Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T16:56:29.529Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Integrative taxonomy: ghosts of past, present and future

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2019

Liza Gómez Daglio Open the ORCID record for Liza Gómez Daglio [Opens in a new window]  and
Michael N Dawson Open the ORCID record for Michael N Dawson [Opens in a new window]
Liza Gómez Daglio*
Affiliation:
Life & Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
Michael N Dawson
Affiliation:
Life & Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Liza Gómez Daglio, E-mail: lgomezdaglio@ucmerced.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Describing species has been a formal, intellectually rich and influential applied and basic area of study for many of the past 260 years. While formally described eukaryotic diversity still falls short of estimated eukaryotic species diversity by many hundreds of thousands of species, some recent accounts have suggested a growing number of taxonomists are within reach of describing all extant species. We present a case study that illustrates, to the contrary, a recent ‘taxonomic impediment’ in part attributable to derogation of taxonomy as a scientific discipline: contemporary practice has re-interpreted taxonomy largely as an endeavour in enumerating species. We argue that challenges lie in (1) a poor understanding of taxonomy's epistemology; (2) excessive displacement of interest toward ecological or molecular studies; (3) over-interpretation of the contributions of multiple authors describing a species; and (4) perspectives that are strongly influenced by well-known taxa. The historical and recent literature on scyphozoans reveal ghosts of taxonomy's past that persist in the present, but suggest also that a renaissance enabled by integrative taxonomy is possible in the (near) future.

Keywords

Marine invertebratestaxonomyscyphomedusae
Type
Review
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 99 , Issue 6 , September 2019 , pp. 1237 - 1246
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agassiz, A (1865) Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College. Cambridge, MA: Welch, Bigelow, and Co.Google Scholar
Agassiz, A and Mayer, AG (1898 a) Studies from the Newport marine laboratory. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 32, 1–11.Google Scholar
Agassiz, A and Mayer, AG (1898 b) On some medusae from Australia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 32, 15–19.Google Scholar
Agassiz, A and Mayer, AG (1902) Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 26, 139–176.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Agnarsson, I and Kuntner, M (2007) Taxonomy in a changing world: seeking solutions for a science in crisis. Systematic Biology 56, 531–539.Google Scholar
Anonymous (1975) Obituary: Paul Lassenius Kramp. Nature 257, 834.Google Scholar
Appeltans, W, Ahyong, ST, Anderson, G, Angel, MV, Artois, T, Bailly, N, Bamber, R, Barber, A, Bartsch, I, Berta, A, Błażewicz-Paszkowycz, M, Bock, P, Boxshall, G, Boyko, CB, Brandão, SN, Bray, RA, Bruce, NL, Cairns, SD, Chan, T-Y, Cheng, L, Collins, AG, Cribb, T, Curini-Galletti, M, Dahdouh-Guebas, F, Davie, PJF, Dawson, MN, De Clerck, O, Decock, W, De Grave, S, de Voogd, NJ, Domning, DP, Emig, CC, Erséus, C, Eschmeyer, W, Fauchald, K, Fautin, DG, Feist, SW, Fransen, CHJM, Furuya, H, Garcia-Alvarez, O, Gerken, S, Gibson, D, Gittenberger, A, Gofas, S, Gómez Daglio, L, Gordon, DP, Guiry, MD, Hernandez, F, Hoeksema, BW, Hopcroft, RR, Jaume, D, Kirk, P, Koedam, N, Koenemann, S, Kolb, JB, Kristensen, RM, Kroh, A, Lambert, G, Lazarus, DB, Lemaitre, R, Longshaw, M, Lowry, J, Macpherson, E, Madin, LP, Mah, C, Mapstone, G, McLaughlin, PA, Mees, J, Meland, K, Messing, CG, Mills, CE, Molodtsova, TN, Mooi, R, Neuhaus, B, Ng, PKL, Nielsen, C, Norenburg, J, Opresko, DM, Osawa, M, Paulay, G, Perrin, W, Pilger, JF, Poore, GCB, Pugh, P, Read, GB, Reimer, JD, Rius, M, Rocha, RM, Saiz-Salinas, JI, Scarabino, V, Schierwater, B, Schmidt-Rhaesa, A, Schnabel, KE, Schotte, M, Schuchert, P, Schwabe, E, Segers, H, Self-Sullivan, C, Shenkar, N, Siegel, V, Sterrer, W, Stöhr, S, Swalla, B, Tasker, ML, Thuesen, EV, Timm, T, Todaro, MA, Turon, X, Tyler, S, Uetz, P, van der Land, J, Vanhoorne, B, van Ofwegen, LP, van Soest, RWM, Vanaverbeke, J, Walker-Smith, G, Walter, TC, Warren, A, Williams, GC, Wilson, SP and Costello, MJ (2012) The magnitude of global marine species diversity. Current Biology 22, 2189–2202.Google Scholar
