representation domains. In: 2010 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), pp 623–627. IEEE

  73. Impedovo D, Pirlo G, Russo M (2014) Recent advances in offline signature identification. In: 2014 14th international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), pp 639–642. IEEE

  74. Iranmanesh V, Ahmad SMS, Adnan WAW, Malallah FL, Yussof S (2013) Online signature verification using neural network and pearson correlation features. In: 2013 IEEE conference on open systems (ICOS), pp 18–21. IEEE

  75. Jain P, Gangrade J (2013) Online signature verification using energy, angle and directional gradient feature with neural network. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology 2(9)

  76. Jan Z, Shabir M, Khan M, Shah S, Baloch B (2015) Features used in online handwriting and signature recognition systems: A survey. Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series) 47(4)

  77. Jarad M, Al-Najdawi N, Tedmori S (2014) Offline handwritten signature verification system using a supervised neural network approach. In: 2014 6th international conference on computer science and information technology (CSIT), pp 189–195. IEEE

  78. Justino EJ, Bortolozzi F, Sabourin R (2005) A comparison of svm and hmm classifiers in the off-line signature verification. Pattern Recogn Lett 26(9):1377–1385

    Google Scholar 

  79. Justino EJ, El Yacoubi A, Bortolozzi F, Sabourin R (2000) An off-line signature verification system using hmm and graphometric features. In: Proc. of the 4th international workshop on document analysis systems, pp 211–222. Citeseer

  80. Kalenova D (2003) Personal authentication using signature recognition. Department of Information Technology, Laboratory of Information Processing, Lappeenranta University of Technology pp 1–15

  81. Karouni A, Daya B, Bahlak S (2011) Offline signature recognition using neural networks approach. Procedia Comput Sci 3:155–161

    Google Scholar 

  82. Katiyar S, Agarwal S, Kaushal S, Vats H (2016) Signature recognition and verification system via neural network. Signature 5(5)

  83. Kaur H, Kansal ER (2017) Distance based online signature verification with enhanced security. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (IJEDR) 5(2):1703–1710

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kaur HP, Sharma A (2015) Offline handwritten signature verification using zernike moments. In: 2015 5th national conference on computer vision, pattern recognition, image processing and graphics (NCVPRIPG), pp 1–4. IEEE

  85. Kaur R, Choudhary P (2015) Handwritten signature verification based on surf features using hmm. International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) 3(1):187–195

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kedia S, Monga EG (2017) Static signature matching using lda and artificial neural networks. International Journal of Advance Research Ideas and Innovations in Technology 9(5)

  87. Kekre H, Bharadi V (2010) Gabor filter based feature vector for dynamic signature recognition. Int J Comput Appl 2(3):74–80

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kennard DJ, Barrett WA, Sederberg TW (2012) Offline signature verification and forgery detection using a 2-d geometric warping approach. In: 2012 21st international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR), pp 3733–3736. IEEE

  89. Khan S, Dhole A (2014) A review on offline signature recognition and verification techniques. Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng Technol 3(6):6879–6882

    Google Scholar 

  90. Khoh WH, Ong TS, Pang YH, Teoh ABJ (2014) Score level fusion approach in dynamic signature verification based on hybrid wavelet-fourier transform. Security and Communication Networks 7(7):1067–1078

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kholmatov A, Yanikoglu B (2005) Identity authentication using improved online signature verification method. Pattern Recogn Lett 26(15):2400–2408

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kiani V, Pourreza Shahri R, Pourreza HR (2009) Offline signature verification using local radon transform and support vector machines. International Journal of Image Processing 3

  93. Kruthi C, Shet DC (2014) Offline signature verification using support vector machine. In: 2014 5th international conference on signal and image processing (ICSIP), pp 3–8. IEEE

  94. Kumar DA, Dhandapani S (2016) A novel bank check signature verification model using concentric circle masking features and its performance analysis over various neural network training functions. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9(31)

  95. Kumar MM, Puhan N (2014) Offline signature verification using the trace transform. In: 2014 IEEE international advance computing conference (IACC), pp 1066–1070. IEEE

  96. Kumar MM, Puhan NB (2014) Chord oriented gap feature for offline signature verification. In: 2014 13th international conference on control automation robotics and vision (ICARCV), pp 799–803. IEEE

  97. Kumar P, Singh S, Garg A, Prabhat N (2013) Hand written signature recognition & verification using neural network. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3(3)

  98. Kumar S, Shashwat K (2015) A survey on handwritten signature verification techniques. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 3(1):182–186

    Google Scholar 

  99. Lakshmi K, Nayak S (2013) Off-line signature verification using neural networks. In: 2013 IEEE 3rd international advance computing conference (IACC), pp 1065–1069. IEEE

  100. Leclerc F, Plamondon R (1994) Automatic signature verification: The state of the art—1989–1993. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 8(03):643–660

    Google Scholar 

  101. Li N, Liu J, Li Q, Luo X, Duan J (2016) Online signature verification based on biometric features. In: 2016 49th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS), pp 5527–5534. IEEE

  102. Liwicki M, Malik MI, van den Heuvel CE, Chen X, Berger C, Stoel R, Blumenstein M, Found B (2011) Signature verification competition for online and offline skilled forgeries (sigcomp2011). In: 2011 international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 1480–1484. IEEE

  103. López-García M, Ramos-Lara R, Miguel-Hurtado O, Cantó-Navarro E (2014) Embedded system for biometric online signature verification. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 10(1):491–501

    Google Scholar 

  104. Madabusi S, Srinivas V, Bhaskaran S, Balasubramanian M (2005) On-line and off-line signature verification using relative slope algorithm. In: (IMS 2005) Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE international workshop on measurement systems for homeland security, contraband detection and personal safety workshop, 2005, pp 11–15. IEEE

  105. Malallah FL, Ahmad SMS, Adnan WAW, Arigbabu OA, Iranmanesh V, Yussof S (2015) Online handwritten signature recognition by length normalization using up-sampling and down-sampling. International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics (IJCSDF) 4(1):302–313

    Google Scholar 

  106. Malekian V, Aghaei A, Rezaeian M, Alian M (2013) Rapid off-line signature verification based on signature envelope and adaptive density partitioning. In: 2013 1st Iranian conference on pattern recognition and image analysis (PRIA), pp 1–6. IEEE

  107. Malik MI, Liwicki M, Dengel A (2011) Evaluation of local and global features for offline signature verification. In: AFHA, pp 26–30

  108. Manjunatha K, Annapurna H, Guru D (2019) Offline signature verification: An approach based on user-dependent features and classifiers. In: Data analytics and learning, pp 235–243. Springer

  109. Manjunatha K, Manjunath S, Guru D, Somashekara M (2016) Online signature verification based on writer dependent features and classifiers. Pattern Recogn Lett 80:129–136

    Google Scholar 

  110. Marcolin F, Vezzetti E (2017) Novel descriptors for geometrical 3d face analysis. Multimed Tools Appl 76(12):13805–13834

    Google Scholar 

  111. Martinez LE, Travieso CM, Alonso JB, Ferrer MA (2004) Parameterization of a forgery handwritten signature verification system using svm. In: 38th annual 2004 international Carnahan conference on security technology, 2004, pp 193–196. IEEE

  112. McCabe A, Trevathan J, Read W (2008) Neural network-based handwritten signature verification. J Comput 3:9–22

    Google Scholar 

  113. Mehra R, Gangwar DR (2014) Enhanced offline signature recognition using neuro-fuzzy and surf features techniques. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 5(5)

  114. Mehta M, Choudhary V, Das R, Khan I (2010) Offline signature verification and skilled forgery detection using hmm and sum graph features with ann and knowledge based classifier. In: 2nd International conference on digital image processing, vol 7546, p 75462G. International Society for Optics and Photonics

  115. Miguel-Hurtado O, Mengibar-Pozo L, Lorenz MG, Liu-Jimenez J (2007) On-line signature verification by dynamic time warping and gaussian mixture models. In: 2007 41st annual IEEE international Carnahan conference on security technology, pp 23–29. IEEE

  116. Mlaba A, Gwetu M, Viriri S (2017) A distance-based approach to modelling reference signature for verification. In: Conference on information communication technology and society (ICTAS), pp 1–6. IEEE

  117. Mohamadi SZ (2006) Static persian signature recognition. Bachelor of Science Thesis, Electrical Engineering Department. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad

    Google Scholar 

  118. Mohammed RA, Nabi RM, Sardasht M, Mahmood R, Nabi RM (2015) State-of-the-art in handwritten signature verification system. In: 2015 international conference on computational science and computational intelligence (CSCI), pp 519–525. IEEE

  119. Moos S, Marcolin F, Tornincasa S, Vezzetti E, Violante MG, Fracastoro G, Speranza D, Padula F (2017) Cleft lip pathology diagnosis and foetal landmark extraction via 3d geometrical analysis. Int J Interact Des Manuf (IJIDeM) 11(1):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mukherjee A, Priya K, Pandit M, Bhattacharya D (2017) Use of auto associative network for signature recognition. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 7(2):383–385

    Google Scholar 

  121. Nagel RN, Rosenfeld A (1973) Steps toward handwritten signature verification. In: 1st International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition

  122. Nagel RN, Rosenfeld A (1977) Computer detection of freehand forgeries. IEEE Trans Comput 9:895–905

    Google Scholar 

  123. Nambiar A, Babu B, Gopinadh G, Philip SJ (2016) Online signature based application locking system. Journal for Research— Volume 1(01)

  124. Nandi GC, Semwal VB, Raj M, Jindal A (2016) Modeling bipedal locomotion trajectories using hybrid automata. In: 2016 IEEE region 10 conference (TENCON), pp 1013–1018. IEEE

  125. Nanni L, Maiorana E, Lumini A, Campisi P (2010) Combining local, regional and global matchers for a template protected on-line signature verification system. Expert Syst Appl 37(5):3676–3684

    Google Scholar 

  126. Naseer A, Rani M, Naz S, Razzak MI, Imran M, Xu G (2019) Refining parkinson’s neurological disorder identification through deep transfer learning, Neural Computing and Applications pp 1–16

  127. Naz S, Hayat K, Razzak MI, Anwar MW, Madani SA, Khan SU (2014) The optical character recognition of urdu-like cursive scripts. Pattern Recogn 47(3):1229–1248

    Google Scholar 

  128. Naz S, Umar AI, Ahmad R, Ahmed SB, Shirazi SH, Razzak MI (2017) Urdu nasta’liq text recognition system based on multi-dimensional recurrent neural network and statistical features. Neural Comput Appl 28(2):219–231

    Google Scholar 

  129. Naz S, Umar AI, Ahmad R, Ahmed SB, Shirazi SH, Siddiqi I, Razzak MI (2016) Offline cursive urdu-nastaliq script recognition using multidimensional recurrent neural networks. Neurocomputing 177:228–241

    Google Scholar 

  130. Naz S, Umar AI, Ahmad R, Siddiqi I, Ahmed SB, Razzak MI, Shafait F (2017) Urdu nastaliq recognition using convolutional–recursive deep learning. Neurocomputing 243:80–87

    Google Scholar 

  131. Nazakat M, Khalid S, Siddiqi I (2014) A review of offline signature verification techniques. J Appl Environ Biol Sci 4(9S):342–347

    Google Scholar 

  132. Neamah K, Mohamad D, Saba T, Rehman A (2014) Discriminative features mining for offline handwritten signature verification. 3D Res 5(1):2

    Google Scholar 

  133. Neela K (2016) Enhanced digital human signature verification over web and mobile interfaces. Journal of Network Communications and Emerging Technologies (JNCET) www. jncet org 6(5)

  134. Nguyen V, Blumenstein M (2011) An application of the 2d gaussian filter for enhancing feature extraction in off-line signature verification. In: 2011 international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 339–343. IEEE

  135. Nguyen V, Blumenstein M, Muthukkumarasamy V, Leedham G (2007) Off-line signature verification using enhanced modified direction features in conjunction with neural classifiers and support vector machines. In: 9th international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 2, pp 734–738. IEEE

  136. Nguyen V, Kawazoe Y, Wakabayashi T, Pal U, Blumenstein M (2010) Performance analysis of the gradient feature and the modified direction feature for off-line signature verification. In: 2010 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), pp 303–307. IEEE

  137. Nilchiyan MR, Yusof RB (2013) Improved wavelet-based online signature verification scheme considering pen scenario information. In: 2013 1st international conference on artificial intelligence, modelling and simulation (AIMS), pp 8–13. IEEE

  138. Nisha S, Deepesh A (2017) Online biometric signature verification based on both local and global system. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 4(5):2298–2300

    Google Scholar 

  139. Odeh S, Khalil M, Bethlehem P (2011) Apply multi-layer perceptrons neural network for off-line signature verification and recognition. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues 8(6)

  140. Okawa M (2018) From bovw to vlad with kaze features: Offline signature verification considering cognitive processes of forensic experts. Pattern Recogn Lett 113:75–82

    Google Scholar 

  141. Ong TS, Khoh WH, Teoh ABJ (2009) Dynamic handwritten signature verification based on statistical quantization mechanism. In: International conference on computer engineering and technology, 2009. ICCET’09, vol 2, pp 312–316. IEEE

  142. Ooi SY, Teoh ABJ, Pang YH, Hiew BY (2016) Image-based handwritten signature verification using hybrid methods of discrete radon transform, principal component analysis and probabilistic neural network. Appl Soft Comput 40:274–282

    Google Scholar 

  143. Ortega-Garcia J, Fierrez-Aguilar J, Simon D, Gonzalez J, Faundez-Zanuy M, Espinosa V, Satue A, Hernaez I, Igarza JJ, Vivaracho C et al (2003) Mcyt baseline corpus: a bimodal biometric database. IEE Proceedings-Vision Image and Signal Processing 150(6):395–401

    Google Scholar 

  144. Padmajadevi G, Aprameya K (2017) Offline signature verification & recognition using angle based feature extraction & neural network classifier. International Journal of Electronics Engineering Research 9(5)

  145. Pal S, Alaei A, Pal U, Blumenstein M (2015) Interval-valued symbolic representation based method for off-line signature verification. In: 2015 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), pp 1–6. IEEE

  146. Pal S, Blumenstein M, Pal U (2011) Non-english and non-latin signature verification systems a survey. In: AFHA, pp 1–5

  147. Pal S, Blumenstein M, Pal U (2011) Off-line signature verification systems: a survey. In: Proceedings of the international conference & workshop on emerging trends in technology, pp 652–657. ACM

  148. Pal S, Chanda S, Pal U, Franke K, Blumenstein M (2012) Off-line signature verification using g-surf. In: 2012 12th international conference on intelligent systems design and applications (ISDA), pp 586–591. IEEE

  149. Pandey MV, Shantaiya S (2012) Signature verification using morphological features based on artificial neural network. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 2(7)

  150. Pansare A, Bhatia S (2012) Handwritten signature verification using neural network. International Journal of Applied Information Systems 1(2):44–49

    Google Scholar 

  151. Pansare A, Bhatia S (2012) Off-line signature verification using neural network. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research Volume3 (2)

  152. Parodi M, Gomez JC, Belaïd A (2011) A circular grid-based rotation invariant feature extraction approach for off-line signature verification. In: 2011 international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), pp 1289–1293. IEEE

  153. Parziale A, Diaz M, Ferrer MA, Marcelli A (2019) Sm-dtw: stability modulated dynamic time warping for signature verification. Pattern Recogn Lett 121:113–122

    Google Scholar 

  154. Patil PG, Hegadi RS (2013) Offline handwritten signatures classification using wavelets and support vector machines. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology 2(4):573–79

    Google Scholar 

  155. Patil VR, Borse YI, Patil RR, Patil MP (2017) Online signature verification using dtw algorithm: A review. International Journal 2(7)

  156. Pawar K, Dhope T (2015) Static signature verification and recognition using neural network approach-a survey. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 2(4):46–50

    Google Scholar 

  157. Pawar SD (2015) A survey on signature verification approaches. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies 6(2):1068–1072

    Google Scholar 

  158. Philip J, Bharadi VA (2016) Signature verification saas implementation on microsoft azure cloud. Procedia Comput Sci 79:410–418

    Google Scholar 

  159. Pirlo G, Cuccovillo V, Diaz-Cabrera M, Impedovo D, Mignone P (2015) Multidomain verification of dynamic signatures using local stability analysis. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 45(6):805–810

    Google Scholar 

  160. Pirlo G, Impedovo D (2013) Verification of static signatures by optical flow analysis. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 43(5):499–505

    Google Scholar 

  161. Plamondon R, Lorette G (1989) Automatic signature verification and writer identification—the state of the art. Pattern Recogn 22(2):107–131

    Google Scholar 

  162. Plamondon R, Srihari SN (2000) Online and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(1):63–84

    Google Scholar 

  163. Połap D, Woźniak M (2016) Flexible neural network architecture for handwritten signatures recognition. International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 62(2):197–202

    Google Scholar 

  164. Prabhakar S, Kittler J, Maltoni D, O’Gorman L, Tan T (2007) Introduction to the special issue on biometrics: Progress and directions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(4):513–516

