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Altered Primary Production During Mass-Extinction Events

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2017

Bas Van De Schootbrugge  and
Sabine Gollner
Bas Van De Schootbrugge
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
Sabine Gollner
Affiliation:
Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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Abstract

The Big Five mass-extinction events are characterized by dramatic changes in primary producers. Initial disturbance to primary producers is usually followed by a succession of pioneers that represent qualitative and quantitative changes in standing crops of land plants and/or phytoplankton. On land, a transient collapse of arborescent (tree-bearing) vegetation and the rapid spread of a pioneer vegetation dominated by ferns and fern allies characterizes the Permian/Triassic (P/T), Triassic/Jurassic (T/J), and Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass-extinction events. The availability of low-quality food, such as herbaceous low-growing plants, likely played a role in triggering secondary extinctions of herbivores (reptiles, insects). Furthermore, malformation of acritarchs, pollen, and spores during the end-Ordovician, end-Devonian, P/T and T/J extinctions also suggests primary producers were of lesser quality. More importantly, changes in vegetation drove important increases in weathering and erosion leading to elevated nutrient transfer from the continents to the oceans. In the marine realm, the end-Ordovician, end-Devonian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic extinction events are all followed by periods of high primary production, which is reflected in the widespread deposition of black shales. Due to their small size, low nutritional quality, and possible toxicity, the abundance of picoplankton, such as prasinophytes, acritarchs, as well as bacterioplankton (cyanobacteria and green sulfur bacteria) may have been additional factors in delaying ecosystem recovery.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Paleontological Society Papers , Volume 19: Ecosystem Paleobiology and Geobiology , October 2013 , pp. 87 - 114
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Copyright © 2013 by The Paleontological Society 

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