Avian, M, Ramsak, A, Tirelli, V, D'ambra, I and Malej, A (2016) Redescription of Pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus, Mawia gen. nov, and its phylogenetic position within Pelagiidae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae). Invertebrate Systematics 30, 523–546.Google Scholar
Bayha, KM and Dawson, MN (2010) New family of allomorphic jellyfishes, Drymonematidae (Scyphozoa, Discomedusae), emphasizes evolution in the functional morphology and trophic ecology of gelatinous zooplankton. Biological Bulletin 219, 249–267.Google Scholar
Bayha, KM, Dawson, MN, Collins, AG, Barbeitos, MS and Haddock, SHD (2010) Evolutionary relationships among scyphozoan jellyfish families based on complete taxon sampling and phylogenetic analyses of 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA. Integrative and Comparative Biology 50, 436–455.Google Scholar
Bayha, KM, Collins, A and Gaffney, PM (2017) Multigene phylogeny of the scyphozoan jellyfish family Pelagiidae reveals that the common US Atlantic sea nettle comprises two distinct species (Chrysaora quinquechirra and C chesapeakei). PeerJ 5, e3863–e3843.Google Scholar
Bigelow, HB (1904) Medusae from the Maldives islands. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 39, 245–269.Google Scholar
Bigelow, HB (1909) Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, by the US Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross,” from October, 1904 to March, 1905. XVI The Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37, 1–243.Google Scholar
Bigelow, HB (1913) Medusae and Siphonophorae collected by the US fisheries steamer “Albatross” in the northwestern Pacific, 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 44, 1–119.Google Scholar
Bigelow, RP (1910) A comparison of the sense-organs in medusae of the family Pelagiidae. Journal of Experimental Zoology 9, 751–785.Google Scholar
Boero, F (2010) The study of species in the era of biodiversity, a tale of stupidity. Diversity 2, 115–126.Google Scholar
Bouchet, P, Le Guyader, H and Pascal, O (2009) The SANTO 2006 global biodiversity survey: an attempt to reconcile the pace of taxonomy and conservation. Zoosystema 31, 401–406.Google Scholar
Calder, DR (1972) Development of the sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae). Chesapeake Science 13, 40–44.Google Scholar
Calder, DR (1982) Life history of the cannonball jellyfish, Stomolophus meleagris L Agassiz, 1860 (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomida). Biological Bulletin 162, 149–162.Google Scholar
Cantino, P and de Queiroz, K (2004) PhyloCode: A phylogenetic code of biological nomenclature. Available at http://wwwohiouedu/phylocode/ (Accessed 16 July 2017).Google Scholar
Colley, NJ and Trench, R (1983) Selectivity in phagocytosis and persistence of symbiotic algae by the scyphistoma stage of the jellyfish Cassiopeia xamachana. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 219, 61–82.Google Scholar
Collins, A, Schuchert, P, Marques, A, Jankowski, T, Medina, M and Schierwater, B (2006) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology 55, 97–115.Google Scholar
Collins, AG, Jarms, G and Morandini, AC (2018). World List of Scyphozoa. Discomedusae. World Register of Marine Species. Available at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=394976 on 2018–10–22 (Accessed 22 August 2018).Google Scholar
Costello, MJ, May, RM and Stork, NE (2013 a) Can we name Earth's species before they go extinct? Science 339, 413–416.Google Scholar
Costello, MJ, Wilson, S and Houlding, B (2013 b) More taxonomists describing significantly fewer species per unit effort may indicate that most species have been discovered. Systematic Biology 62, 616–624.Google Scholar
Daly, M, Brugler, MR, Cartwright, P, Collins, AG, Dawson, MN, Fautin, DG, France, SC, McFadden, CS, Opresko, DM, Rodriguez, E, Romano, SL and Stake, JL (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668, 127–182.Google Scholar