    Google Scholar 

  165. Prabhakar S, Pankanti S, Jain AK (2003) Biometric recognition: Security and privacy concerns. IEEE Secur Priv 99(2):33–42

    Google Scholar 

  166. Prakash H, Guru D (2010) Offline signature verification: An approach based on score level fusion. Int J Comput Appl 1(18):52–58

    Google Scholar 

  167. Pushpalatha K, Gautham AK, Shashikumar D, ShivaKumar K, Das R (2013) Offline signature verification with random and skilled forgery detection using polar domain features and multi stage classification-regression model. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 59:27–40

    Google Scholar 

  168. Putra MEW, Suwardi IS (2015) Structural off-line handwriting character recognition using approximate subgraph matching and levenshtein distance. Procedia Comput Sci 59:340–349

    Google Scholar 

  169. Qiao Y, Wang X, Xu C (2011) Learning mahalanobis distance for dtw based online signature verification. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on information and automation (ICIA), pp 333–338. IEEE

  170. Radhika K, Sekhar G, Venkatesha M (2009) Pattern recognition techniques in on-line hand written signature verification-a survey. In: International conference on multimedia computing and systems, 2009. ICMCS’09, pp 216–221. IEEE

  171. RamachandraA C, Rao JS, Raja K, Venugopla K, Patnaik L (2009) Robust offline signature verification based on global features. In: IEEE international advance computing conference, 2009. IACC 2009, pp 1173–1178. IEEE

  172. Randhawa MK, Sharma A, Sharma R (2012) Off-line signature verification based on hu’s moment invariants and zone features using support vector machine. International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology 1 (3):16–23

    Google Scholar 

  173. Randhawa MK, Sharma A, Sharma R (2013) Off-line signature verification with concentric squares and slope based features using support vector machines. In: 2013 IEEE 3rd international advance computing conference (IACC), pp 600–604. IEEE

  174. Rani R, Sachdeva R (2016) Genetic algorithm using speech and signature of biometrics. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

  175. Rashidi S, Fallah A, Towhidkhah F (2012) Feature extraction based dct on dynamic signature verification. Sci Iran 19(6):1810–1819

    Google Scholar 

  176. Rehman A, Naz S, Razzak MI (2018) Writer identification using machine learning approaches: a comprehensive review. Multimedia Tools and Applications pp 1–43

  177. Rehman A, Naz S, Razzak MI, Hameed IA (2019) Automatic visual features for writer identification: A deep learning approach. IEEE Access 7:17149–17157. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2890810

    Google Scholar 

  178. Richiardi J, Drygajlo A (2003) Gaussian mixture models for on-line signature verification. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMM workshop on biometrics methods and applications, pp 115–122. ACM

  179. Rosso OA, Ospina R, Frery AC (2016) Classification and verification of handwritten signatures with time causal information theory quantifiers. PloS One 11 (12):e0166868

    Google Scholar 

  180. Roy S, Maheshkar S (2014) Offline signature verification using grid based and centroid based approach. International Journal of Computer Applications 86(8)

    Google Scholar 

  181. Sabourin R (1997) Off-line signature verification: Recent advances and perspectives. In: Advances in document image analysis, pp 84–98. Springer

  182. Sabourin R, Plamondon R, Lorette G (1992) Off-line identification with handwritten signature images: Survey and perspectives. In: Structured document image analysis, pp 219–234. Springer

  183. Sanmorino A, Yazid S (2012) A survey for handwritten signature verification. In: 2012 2nd international conference on uncertainty reasoning and knowledge engineering (URKE), pp 54–57. IEEE

  184. Semwal VB, Gaud N, Nandi G (2019) Human gait state prediction using cellular automata and classification using elm. In: Machine intelligence and signal analysis, pp 135–145. Springer

  185. Semwal VB, Kumar C, Mishra PK, Nandi GC (2018) Design of vector field for different subphases of gait and regeneration of gait pattern. IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng 15(1):104–110

    Google Scholar 

  186. Semwal VB, Mondal K, Nandi GC (2017) Robust and accurate feature selection for humanoid push recovery and classification: deep learning approach. Neural Comput Appl 28(3):565–574

    Google Scholar 

  187. Semwal VB, Nandi GC (2016) Generation of joint trajectories using hybrid automate-based model: a rocking block-based approach. IEEE Sensors J 16 (14):5805–5816

    Google Scholar 

  188. Shah AS, Khan M, Subhan F, Fayaz M, Shah A (2016) An offline signature verification technique using pixels intensity levels. International Journal of Signal Processing. Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 9(8):205–222

    Google Scholar 

  189. Shah AS, Shah M, Fayaz M, Wahid F, Khan HK, Shah A (2017) Forensic analysis of offline signatures using multilayer perceptron and random forest. nternational Journal of Database Theory and Application (10) 139–148

    Google Scholar 

  190. Shanker AP, Rajagopalan A (2007) Off-line signature verification using dtw. Pattern Recogn Lett 28(12):1407–1414

    Google Scholar 

  191. Sharif M, Khan MA, Faisal M, Yasmin M, Fernandes SL (2018) A framework for offline signature verification system: Best features selection approach. Pattern Recognition Letters

  192. Sharma A, Sundaram S (2016) An enhanced contextual dtw based system for online signature verification using vector quantization. Pattern Recogn Lett 84:22–28

    Google Scholar 

  193. Sharma A, Sundaram S (2017) A novel online signature verification system based on gmm features in a dtw framework. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 12(3):705–718

    Google Scholar 

  194. Sharma A, Sundaram S (2018) On the exploration of information from the dtw cost matrix for online signature verification. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 48(2):611–624

    Google Scholar 

  195. Sharma M, Khanna K (2014) Offline signature verification using supervised and unsupervised neural networks. Int J Comput Sci Mob Comput 3(7):425–436

    Google Scholar 

  196. Sharma V, Singh N (2016) Valid signature detection and verification for security of individual person. Circulation in Computer Science 1(1):50–53

    Google Scholar 

  197. Shekar B, Bharathi R (2011) Eigen-signature: A robust and an efficient offline signature verification algorithm. In: 2011 international conference on recent trends in information technology (ICRTIT), pp 134–138. IEEE

  198. Shekar B, Pilar B, Kumar DS (2019) Offline signature verification based on partial sum of second-order taylor series expansion. In: Data Analytics and Learning, pp 359–367. Springer

  199. Shikha P, Shailja S (2013) Neural network based offline signature recognition and verification system. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences 2278:9472

    Google Scholar 

  200. Shin J, Maruyama K, Kim CM (2017) Signature verification based on inter-stroke and intra-stroke information. ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review 17(1):26–34

    Google Scholar 

  201. Shirazi SH, Umar AI, Haq N, Naz S, Razzak MI, Zaib A (2018) Extreme learning machine based microscopic red blood cells classification. Clust Comput 21 (1):691–701

    Google Scholar 

  202. Singh J, Sharma M (2012) Survey on offline signature recognition and verification schemes. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSRJECE) 2(3):34–38

    Google Scholar 

  203. Soleimani A, Fouladi K, Araabi BN (2016) Utsig: A persian offline signature dataset. IET Biom 6(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  204. Song X, Xia X, Luan F (2017) Online signature verification based on stable features extracted dynamically. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 47(10):2663–2676

    Google Scholar 

  205. Soutar C, Roberge D, Stoianov A, Gilroy R, Kumar BV (1998) Biometric encryption: enrollment and verification procedures. In: International society for optics and photonics optical pattern recognition IX, vol 3386, pp 24–36

  206. Sthapak S, Khopade M, Kashid C (2013) Artificial neural network based signature recognition and verification. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE) 2(8):191–197

    Google Scholar 

  207. Taherzadeh G, Karimi R, Ghobadi A, Beh HM (2011) Evaluation of online signature verification features. In: 2011 13th international conference on advanced communication technology (ICACT), pp 772–777. IEEE

  208. Tahir M, Akram MU (2015) Online signature verification using hybrid features. In: 2015 2nd international conference on information security and cyber forensics (InfoSec), pp 11–16. IEEE

  209. Tahir M, Akram MU, Idris MA (2016) Online signature verification using segmented local features. In: 2016 international conference on computing, electronic and electrical engineering (ICE Cube), pp 100–105. IEEE

  210. Tamilarasi K, Kalyani SN (2017) A survey on signature verification based algorithms. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on electrical, instrumentation and communication engineering (ICEICE), pp 1–3. IEEE

  211. Thakare B, Deshmukh H, Mahalle P (2016) Handwritten signatures: An understanding International. Journal of Computer Applications 139(4)

