Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T13:33:54.051Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Equality and diversity: a new approach to gender equality policy in the UK

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2007

Dalia Ben-Galim
Affiliation:
Research Officer, Department of Social Policy, University of Oxford
Mary Campbell
Affiliation:
Research Officer, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics
Jane Lewis
Affiliation:
Professor of Social Policy, London School of Economics

Abstract

In 2007 the UK established a new single equalities body, to bring together the existing equality Commissions dealing with gender, disability, and race and ethnicity into a Commission for Equality and Human Rights. The promotion and enforcement of ‘equality and diversity’ is one of the three duties of the new body. This paper briefly explores diversity in relation to the theory of gender equality and also examines developments in policy at the EU level, which has provided much of the impetus for change. Our focus is on the policy approach and the tensions that the policy documents reveal about the emphasis on equality and diversity approach, in particular the extent to which attention to gender issues may get lost in the diversity bundle, and the extent to which a focus on the individual may be strengthened over the group.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agocs, C. and Burr, C. (1996) ‘Employment equity, affirmative action and managing diversity: assessing the differences’. International Journal of Manpower 17(4/5): 3045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, M. (2002) ‘Beyond European Labour Law? Reflections on the EU Racial Equality Directive’, European Law Journal 8(3): 384–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, K. and Cameron, S. (2006) Gender Equality in the 21st Century: Modernising the Legislation. London: Fawcett Society.Google Scholar
Bronchain, P. (2003) ‘Managing Diversity in Health and Social Care’, Conference presentation, Dublin:European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.Google Scholar
Cabinet Office, DTI, Home Office, Department for Work and Pensions (2001) Towards Equality and Diversity. London: Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
CEHR (2006) ‘Trevor Phillips appointed as chair of new equality and human rights body’, Press Release, 8 September 2006, Commission for Equality and Human Rights.Google Scholar
Council of Europe (1998) Final Report of Activities of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming, EG-S-MS (98) 2, Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1989) ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics’, University of Chicago Legal Forum, 138–167, reprinted in Kairys, D. (ed.), (1990) The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique. New York: Pantheon, pp. 195–217.Google Scholar
Dale, A., Lindley, J. and Dex, S. (2006) ‘A Life-course Perspective on Ethnic Differences in Women’s Economic Activity in Britain’, European Sociological Review 22(3): 323–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. (2005) ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice’, Social Politics 12(3): 433–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickens, L. (2006) ‘Re-regulation for Gender Equality: From “either/or” to “both”’, Industrial Relations Journal 37(4): 299309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DTI (2002) Equality and Diversity: Making it Happen. London: Department of Trade and Industry.Google Scholar
DTI, Department for Constitutional Affairs, Department for Education and Skills, Department for Work and Pensions, and Home Office (2004) Fairness for All: A New Commission for Equality and Human Rights, White Paper, Cm. 6185. Norwich: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
EOC (1998) Making Equality Work, the Challenge for Government, Annual Report 1997. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.Google Scholar
EOC (2005) Corporate Plan 2005–8. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.Google Scholar
EOC (2006) Annual Report and Accounts 2005–2006. Norwich: Stationary Office.Google Scholar
Equalities Review (2006) Interim Report for Consultation. London: Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Equalities Review (2007) Fairness and Freedom: the Final Report of the Equalities Review. London: Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Equality Act (2006) Chapter 3. Norwich: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
EU (1992) Council Recommendation 92/241/EEC of 31 March 1992 on ‘Childcare’, OJ L123, 08/05/92.Google Scholar
EU (1996a) Incorporating Equal Opportunities for Women and Men into All Community Policies and Activities, COM (1996) 67 final of 21.2.1996. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
