Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T17:40:37.583Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Knowledge Is Power: The Staffing Advantage of Parliamentary and Ministerial Offices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2022

Pieter Moens*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
*
Corresponding author. Email: pmoens.moens@ugent.be

Abstract

This article analyses the distribution of staff resources between party offices. While earlier studies have compared central and parliamentary offices, this study also includes ministerial offices. To capture fully the differences in staffing, I examine both the quantity (staff size) and quality (education, experience, tasks) of their staffs. The empirical section is based on a cross-sectional analysis of original survey data collected among political staffers in Belgium and the Netherlands (N = 1,009). While the Belgian cabinet system includes extensive ministerial offices, ministerial staff is limited in the Dutch non-cabinet system. The results show how this institutional difference shapes parties' internal distribution of resources. While the party in parliament does not have a clear staffing advantage over the party in central office in Belgium, they are both eclipsed by the large, highly qualified party in the executive. In the Netherlands, the impact of ministerial offices is negligible and the staff of the party in parliament is both larger and more qualified than the staff of the party in central office.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Government and Opposition Limited

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allern, EH and Bale, T (2012) Political Parties and Interest Groups: Distangling Complex Relations. Party Politics 18, 725. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068811422639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andeweg, R and Irwin, G (2009) Governance and Politics of the Netherlands. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Askim, J, Karlsen, R and Kolltveit, K (2017) Political Appointees in Executive Government: Exploring and Explaining Roles Using a Large-N Survey in Norway. Public Administration 95, 342358. http://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askim, J, Karlsen, R and Kolltveit, K (2018) The Spy Who Loved Me? Cross-Partisans in the Core Executive. Public Administration 96, 243258. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardi, L, Calossi, E and Pizzimenti, E (2017) Which Face Comes First? The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office. In Scarrow, S, Webb, P and Poguntke, T (eds), Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 6283.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, S (1980) The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operations. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Bolleyer, N (2009) Inside the Cartel Party: Party Organisation in Government and Opposition. Political Studies 57, 559579. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2008.00741.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brans, M, Pelgrims, C and Hoet, D (2005) Politico-Administrative Relations under Coalition Governments: The Case of Belgium. In Peters, GP, Verheijen, T and Vass, L (eds), Coalitions of the Unwilling: Politicians and Civil Servants in Coalition Governments. Bratislava: NISPAcee, pp. 207235.Google Scholar
Brans, M, Pelgrims, C and Hoet, D (2006) Comparative Observations on Tensions between Professional Policy Advice and Political Control in the Low Countries. International Review of Administrative Sciences 72, 5771. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852306061617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brante, T (1990) Professional Types as a Strategy of Analysis. In Burrage, M and Torstendahl, R (eds), Rethinking the Study of Professions. London: Sage Publications, pp. 7593.Google Scholar
Busby, A and Belkacem, K (2013) ‘Coping with the Information Overload’: An Exploration of Assistants’ Backstage Role in the Everyday Practice of European Parliament Politics. European Integration online Papers (EIoP), European Community Studies Association Austria (ECSA-A) 17, July.Google Scholar
Calcagno, PT and Montgomery, MM (2021) The Gender Wage Gap: An Analysis of US Congressional Staff Members. Public Choice 188, 183201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-020-00820-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connaughton, B (2015) Navigating the Borderlines of Politics and Administration: Reflections on the Role of Ministerial Advisers. International Journal of Public Administration 38, 3745. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2014.952820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, CE and Hobolt, SB (2020) Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
De Winter, L and Brans, M (2003) Belgium: Political Professionals and the Crisis of the Party State. In Borchert, J and Zeiss, J (eds), The Political Class in Advanced Democracies. Oxford: University Press, pp. 4566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Winter, L and Dumont, P (2003) Belgium: Delegation and Accountability under Partitocratic Rule. In Strøm, K, Müller, WC and Bergman, T (eds), Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 253280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Winter, L and Dumont, P (2006) Do Belgian Parties Undermine the Democratic Chain of Delegation? West European Politics 29, 957976. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380600968844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGregorio, C (1988) Professionals in the U.S. Congress: An Analysis of Working Styles. Legislative Studies Quarterly 13, 459476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deschouwer, K (2009) The Politics of Belgium: Governing a Divided Society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Deschouwer, K, De Winter, L and Della Porta, D (1996) Partitocracies between Crises and Reforms: The Cases of Italy and Belgium. Res Publica 38, 215494. https://doi.org/10.21825/rp.v38i2.18618.Google Scholar
Erikson, J and Verge, T (2021) Gender, Power and Privilege in the Parliamentary Workplace. Parliamentary Affairs 75, 119. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, R and Harmel, R (1998) Party Families and Democratic Performance: Extraparliamentary vs. Parliamentary Group Power. Political Studies 46, 633650. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouglas, A and Brans, M (2017) Crossing the Rubicon. The Cabinetisation of the Minister's Court in Australia and Canada: Has the Die Been Cast? Paper presented at the International Conference on Public Policy, Singapore.Google Scholar
Gouglas, A, Brans, M and Jaspers, S (2015) Political Advisers and Policy Making in Ministerial Cabinet Systems: The Case of Belgium, Greece and the European Commission. Paper presented at the International Conference on Public Policy, Milan.Google Scholar
Heidar, K and Wauters, B (2019) Do Parties Still Represent? An Analysis of the Representativeness of Political Parties in Western Democracies. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, A, Mildenberger, M and Stokes, LC (2018) Legislative Staff and Representation in Congress. American Political Science Review 113, 118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkin, J and Paolucci, C (1999) The Business Firm Model of Party Organisation: Cases from Spain and Italy. European Journal of Political Research 35, 307339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006903925012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsen, R and Saglie, J (2017) Party Bureaucrats, Independent Professionals, or Politicians? A Study of Party Employees. West European Politics 40(6), 13311351. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1290403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, R and Mair, P (1993) The Evolution of Party Organizations in Europe: The Three Faces of Party Organization. American Review of Politics 14, 593617. http://doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1993.14.0.593-617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, R and Mair, P (1995) Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics 1, 528. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, R and Mair, P (2002) The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organizational Change in Twentieth-Century Democracies. In Gunther, R, Montero, JR and Linz, JJ (eds), Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 113135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, R and Mair, P (2009) The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement. Perspectives on Politics 7, 753766. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709991782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kircheimer, O (1966) The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems. In LaPalombara, J and Weiner, M (eds), Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 177200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koskimaa, V (2020) The ‘Genetic’ Effect: Can Parties’ Past Organizational Choices Condition the Development of Their Internal Distribution of Power in the Cartel Party Era? Evidence from Finland, 1983–2017. Politics 40(3), 313331. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263395720901422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krouwel, A (2012) Party Transformations in European Democracies. New York: State University of New York Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loxbo, K (2013) The Fate of Intra-Party Democracy: Leadership Autonomy and Activist Influence in the Mass Party and the Cartel Party. Party Politics 19, 537554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811407583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maley, M (2000) Conceptualising Advisers’ Policy Work: The Distinctive Policy Roles of Ministerial Advisers in the Keating Government, 1991–96. Australian Journal of Political Science 35, 449470. https://doi.org/10.1080/713649346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maley, M (2011) Strategic Links in a Cut-Throat World: Rethinking the Role and Relationships of Australian Ministerial Staff. Public Administration 89, 14691488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01928.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, G, Hooghe, L and Blank, K (1996) European Integration from the 1980s: State-Centric v. Multi-Level Governance. Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 341378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1996.tb00577.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrain, J (2018) Revolving Door Lobbyists and the Value of Congressional Staff Connections. Journal of Politics 80, 13691383. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/698931?journalCode=jop.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moens, P (2021) Professional Activists? Party Activism among Political Staffers in Parliamentary Democracies. Party Politics. Published early online, June. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688211027317.Google Scholar
Painter, M and Peters, BG (2010) Administrative Traditions in Comparative Perspective: Families, Groups and Hybrids. In Painter, M and Peters, BG (eds), Tradition and Public Administration. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panebianco, A (1988) Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parke, CS (2012) Essential First Steps to Data Analysis: Scenario-Based Examples Using SPSS. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Pegan, A (2017) The Role of Personal Parliamentary Assistants in the European Parliament. West European Politics 40, 295315. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2016.1189138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, BG (2008) The Napoleonic Tradition. International Journal of Public Sector Management 21, 118132. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550810855627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poguntke, T and Webb, PD (2007) The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rahat, G and Kenig, O (2018) From Party Politics to Personalized Politics? Party Change and Political Personalization in Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rittel, HWJ and Webber, MM (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences 4, 155169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlesinger, JA (1984) On the Theory of Party Organization. Journal of Politics 46, 368400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, R and Eichbaum, C (2018) Ministers, Minders and Mandarins: An International Study of Relationships at the Executive Summit of Parliamentary Democracies. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snagovsky, F and Kerby, M (2018) Political Staff and the Gendered Division of Political Labour in Canada. Parliamentary Affairs 72, 616637. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsy032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, D, Denham, A and Garnett, M (1998) Think Tanks across Nations: A Comparative Approach. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Svallfors, S (2017) Knowing the Game: Motivations and Skills among Partisan Policy Professionals. Journal of Professions and Organization 4, 5569. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jow008.Google Scholar
Svallfors, SA (2020) Politics for Hire: The World and Work of Policy Professionals. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taflaga, M and Kerby, M (2019) Who Does What Work in a Ministerial Office: Politically Appointed Staff and the Descriptive Representation of Women in Australian Political Offices, 1979–2010. Political Studies 68, 463485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719853459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Biezen, I and Kopecký, P (2014) The Cartel Party and the State Party–State Linkages in European Democracies. Party Politics 20, 170182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813519961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Berg, C (2018) The Netherlands: The Emergence and Encapsulation of Ministerial Advisers. In Shaw, R and Eichbaum, C (eds), Ministers, Minders and Mandarins. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 124144.Google Scholar
Webb, P and Fisher, J (2003) Professionalism and the Millbank Tendency: The Political Sociology of New Labour's Employees. Politics 23, 1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, P and Keith, D (2017) Assessing the Strength of Party Organizational Resources: A Survey of the Evidence from the Political Party Database. In Scarrow, S, Webb, P and Poguntke, T (eds), Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3161.Google Scholar
Webb, P and Kolodny, R (2006) Professional Staff in Political Parties. In Katz, RS and Crotty, W (eds), Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage, pp. 337347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R (2020) The Work of Canadian Political Staffers in Parliamentary Caucus Research Offices. Canadian Public Administration 63, 498521. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Moens supplementary material

Moens supplementary material

Download Moens supplementary material(File)
File 160.5 KB