Darlington, CD (1940) Taxonomic species and genetic systems. In Huxley, J (ed.), The New Systematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 137–160.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN (2003) Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). Marine Biology 143, 369–379.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN (2004) Some implications of molecular phylogenetics for understanding biodiversity in jellyfishes, with emphasis on Scyphozoa. Hydrobiologia 530, 249–260.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN (2005 a) Five new subspecies of Mastigias (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Mastigiidae) from marine lakes, Palau, Micronesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, 679–694.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN (2005 b) Morphologic and molecular redescription of Catostylus mosaicus conservativus (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Catostylidae) from south-east Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, 723–731.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN (2005 c) Cyanea capillata is not a cosmopolitan jellyfish: morphological and molecular evidence for C. annaskala and C. rosea (Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) in south-eastern Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 19, 361–370.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN (2005 d) Renaissance taxonomy: integrative evolutionary analyses in the classification of Scyphozoa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, 733–739.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN and Jacobs, DK (2001) Molecular evidence for cryptic species of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). Biological Bulletin 200, 92–96.Google Scholar
Dawson, MN, Gupta Sen, A and England, MH (2005) Coupled biophysical global ocean model and molecular genetic analyses identify multiple introductions of cryptogenic species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 11968–11973.Google Scholar
Dayrat, B (2005) Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85, 407–415.Google Scholar
de Carvalho, MR, Bockmann, FA, Amorim, DS, Brandão, CRF, de Vivo, M, de Figueiredo, JL, Britski, HA, de Pinna, MCC, Menezes, NA, Marques, FPL, Papavero, N, Cancello, EM, Crisci, JV, McEachran, JD, Schelly, RC, Lundberg, JG, Gill, AC, Britz, R, Wheeler, QD, Stiassny, MLJ, Parenti, LR, Page, LM, Wheeler, WC, Faivovich, J, Vari, RP, Grande, L, Humphries, CJ, DeSalle, R, Ebach, MC and Nelson, GJ (2007) Taxonomic impediment or impediment to taxonomy? A commentary on systematics and the cybertaxonomic-automation paradigm. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 34, 140–143.Google Scholar
de Carvalho, MR, Ebach, MC, Williams, DM, Nihei, SS, Trefaut Rodrigues, M, Grant, T, Silveira, LF, Zaher, H, Gill, AC, Schelly, RC, Sparks, JS, Bockmann, FA, Séret, B, Ho, H-C, Grande, L, Rieppel, O, Dubois, A, Ohler, A, Faivovich, J, Assis, LCS, Wheeler, QD, Goldstein, PZ, de Almeida, EAB, Valdecasas, AG and Nelson, G (2013) Does counting species count as taxonomy? On misrepresenting systematics, yet again. Cladistics 30, 322–329.Google Scholar
de Queiroz, K (1992) Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23, 449–480.Google Scholar
Fewkes, JW (1881) Studies of the jellyfishes of Narragansett Bay. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 8, 141–182.Google Scholar
Forskål, P (1775) Descriptiones Animalium avium, Amphibiorum, piscium, Insectorum, Vermium; Quae in Itinere Orientali Observavit. Copenhagen: Mölleri.Google Scholar
Galil, B, Spanier, E and Ferguson, W (1990) The Scyphomedusae of the Israeli Mediterranean coast, including two lessepsian migrants to the Mediterranean. Zoologische Mededelingen 64, 95–105.Google Scholar
Galil, B, Gershwin, L-A, Douek, J and Rinkevich, B (2010) Marivagia stellata gen. et sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cepheidae), another alien jellyfish from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Aquatic Invasions 5, 331–340.Google Scholar
Gershwin, LA and Collins, AG (2002) A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov. Journal of Natural History 36, 127–148.Google Scholar
Gershwin, LA and Davie, PJF (2013) A remarkable new jellyfish (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from coastal Australia, representing a new suborder within the Rhizostomeae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 56, 625–630.Google Scholar
Gershwin, LA and Zeidler, W (2008 a) Two new jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from tropical Australian waters. Zootaxa 1764, 41–52.Google Scholar
Gershwin, LA and Zeidler, W (2008 b) Some new and previously unrecorded Scyphomedusae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from southern Australian coastal waters. Zootaxa 1744, 1–18.Google Scholar
Gilmour, JSL (1940) Taxonomy and philosophy. In Huxley, J (ed.), The New Systematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 137–160.Google Scholar
Godfray, HCJ (2002) Challenges for taxonomy. Nature 417, 17–19.Google Scholar
Goldstein, PZ and DeSalle, R (2010) Integrating DNA barcode data and taxonomic practice: determination, discovery, and description. Bioessays 33, 135–147.Google Scholar
Gómez Daglio, L and Dawson, MN (2017) Species richness of jellyfishes (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific: missed taxa, molecules, and morphology match in a biodiversity hotspot. Invertebrate Systematics 31, 635–663.Google Scholar
Goodale, GL (1912) Biographical memoir of Alexander Agassiz 1835–1910. National Academy of Science 7, 291–305.Google Scholar
Gould, SJ (2000) Abscheulich! (Atrocious!). Natural History 109, 42–49.Google Scholar
Graham, WM and Bayha, KM (2007) Biological invasions by marine jellyfish. In Nentwig, W (ed.), Biological Invasions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 239–255.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Garthwaite, RL and Potts, DC (1996) Allozyme and morphological evidence for a newly introduced species of Aurelia in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Biology 125, 401–410.Google Scholar
Haeckel, E (1879) Das System der Medusen. Atlas der Acraspeden. Jena: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Haeckel, E (1880) Dar System der Medusen. Systems der Acraspeden. Jena: Verlag Von Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Hamner, WM and Hauri, IR (1981) Long-distance horizontal migrations of zooplankton (Scyphomedusae: Mastigias). Limnology and Oceanography 26, 414–423.Google Scholar
Hamilton, G (2016) The secret lives of jellyfish. Nature 531, 432–434.Google Scholar
Hays, G, Doyle, T and Houghton, J (2018) A paradigm shift in the trophic importance of jellyfish? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 33, 874–884.Google Scholar
Hennig, W (1966) Phylogenetic Systematics. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Higgins, WE (2005) Holomorphology: the total evidence approach to phylogenetic reconstruction. In Raynal-Roques, A, Roguenant, A and Prat, D (eds), Proceedings of the 18e Congrès Mondial et Exposition D'orchidées. Dijon: Naturalia Publications, pp. 268–276.Google Scholar
Holland, BS, Dawson, MN, Crow, GL and Hofmann, DK (2004) Global phylogeography of Cassiopea (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae): molecular evidence for cryptic species and multiple invasions of the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology 145, 1119–1128.Google Scholar
Holst, S and Laakmann, S (2014) Morphological and molecular discrimination of two closely related jellyfish species, Cyanea capillata and C. lamarckii (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), from the northeast Atlantic. Journal of Plankton Research 36, 48–63.Google Scholar
Huxley, J (1940) The New Systematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hyman, LH (1940) The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Google Scholar
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available at http://icznorg/iczn/indexjsp (Accessed 21 June 2018).Google Scholar
Ioannidis, JPA, Klavans, R and Boyack, KW (2018) Thousands of scientists publish a paper every five days. Nature 561, 167–169.Google Scholar
Joppa, LN, Roberts, D and Pimm, S (2011) The population ecology and social behavior of taxonomists. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26, 551–553.Google Scholar
Jörger, KM and Schrödl, M (2013) How to describe a cryptic species? Practical challenges of molecular taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology 10, 59–59.Google Scholar
Kayal, E, Bentlage, B, Collins, AG, Kayal, M, Pirro, S and Lavrov, DV (2012) Evolution of linear mitochondrial genomes in medusozoan cnidarians. Genome Biology and Evolution 4, 1–12.Google Scholar
Kitamura, M and Omori, M (2010) Synopsis of edible jellyfishes collected from Southeast Asia, with notes on jellyfish fisheries. Plankton and Benthos Research 5, 106–118.Google Scholar
Klarica, J, Kloss-Brandstätter, A, Traugott, M and Juen, A (2012) Comparing four mitochondrial genes in earthworms – implications for identification, phylogenetics, and discovery of cryptic species. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 45, 23–30.Google Scholar
Kluge, AG (1989) A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology 38, 7–25.Google Scholar
Kolbasova, GD, Zalevsky, AO, Gafurov, AR, Gusev, PO, Ezhova, MA, Zheludkevich, AA, Konovalova, OP, Kosobokova, KN, Kotlov, NU, Lanina, NO, Lapashina, AS, Medvedev, DO, Nosikova, KS, Nuzhdina, EO, Bazykin, GA and Neretina, TV (2015) A new species of Cyanea jellyfish sympatric to C. capillata in the White Sea. Polar Biology 38, 1439–1451.Google Scholar
Kramp, PL (1948) Medusae collected by the Swedish Antartic expedition 1901–1903. In Odhner, NHJ (ed.), Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903. Stockholm, PA: Norsted and Söner, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Kramp, PL (1952) Medusae collected by the Lund University of Chile expedition 1948–49. In Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–49. Acta Universitatis Lundensis vol. 47, pp. 1–19.Google Scholar
Kramp, PL (1955 a) A revision of Ernst Haeckel's determinations of a collection of medusae belonging to the zoological museum of Copenhagen. Deep-Sea Research 3, 149–168.Google Scholar
Kramp, PL (1955 b) The medusae of the Tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report 3, 239–324.Google Scholar
Kramp, PL (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 40, 1–382.Google Scholar
Kramp, PL (1968) The scyphomedusae collected by the Galathea expedition 1950–52. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 131, 67–98.Google Scholar
Krupnick, GA and Kress, WJ (2003) Hotspots and ecoregions: a test of conservation priorities using taxonomic data. Biodiversity and Conservation 12, 2237–2253.Google Scholar
Larson, RJ (1986) Pelagic scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Research Series 41, 59–165.Google Scholar
Larson, RJ (1987) Costs of transport for the scyphomedusa Stomolophus meleagris L Agassiz. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, 2690–2695.Google Scholar
Larson, RJ (1990) Scyphomedusae and cubomedusae from the eastern Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science 47, 546–556.Google Scholar
Lendenfeld, RV (1887) Descriptive Catalogue of the Medusae of the Australian Seas. Part I. Scyphomedusae. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer.Google Scholar
Light, SF (1914) Some Philippine Scyphomedusae, including two new genera, five new species, and one new variety. The Philippine Journal of Science 9, 195–231.Google Scholar
Light, SF (1921) Further notes on Philippine scyphomedusan jellyfishes. The Philippine Journal of Science 18, 25–48.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Holmiae, Stockholm: Laurenti Salvii.Google Scholar
Maas, O (1907) Die Scyphomedusen. Ergebnisse und Fortsch- ritte der Zoologie II, 13–238.Google Scholar
Malej, A (1989) Behaviour and trophic ecology of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 126, 259–270.Google Scholar
Marques, A and Collins, A (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology 123, 23–42.Google Scholar
Martin, J, Gershwin, L, Burnett, J, Cargo, D and Bloom, D (1997) Chrysaora achlyos, a remarkable new species of scyphozoan from the eastern Pacific. The Biological Bulletin 193, 8–13.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, GI, Raskoff, KA and Lindsay, DJ (2003) Tiburonia granrojo n. sp., a mesopelagic scyphomedusa from the Pacific Ocean representing the type of a new subfamily (class Scyphozoa: order Semaeostomeae: family Ulmaridae: subfamily Tiburoniinae subfam. nov.). Marine Biology 143, 73–77.Google Scholar
Mayer, AG (1904) Medusae of the Bahamas. Memoirs of Natural Sciences 1, 1–33.Google Scholar
Mayer, AG (1906) Medusae of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer “Albatross” in 1902. United States Fish Commission Bulletin for 1903 23, 1131–1143.Google Scholar
Mayer, AG (1910) Medusae of the World III – The Scyphomedusae. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar
McGregor Reid, G (2010) Taxonomy and the survival of threatened animal species. In Polaszek, A (ed.), Systema Naturae 250: The Linnaean Ark. New York, NY: CRC Press, pp. 29–48.Google Scholar
Mianzan, HW and Cornelius, L (1999) Cubomedusae and scyphomedusae. In Boltovskoy, D (ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Leiden: Backhuys Press, pp. 513–519.Google Scholar
Miller, JS and Wenzel, JW (1995) Ecological characters and phylogeny. Annual Review of Entomology 40, 389–415.Google Scholar
Morandini, AC and Marques, AC (2010) Revision of the genus Chrysaora peron & Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). Zootaxa 2464, 1–97.Google Scholar
Nelson, G (1989) Cladistics and evolutionary models. Cladistics 5, 275–289.Google Scholar
Nishikawa, J, Ohtsuka, S, Mulyadi, , Mujiono, N, Lindsay, DJ, Miyamoto, H and Nishida, S (2014) A new species of the commercially harvested jellyfish Crambionella (scyphozoa) from central Java, Indonesia with remarks on the fisheries. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, 471–481.Google Scholar
Pace, NR, Sapp, J and Goldenfeld, N (2012) Phylogeny and beyond: scientific, historical, and conceptual significance of the first tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109, 1011–1018.Google Scholar
Packer, L, Gibbs, J, Sheffield, C and Hanner, R (2009) DNA barcoding and the mediocrity of morphology. Molecular Ecology Resources 9, 42–50.Google Scholar
Padial, JM and De La Riva, I (2010) A response to recent proposals for integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 101, 747–756.Google Scholar
Pante, E, Schoelinck, C and Puillandre, N (2014) From integrative taxonomy to species description: one step beyond. Systematic Biology 64, 152–160.Google Scholar
Patterson, D (2010) Future taxonomy. In Polaszek, A (ed.), Systema Naturae 250: The Linnaean Ark. New York, NY: CRC Press, pp. 117–126.Google Scholar
Patterson, D, Remsen, D, Marino, W and Norton, C (2006) Taxonomic indexing – extending the role of taxonomy. Systematic Biology 55, 367–373.Google Scholar
Péron, F and Lesueur, CA (1809) Histoire générale et particulière de tous les animaux qui composent la famille des Méduses. Annales du Muséum d'histoire Naturelle 14, 218–288.Google Scholar
Piraino, S, Aglieri, G, Martell, L, Mazzoldi, C, Melli, V, Milisenda, G, Scorrano, S and Boero, F (2014) Pelagia benovici sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa): a new jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea. Zootaxa 3794, 455–468.Google Scholar
Pires, AC and Marinoni, L (2010) DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy unified through integrative taxonomy: a view that challenges the debate questioning both methodologies. Biota Neotropical 10, 339–346.Google Scholar
Platnick, NI (2011) The poverty of the PhyloCode: a reply to de Queiroz and Donoghue. Systematic Biology 61, 360–361.Google Scholar
Popper, KR (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York, NY: Hutchinson & Co.Google Scholar
Powys, JC (1929) The Meaning of Culture. Calcutta: WW Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Purcell, JE, Uye, S and Lo, W (2007) Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350, 153–174.Google Scholar
Rao, HS (1931) Notes on scyphomedusae in the Indian museum. Record of the Indian Museum 33, 25–62.Google Scholar
Raskoff, K and Matsumoto, GI (2004) Stellamedusa ventana, a new mesopelagic scyphomedusa from the eastern Pacific representing a new subfamily, the Stellamedusinae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, 37–42.Google Scholar
Redfield, A (1976) Henry Bryant Bigelow. National Academy of Sciences 48, 51–80.Google Scholar
Roger, DC (2012) Taxonomic certification versus the scientific method. Zootaxa 3257, 66–68.Google Scholar
Rogers, DP (1958) The philosophy of taxonomy. Mycologia 50, 326–332.Google Scholar
Russell, FS (1962) On the scyphomedusa Poralia rufescens Vanhöffen. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 42, 387–391.Google Scholar
Russell, FS (1967) On a remarkable new scyphomedusan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 47, 469–473.Google Scholar
Russell, FS (1970) The Medusae of the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, FS and Rees, WJ (1960) The viviparous scyphomedusa Stygiomedusa fabulosa Russell. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39, 303–318.Google Scholar
Scheffers, BR, Joppa, LN, Pimm, SL and Laurance, WF (2012) What we know and don't know about Earth's missing biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27, 501–510.Google Scholar
Schlick-Steiner, BC, Seifert, B, Stauffer, C, Christian, E, Crozier, RH and Steiner, FM (2007) Without morphology, cryptic species stay in taxonomic crypsis following discovery. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22, 391–392.Google Scholar
Schlick-Steiner, BC, Steiner, FM, Seifert, B, Stauffer, C, Christian, E and Crozier, RH (2010) Integrative taxonomy: a multisource approach to exploring biodiversity. Annual Review of Entomology 55, 421–438.Google Scholar
Schlick-Steiner, BC, Arthofer, W and Steiner, FM (2014) Take up the challenge! Opportunities for evolution research from resolving conflict in integrative taxonomy. Molecular Ecology 23, 4192–4194.Google Scholar
Scorrano, S, Aglieri, G, Boero, F, Dawson, MN and Piraino, S (2016) Unmasking Aurelia species in the Mediterranean Sea: an integrative morphometric and molecular approach. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180, 243–267.Google Scholar
Segura-Puertas, L (1984) Morfología, sistemática y zoogeografía de las medusas Cnidarias: (Hydrozoa y Scyphozoa) del Pacífico Tropical oriental. Publicaciones Especiales Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología 8, 1–320.Google Scholar
Simonetta, AM (2003) Short History of Biology from the Origins to the Beginning of the 20th Century. Florence: Firenze University Press.Google Scholar
Sluys, R (2013) The unappreciated, fundamentally analytical nature of taxonomy and the implications for the inventory of biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 22, 1095–1105.Google Scholar
Sokal, RR and Sneath, PHA (1963) Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco, CA: WH Freeman.Google Scholar
Stephens, LD and Calder, DR (2006) Seafaring Scientist: Alfred Goldsborough Mayor, Pioneer in Marine Biology. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1920) Die scyphomedusen-sammlung des naturhistorischen reichs museums in Leiden III, Rhizostomae. Zoologische Mededelingen 5, 213–230.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1921) Studien über rhizostomeen. Capita Zoologica 1, 1–179.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1922) Ergebnisse der nachuntersuchung einiger Rhizostomeen-Typen Haeckel's und Chun's aus dem zoologischen museum in Hamburg. Zoologische Mededelingen 7, 41–60.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1933) Ueber Cassiopea ndrosia Ag + May aus den asutralichen Gewässern. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science at Amsterdam 36, 913–922.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1935) Die scyphomedusen der Snellius expedition. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam 34, 1–42.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1938) Die scyphomedusen des Roten Meeres. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam 37, 1–35.Google Scholar
Stiasny, G (1940) Die Scyphomedusen. The Carlsberg foundation's oceanographical expedition round the world 1928–30 and previous “Dana”-expeditions, under the leadership of the late Professor Johannes Schmidt 18, 1–27.Google Scholar
Straehler-Pohl, I, Widmer, CL and Morandini, AC (2011) Characterizations of juvenile stages of some semaeostome Scyphozoa (Cnidaria), with recognition of a new family (Phacellophoridae). Zootaxa 2741, 1–37.Google Scholar
Strand, SW and Hamner, WM (1988) Predatory behavior of Phacellophora camtschatica and size-selective predation upon Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa: Cnidaria) in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Marine Biology 99, 409–414.Google Scholar
Swift, HF, Gómez Daglio, L and Dawson, MN (2016) Three routes to crypsis: stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99, 103–115.Google Scholar
Tancoigne, E and Dubois, A (2013) Taxonomy: no decline, but inertia. Cladistics 29, 567–570.Google Scholar
Teletchea, F (2010) After 7 years and 1000 citations: comparative assessment of the DNA barcoding and the DNA taxonomy proposals for taxonomists and non-taxonomist. Mitochondrial DNA 21, 206–226.Google Scholar
Timofeeff-Ressovsky, NW (1940) Mutations and geographical variation. In Huxley, J (ed.), The New Systematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 73–136.Google Scholar
Uchida, T (1926) The anatomy and development of a rhizostome medusa, Mastigias papua L Agassiz, with observations on the phylogeny of Rhizostomae. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo 1, 45–95.Google Scholar
Uchida, T (1933) Medusae from the vicinity of Kamchatka. Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido University 9, 125–133.Google Scholar
Uchida, T (1935) Remarks on the scyphomedusan family Pelagiidae. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 14, 42–45.Google Scholar
Uchida, T (1947) Medusae in the vicinity of Shimoda. Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido University 9, 331–343.Google Scholar
Valdecasas, AG, Williams, D and Wheeler, QD (2008) “Integrative taxonomy” then and now: a response to Dayrat (2005). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93, 211–216.Google Scholar
Van Iten, H, Leme, JD, Simoes, MG, Marques, AC and Collins, AG (2006) Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of conulariids (?Ediacaran-Triassic) within the subphylum Medusozoa (Phylum Cnidaria). Journal of Systematic Paleontology 4, 109–118.Google Scholar
Vanhöffen, E (1888) Untersuchungen über Semaeostome und Rhizostome Medusen. Bibliotheca Zoologica I, 1–52.Google Scholar
Vanhöffen, E (1902) Die Acraspeden Medusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898–1899. Jena: G. Fischer.Google Scholar
Vanhöffen, E (1908) Die lucernariden und skyphomedusen der Deutschen südpolar-expedition 1901–1903. Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition Zoologie 10, 25–49.Google Scholar
Vervoort, W (1950) Gustav Albert Stiasny. Zoologische Mededelingen 30, 257–267.Google Scholar
Werner, B (1973) New investigations on systematics and evolution of the class Scyphozoa and the Phylum Cnidaria. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 568, 35–61.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD (2004) Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 359, 571–583.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD (2005) Losing the plot: DNA ‘barcodes’ and taxonomy. Cladistics 21, 405–407.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD (2008) Undisciplined thinking: morphology and Hennig's unfinished revolution. Systematic Entomology 33, 2–7.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD (2009) Revolutionary thoughts on taxonomy: declarations of independence and interdependence. Zoologia (Curitiba) 26, 1–4.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD (2010) Engineering a Linnaean ark of knowledge for a deluge of species. In Polaszek, A (ed.), Systema Naturae 250: The Linnaean Ark. New York, NY: CRC Press, pp. 53–61.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD and Valdecasas, AG (2005) Ten challenges to transform taxonomy. Graellsia 61, 151–160.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD and Valdecasas, AG (2007) Taxonomy: myths and misconceptions. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 64, 237–241.Google Scholar
Wheeler, QD, Knapp, S, Stevenson, DW, Stevenson, J, Blum, SD, Boom, BM, Borisy, GG, Buizer, JL, de Carvalho, MR and Cibrian, A (2012) Mapping the biosphere: exploring species to understand the origin, organization and sustainability of biodiversity. Systematics and Biodiversity 10, 1–20.Google Scholar
Zapata, FA and Robertson, DR (2007) How many species of shore fishes are there in the Tropical Eastern Pacific? Journal of Biogeography 34, 38–51.Google Scholar
Zhang, ZQ (2010) Reviving descriptive taxonomy after 250 years. In Polaszek, A (ed.), Systema Naturae 250: The Linnaean Ark. New York, NY: CRC Press, pp. 95–107.Google Scholar
Zubkoff, PL and Linn, AL (1975) Isozymes of Aurelia aurita scyphistomae obtained from different geographical locations. In Markert, CL (ed.), San Francisco, CA: Academic Press, pp. 915–930.Google Scholar