EU (1996b) Council Directive 96/34/EC of 3 June 1996 on ‘The Framework Agreement on Parental Leave’ concluded by UNICE, CEEP, and the ETUC, OJ L145, 19/06/96.Google Scholar
EU (1997) Council Directive 97/81/EC of 15 December 1997 concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC, OJ L 14. 21/01/98.Google Scholar
EU (1998) Council Resolution of 15 December 97 on the 1998 Employment Guidelines, OJ C 30 of 28/01/98.Google Scholar
EU (2000) Lisbon European Council of 23 and 24 March 2000: Conclusions of the Presidency.Google Scholar
EU (2002) Treaty Establishing the European Community, Official Journal C325(24 December 2002).Google Scholar
EU (2004) Equality and Discrimination in an Enlarged European Union, Green Paper, COM (2004) 379 final. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
EU (2005) Combating Discrimination in the European Union. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
EU (2006a) A roadmap for equality between women and men 2006–2010, 01.3.2006 COM(2006) 92 final. Brussels: EU Commission.Google Scholar
EU (2006b) http://stop-discrimination.info/50.0html, last accessed 16 October 2006.Google Scholar
Fredman, S. (2001) ‘Equality: A New Generation?’, Industrial Law Journal 30(2): 145–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredman, S. (2002) The Future of Equality in Britain. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.Google Scholar
Fredman, S. (2005) ‘Double Trouble: Multiple Discrimination and EU Law’, European Anti-Discrimination Law Review 2: 1321.Google Scholar
Guild, E. (2000) ‘The EC Directive on Race Discrimination: Surprises, Possibilities and Limitations’, Industrial Law Journal 29(4): 416–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hepple, B. (2006) ‘Towards a Single Act’, Equal Opportunities Review, 153(June): 32.Google Scholar
HC (2005) Equality Bill, 2005–6 Session Standing Committee Debates, 29 November 2005, Hansard.Google Scholar
HL (2003) Joint Committee on Human Rights, The Case for a Human Rights Commission, Sixth Report, HLP 67-I, Sessional Papers Number 15, 2002–3 Session, House of Lords.Google Scholar
Hoskyns, C. (2000) ‘A Study of Four Action Programmes on Equal Opportunities’, in Rossilli, M. (ed.), Gender Policies in the European Union. New York, Oxford: P. Lang, pp. 43–59.Google Scholar
Kandola, R. S., Fullerton, J. and Institute of Personnel and Development (1994) Managing the Mosaic: Diversity in Action. London: Institute of Personnel and Development.Google Scholar
Kok, W. and High Level Group (2004) Facing the Challenge: The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment. Luxembourg: European Communities.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. (2006) ‘Work/family Reconciliation, Equal Opportunities, and Social Policies: The Interpretation of Policy Trajectories at the EU Level and the Meaning of Gender Equality’, Journal of European Public Policy 13(3): 420–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J. and Giullari, S. (2005) ‘The Adult Worker Model Family, Gender Equality and Care: The Search for New Policy Principles and the Possibilities and Problems of a Capabilities Approach’, Economy and Society 34(1): 76104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, R. (2003) Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardo, E. (2003) ‘EU Gender Policy: Trapped in the “Wollstonecraft Dilemma”?’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 10(2): 159–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardo, E. (2005) ‘Integrating or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution-Making Process’, Social Politics 12(3): 412–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrudden, C. (2005) ‘Thinking about the Discrimination Directives’, European Anti-Discrimination Law Review 1: 1723.Google Scholar
McGhee, D. (2006) ‘The New Commission for Equality and Human Rights: Building Community Cohesion and Revitalizing Citizenship in Contemporary Britain’, Ethnopolitics 5(2): 145–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackinnon, C. (1998) ‘Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination’, in Phillips, A. (ed.), Feminism and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 295–313.Google Scholar
Mazey, S. (2000) ‘Introduction: Integrating Gender-intellectual and “Real World” Mainstreaming’, Journal of European Public Policy 7(3): 333–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirza, H. and Sheridan, A.-M. (2003) Multiple Identity and Access to Health: the Experience of Black and Minority Ethnic Women’, Working Paper No. 10. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.Google Scholar
National Assembly for Wales (2002) Dignity at Work – Combating Harassment. Cardiff: National Assembly of Wales.Google Scholar