    Google Scholar 

  212. Ubul K, Ablikim R, Yadikar N, Zunun M (2014) Non-western script based off-line handwritten signature technology: A survey. In: Applied mechanics and materials, vol 519, pp 606–610. Trans Tech Publ

  213. Vala K, Joshi N (2014) A survey on off-line signature recognition and verification schemes. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 3:7735

    Google Scholar 

  214. Van BL, Garcia-Salicetti S, Dorizzi B (2007) On using the viterbi path along with hmm likelihood information for online signature verification. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 37(5):1237–1247

    Google Scholar 

  215. Vargas F, Ferrer M, Travieso C, Alonso J (2007) Off-line handwritten signature gpds-960 corpus. In: 9th international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, vol 2, pp 764–768. IEEE

  216. Vargas J, Travieso CM, Alonso JB, Ferrer MA (2010) Off-line signature verification based on gray level information using wavelet transform and texture features. In: 2010 international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), pp 587–592. IEEE

  217. Veeramachaneni K, Osadciw LA, Varshney PK (2005) An adaptive multimodal biometric management algorithm. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev 35(3):344–356

    Google Scholar 

  218. Verma R, Rao D (2013) Offline signature verification and identification using angle feature and pixel density feature and both method together. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) 2(4):740–746

    Google Scholar 

  219. Wagh MSS, Gupta S (2015) A review on offline signature verification and recognition using neural network. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 4(3):725–731

    Google Scholar 

  220. Waghere MC (2017) Survey on offline handwritten signature verification. International Journal Of Emerging Technology and Computer Science 2(1)

  221. Waknaghat P (2010) A preliminary study on various off-line hand written signature verification approaches. Int J Comput Appl 1(9):0975—-8887

    Google Scholar 

  222. Wang D, Zhang Y, Yao C, Wu J, Jiao H, Liu M (2010) Toward force-based signature verification: A pen-type sensor and preliminary validation. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 59(4):752–762

    Google Scholar 

  223. Wang K, Wang Y, Zhang Z (2011) On-line signature verification using graph representation. In: 2011 6th international conference on image and graphics (ICIG), pp 943–948. IEEE

  224. Wilkin T, Yin OS (2011) State of the art: Signature verification system. In: 2011 7th international conference on information assurance and security (IAS), pp 110–115. IEEE

  225. Xu N, Guo Y, Cheng L, Wu X, Zhao J (2011) A method for online signature verification based on neural network. In: 2011 IEEE 3rd international conference on communication software and networks (ICCSN), pp 357–360. IEEE

  226. Yadav D, Goyal S (2016) Handwritten signature recognition, verification using neural network. International Journal 4(8)

  227. Yadav M, Kumar A, Patnaik T, Kumar B (2013) A survey on offline signature verification. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) 2:337–340

    Google Scholar 

  228. Yang L, Liu M (2017) On-line signature verification based on gaussian mixture models. In: 2017 29th Chinese control and decision conference (CCDC), pp 224–230. IEEE

  229. Yeung DY, Chang H, Xiong Y, George S, Kashi R, Matsumoto T, Rigoll G (2004) Svc2004: First international signature verification competition. In: Biometric authentication, pp 16–22. Springer

  230. Yogesh G, Patil A (2014) Offline and online signature verification systems: A survey. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 3(3):328

    Google Scholar 

  231. Yogesh V (2015) Online signature verification systems: A survey. International Journal on Emerging Technologies 6(2):63

    Google Scholar 

  232. Zhang D, Campbell JP, Maltoni D, Bolle RM (2005) Guest editorial special issue on biometric systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev 35(3):273–275

    Google Scholar 

  233. Zois EN, Alexandridis A, Economou G (2019) Writer independent offline signature verification based on asymmetric pixel relations and unrelated training-testing datasets. Expert Systems with Applications

  234. Zois EN, Papagiannopoulou M, Tsourounis D, Economou G (2018) Hierarchical dictionary learning and sparse coding for static signature verification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 432–442

  235. Zois EN, Tsourounis D, Theodorakopoulos I, Kesidis AL, Economou G (2019) A comprehensive study of sparse representation techniques for offline signature verification. IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saeeda Naz.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bibi, K., Naz, S. & Rehman, A. Biometric signature authentication using machine learning techniques: Current trends, challenges and opportunities. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 289–340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08022-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08022-0

Keywords

Navigation