Nott, S. (1999) ‘Mainstreaming Equal Opportunities: Succeeding When All Else has Failed?’, in Morris, A. E. and O’Donnell, T. (eds.), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law. London: Cavendish, pp. 203–21.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (1999) Sex and Social Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Okin, S. M., Cohen, J., Howard, M. and Nussbaum, M. C. (1999) Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton, NJ, Chichester: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pateman, C. (1988) The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Pateman, C. (1989) ‘The Patriarchal Welfare State’, in Pateman, C. (ed.), The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 179–209.Google Scholar
Perrons, D. (2005) ‘Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality in the New (Market) Economy: An Analysis of Contradictions’, Social Politics 12(3): 389411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, A. (1992) ‘Universal Pretensions in Political Thought’, in Barrett, M. and Phillips, A. (eds.), Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 11–30.Google Scholar
Phillips, A. (2001) ‘Feminism and Liberalism Revisited: Has Martha Nussbaum Got it Right?’, Constellations 8(2): 249–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillinger, J. (1992) Feminising the Market: Women’s Pay and Employment in the European Community. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, T. L. (1998) Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union: Education, Training and Labour Market Policies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rhode, D. L. (1998) ‘The Politics of Paradigms: Gender Difference and Disadvantage’, in Phillips, A. (ed.), Feminism and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 344–60.Google Scholar
Rossilli, M. (1997) ‘The European Community’s Policy on the Equality of Women: From the Treaty of Rome to Present’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 4(1): 6382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubery, J., Grimshaw, D., Fagan, C., Figueiredo, H. and Smith, M. (2003) ‘Gender Equality Still on the European Agenda – But for How Long?’, Industrial Relations Journal 34(5): 477–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. W. (1992) ‘Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism’, in Meyers, D. T. (ed.), Feminist Social Thought: A Reader. New York, London: Routledge, pp. 757–70.Google Scholar
Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom: Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Squires, J. (1999) Gender in Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Squires, J. (2005) ‘Is Mainstreaming Transformative? Theorizing Mainstreaming in the Context of Diversity and Deliberation’, Social Politics 12(3): 366–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratigaki, M. (2005) ‘Gender Mainstreaming vs Positive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 12(2): 165–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, D. A. and Gabarro, J. J. (1999), Breaking Through: The Making of Minority Executives in Corporate America. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. R. (1990) ‘From Affirmative Action to Affirming Diversity’, Harvard Business Review, March/April, pp. 107–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Thomas, R. R. (1991) Beyond Race and Gender: Unleashing the Power of Your Total Workforce by Managing Diversity. New York: AMACOM.Google Scholar
Verloo, M. (2006) ‘Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3): 211–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, L. and Bell, M. (2001) ‘More Equal Than Others: Distinguishing European Union Equality Directives’, Common Market Law Review 38(3): 587611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walby, S. (2004) ‘The European Union and Gender Equality: Emergent Varieties of Gender Regime’, Social Politics 11(1): 429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walby, S. (2005) ‘Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice’, Social Politics 12(3): 321–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WEU (2003) Delivering on Gender Equality: Supporting the PSA Objective on Gender Equality 2003–06. London: Department of Trade and Industry.Google Scholar
WEU (2004a) Commission for Equality and Human Rights: The Government Response to Consultation. London: Women and Equality Unit.Google Scholar
WEU (2004b) Meeting Notes of the Taskforce on the CEHR. London: Women and Equality Unit.Google Scholar
WEU (2006) Discrimination Law Review (DLR): www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/dlr/index.htm, last accessed 15 November 2006.Google Scholar
Yuval-davis, N. (2006) ‘Intersectionality and Feminist Politics’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3): 193209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar