Research Article
Global Radiative Flux Profile Data Set: Revised and Extended
Yuanchong Zhang,
William B. Rossow,
Corresponding Author
Yuanchong Zhang
Business Integra, Inc., New York, NY, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
Correspondence to:
Y. Zhang,
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam B. Rossow
Franklin, New York, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition
Search for more papers by this author
Yuanchong Zhang,
William B. Rossow,
Corresponding Author
Yuanchong Zhang
Business Integra, Inc., New York, NY, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
Correspondence to:
Y. Zhang,
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam B. Rossow
Franklin, New York, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The third generation of the radiative flux profile data product, called ISCCP-FH, is described. The revisions over the previous generation (called ISCCP-FD) include improvements in the radiative model representation of gaseous and aerosol effects, as well as a refined statistical model of cloud vertical layer variations with cloud types, and increased spatial resolution. The new product benefits from the changes in the new H-version of the ISCCP cloud products (called ISCCP-H): higher spatial resolution, revised radiance calibration and treatment of ice clouds, treatment of aerosol effects, and revision of all the ancillary atmosphere and surface property products. The ISCCP-FH product is evaluated against more direct measurements from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System and the Baseline Surface Radiation Network products, showing some small, overall reductions in average flux uncertainties; but the main results are similar to ISCCP-FD: the ISCCP-FH uncertainties remain ≲10 Wm−2 at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and ≲15 Wm−2 at surface for monthly, regional averages. The long-term variations of TOA, surface and in-atmosphere net fluxes are documented and the possible transient cloud feedback implications of a long-term change of clouds are investigated. The cloud and flux variations from 1998 to 2012 suggest a positive cloud-radiative feedback on the oceanic circulation and a negative feedback on the atmospheric circulation. This example demonstrates that the ISCCP-FH product can provide useful diagnostic information about weather-to-interannual scale variations of radiation induced by changes in cloudiness as well as atmospheric and surface properties.
Key Points
The radiative flux profile data product (called ISCCP-FH) is described. It benefits from the new ISCCP cloud products (called ISCCP-H)
The product is evaluated against the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System and the Baseline Surface Radiation Network measurements
The long-term variations of top-of-atmosphere, surface and in-atmosphere net fluxes are documented and a possible cloud feedback is investigated
Plain Language Summary
The article describes the updated version of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) radiative profile flux product, ISCCP-FH. This version has several important improvements over its previous two versions in its radiation model and input data sets of clouds, aerosol and other atmospheric and surface physical properties as well as ancillary data sets. Its spatial resolution is increased to 110 km. It now has uncertainties ≲10 Wm−2 at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and ≲15 Wm−2 at surface for monthly, regional averages based on validations against the direct observations at TOA and surface, slightly improved over the previous versions. We also describe long-term variations of the radiative energy intensity based on the product and give an example to study cloud-radiation feedback using this product. We expect the new product to be used in climate studies like its previous versions.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
ISCCP-FH flux profile data products and documents can be accessed and downloaded through login at https://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/projects/flux.html. CERES SYN1deg Ed4 data may be ordered from https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/data/#syn1deg-level-3, and for data Quality Summary, see https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/documents/DQ_summaries/CERES_SYN1deg_Ed4A_DQS.pdf. (Registration is required). BSRN data can be obtained from https://bsrn.awi.de/other/publications/establishment-and-development-of-the-bsrn/. (Registration is required).
References
- Barkstrom, B., Harrison, E., Smith, G., Green, R., Kibler, J., Cess, R., & the ERBE Science Team. (1989). Earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) archival and April 1985 results. Bulletin America Meteorology Social, 70(10), 1254–1262. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<1254:erbeaa>2.0.co;2
- Booth, J. F., Naud, C. M., & Del Genio, A. D. (2013). Diagnosing warm frontal cloud formation in a GCM: A novel approach using conditional subsetting. Journal of Climate, 26(16), 5827–5845. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00637.1
- CERES Science Team. (2013). CERES_SYN1deg_Ed3A data quality summary. Retrieved from https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/documents/DQ_summaries/CERES_SYN1deg_Ed3A_DQS.pdf
- Chen, J., Carlson, B. E., & Del Genio, A. D. (2002). Evidence for the strengthening of the tropical general circulation in 1990s. Science, 295(5556), 838–841. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065835
- Chen, T., & Rossow, W. B. (2002). Determination of top-of-atmosphere longwave radiative fluxes: A comparison between two approaches using ScaRab data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000914
- Chen, T., Zhang, Y.-C., & Rossow, W. B. (2000). Sensitivity of atmospheric radiative heating rate profiles to variations of cloud layer overlap. Journal of Climate, 13(16), 2941–2959. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0264:reoctv>2.0.co;2
- DeAngelis, A. M., Qu, X., Zelinka, M. D., & Hall, A. (2015). An observational radiative constraint on hydrologic cycle intensification. Nature, 528(7581), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15770
- Driemel, A., Augustine, J., Behrens, K., Colle, S., Cox, C., Cuevas-Agulló, E., et al. (2018). Baseline surface radiation network (BSRN): Structure and data description (1992–2017). Earth System Science Data, 10(3), 1491–1501. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1491-2018
- GISTEMP Team. (2021). GISS surface temperature analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. Dataset. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved from https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/
- Goode, P. R., Palle, E., Shoumko, A., Shoumko, S., Montanes-Rodriguez, P., & Koonin, S. E. (2021). Earth’s albedo 1998-2017 as measured from earthshine. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(1–8), e2021GL094888. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094888
- Hang, Y., L’Ecuyer, T. S., Henderson, D., Matus, A. V., & Wang, Z. (2019). Reassessing the role of cloud type in Earth’s radiation budget after a decade of active spaceborne observations. Part II: Atmospheric heating. Journal of Climate, 32(19), 6219–6236. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0754.1
- Hansen, J., Fung, I., Lacis, A., Rind, D., Lebedeff, S., Ruedy, R., et al. (1988). Global climate changes as forecast by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies three-dimension model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93(D8), 9341–9364. https://doi.org/10.1029/jd093id08p09341
- Haynes, J. M., Jakob, C., Rossow, W. B., Tselioudis, G., & Brown, J. (2011). Major characteristics of southern ocean cloud regimes and their effects on the energy budget. Journal of Climate, 24(19), 5061–5080. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4052.1
- Haynes, J. M., Vonder Haar, T. H., L'Ecuyer, T., & Henderson, D. (2013). Radiative heating characteristics of Earth’s cloudy atmosphere from vertically resolved active sensors. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(3), 624–630. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50145
- Henderson, D. S., L'Ecuyer, T., Stephens, G., Partain, P., & Sekiguchi, M. (2013). A multisensor perspective on the radiative impacts of clouds and aerosols. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52(4), 853–871. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-025.1
- Jacob, C., & Schumacher, C. (2008). Precipitation and latent heating characteristics of the major tropical western Pacific cloud regimes. Journal of Climate, 21(17), 4348–4364. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2122.1
- Jin, Y., & Rossow, W. B. (1997). Detection of cirrus overlapping low-level clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D2), 1727–1737. https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd02996
- Karlsson, K.-G., & Devasthale, A. (2018). Inter-comparison and evaluation of the four longest satellite-derived cloud climate data records: CLARA-A2, ESA Cloud CCI V3, ISCCP-HGM and PATMOS-x. Remote Sensing, 10(1567), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101567
- Kato, S., Rose, F. G., Rutan, D. A., & Charlock, T. P. (2008). Cloud effects on the meridional atmospheric energy budget estimated from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy (CERES) data. Journal of Climate, 21(17), 4223–4241. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli1982.1
- Kelley, M., Schmidt, G. A., Nazarenko, L. S., Bauer, S. E., Ruedy, R., Russell, G. L., et al. (2020). GISS-E2.1: Configurations and climatology. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(8), e2019MS002025. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002025
- Kinne, S. (2019). The MACv2 aerosol climatology. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 71(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2019.1623639
- Kinne, S., O’Donnel, D., Stier, P., Kloster, S., Zhang, K., Schmidt, H., et al. (2013). MAC-v1: A new aerosol climatology for climate studies. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5(4), 704–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20035.2013
- Kohsiek, W., Liebenthal, C., Foken, T., Vogt, R., Oncley, S. P., Bernhofer, C., & Debruin, H. A. R. (2006). The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part III: Behavior and quality of the radiation measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9135-8
- Kummerow, C., Brown, P., Adler, R., Kinne, S., Rossow, W., Stackhouse, P., et al. (2019). The GDAP integrated product. GEWEX News, 29, 3–6.
- Lacis, A. A., & Oinas, V. (1991). A description of the correlated k distributed method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(D5), 9027–9063. https://doi.org/10.1029/90jd01945
- L’Ecuyer, T. S., Hang, Y., Matus, A. V., & Wang, Z. (2019). Reassessing the role of cloud type in Earth’s radiation budget after a decade of active spaceborne observations. Part I: Top of atmosphere and surface. Journal of Climate, 32(19), 6197–6217. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0753.1
- L'Ecuyer, T. S., Wood, N., Haladay, T., & Stephens, G. L., & Stackhouse, P. W. (2008). The impact of clouds on atmospheric heating based on the R04 CloudSat fluxes and heating rate data set. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D00A15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009951
- Liao, X., Rossow, W. B., & Rind, D. (1995). Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds, Part II: Locating cloud tops. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D1), 1137–1147. https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02430
- Liu, Z., Kar, J., Zeng, S., Tackett, J., Vaughan, M., Avery, M., et al. (2019). Discriminating between clouds and aerosols in the CALIOP version 4.1 data products. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 12(1), 703–734. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-703-2019
- Loeb, N. G., Doelling, D. R., Wang, H., Su, W., Nguyen, C., Corbett, J. G., et al. (2018). Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) Edition-4.0 data product. Journal of Climate, 31(2), 894–918. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0208.1
- Loeb, N. G., Johnson, G. C., Thorsen, T. J., Lyman, J. M., Rose, F. G., & Kato, S. (2021). Satellite and ocean data reveal marked increase in Earth’s heating rate. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(13), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093047
- Loeb, N. G., Priestley, K. J., Kratz, D. P., Geier, E. B., Green, R. N., Wielicki, B. A., et al. (2001). Determination of unfiltered radiances from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instrument. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40(4), 822–835. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0822:dourft>2.0.co;2
- Loeb, N. G., Wielicki, B. A., Doelling, D. A., Smith, G. L., Keyes, D. F., Kato, S., et al. (2009). Toward optimal closure of Earth’s top-of-atmosphere radiation budget. Journal of Climate, 22(3), 748–766. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2637.1
- Mace, G. G., & Zhang, Q. (2014). The CloudSat radar-lidar geometric profile product (RL-GeoProf): Updates, improvements, and selected results. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119(15), 9441–9462. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd021374
- Masunaga, H., & Luo, Z. J. (2016). Convective and large-scale mass flux profiles over tropical oceans determined from synergistic analysis of a suite of satellite observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(13), 7958–7974. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd024753
- Matus, A. V., & L'Ecuyer, T. (2017). The role of cloud phase in Earth’s radiation budget. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(5), 2559–2578. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025951
- Michalsky, H., Dutton, E., Rubes, M., Nelson, D., Stoffel, T., Wesley, M., et al., (1999). Optimal measurement of surface shortwave irradiance using current instrumentation. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 16(1), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0055:omossi>2.0.c0;2
- Ohmura, A., Dutton, E. G., Forgan, B., Frohlich, C., Gilgen, H., Hegner, H., et al. (1998). Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP): New precision radiometry for climate research. Bulletin America Meteorology Social, 79(10), 2115–2136. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2115:bsrnbw>2.0.co;2
- Oreopoulos, L., Mlawer, E., Delamere, J., Shippert, T., Cole, J., Fomin, B., et al. (2012). The continual intercomparison of radiation codes: Results from phase I. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(D6), D06118. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016821
- Oreopoulos, L., & Rossow, W. B. (2011). The cloud radiative effect of ISCCP weather states. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(1–22), D12202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015472
- Persson, P. O. G., Fairall, C. W., Andreas, E. L., Guest, P. S., & Perovich, D. K. (2002). Measurements near the atmospheric surface flux group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(8045), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000705
- Philipona, R., Dutton, E. G., Stoffel, T., Michalsky, J., Reda, I., Stifter, A., et al. (2001). Atmospheric longwave radiance uncertainty: Pyrgeometers compared to an absolute sky-scanning radiometer, atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer, and radiative transfer model calculations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D22), 28129–28141. https://doi.org/10.1029/200jd000196
- Pinker, R. T., Zhang, B., & Dutton, E. G. (2005). Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation? Science, 308(5723), 850–854. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103159
- Polly, J., & Rossow, W. B. (2016). Distribution of midlatitude cyclone attributes based on the MCMS database. Journal of Climate, 29(18), 6483–6507. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0857.1
- Protat, A., Young, S. A., McFarlane, S. A., L'Ecuyer, T., Mace, G. G., Comstock, J. M., et al. (2014). Reconciling ground-based and space-based estimates of the frequency of occurrence and radiative effect of clouds around Darwin, Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 53(2), 456–478. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-072.1
- Raschke, E., Kinne, S., Rossow, W. B., Stackhouse, P. W., & Wild, M. (2016). Comparison of radiative energy flows in observational datasets and climate modeling. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 55(1), 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0281.1
- Raschke, E., Kinne, S., & Stackhouse, P. W. (2012). GEWEX radiation flux assessment (RFA), WCRP report 19/2012, Vol. 1. Scientific Results, 2. Appendices and details Retrieved from http://www.wcrp-climate.org/documents/GEWEX RFA-Volume 1-report.pdf
- Romanski, J., & Rossow, W. B. (2013). Contributions of individual atmospheric diabatic heating processes to the generation of available potential energy. Journal of Climate, 26(12), 4244–4263. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00457.1
- Rose, F. G., Rutan, D. A., Charlock, T., Smith, G. L., & Kato, S. (2013). An algorithm for the constraining of radiative transfer calculations to CERES-observed broadband to-of-atmosphere irradiance. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30(6), 1091–1106. https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00058.1
- Rossow, W. B. (2017). ISCCP H-version—Climate algorithm theoretical basis document, NOAA climate data record program (CDRP-ATDB-0.872) Rev 0 (p. 301). Retrieved from http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/sds/cdr/CDRs/Cloud_Properties-ISCCP/AlgorithmDescription_01B-29.pdf
- Rossow, W. B., & Cairns, B. (1995). Monitoring changes of clouds. Climatic Change, 31, 305–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0323-7_11
- Rossow, W. B., & Ferrier, J. (2015). Evaluation of long-term calibrations of the AVHRR visible radiances. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32(4), 744–766. https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00134.1
- Rossow, W. B., Knapp, K. R., & Young, A. H. (2022). International satellite cloud climatology project: Extending the record. Journal of Climate, 35, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0157.1
- Rossow, W. B., Walker, A. W., & Garder, L. C. (1993). Comparison of ISCCP and other cloud amounts. Journal of Climate, 6(12), 2394–2418. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2394:coiaoc>2.0.co;2
- Rossow, W. B., & Zhang, Y.-C. (1995). Calculation of surface and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP datasets, Part II: Validation and first results. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D1), 1167–1197. https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02746
- Rossow, W. B., & Zhang, Y.-C. (2010). Evaluation of a statistical model of cloud vertical structure using combined CloudSat and CALIPSO cloud layer profiles. Journal of Climate, 23(24), 6641–6653. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3734.1
- Rossow, W. B., Zhang, Y.-C., & Tselioudis, G. (2016). Atmospheric diabatic heating in different weather states and the general circulation. Journal of Climate, 29(3), 1059–1065. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0760.1
- Rossow, W. B., Zhang, Y.-C., & Wang, J.-H. (2005). A statistical model of cloud vertical structure based on reconciling cloud layer amounts inferred from satellites and radiosonde humidity profiles. Journal of Climate, 18(17), 3587–3605. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3479.1
- Rothman, L. S., & coauthors (2013). The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 130, 4–50.
- Stackhouse, P. W., Cox, S. J., Mikovitz, J. C., & Zhang, T. (2021). GEWEX (global energy and water exchanges project) surface radiation budget (SRB) release 4 integrated product (IP4) algorithm theoretical basis document and evaluation. Retrieved from https://asdc.larc.nasa.gov/documents/srb/SRB_Rel4-IP_ATBD.pdf
- Stephens, G. L., Hakuba, M. Z., Hawcroft, M., Haywood, J. M., Behrangi, A., Kay, J. E., & Webster, P. J. (2016). The curious nature of the hemispheric symmetry of the Earths’ energy and water balances. Current Climate Change Reports, 2(4), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0043-9
- Stephens, G. L., Hakuba, M. Z., Kato, S., Gettelman, A., Dufesne, J.-J., Andrews, T., et al. (2022). The changing nature of Earth's reflected sunlight. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 478(2263), 20220053. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2022.0053
- Stephens, G. L., Wild, M., Stackhouse, P. W., L'Ecuyer, T., Kato, S., & Henderson, D. S. (2012). The global character of the flux of downward longwave radiation. Journal of Climate, 25(7), 2329–2340. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00262.1
- Stubenrauch, C., Rossow, W. B., & Kinne, S. (2012). GEWEX assessment of global cloud data sets from satellites. WCRP, 176.
- Stubenrauch, C. J., Rossow, W. B., Kinne, S., Ackerman, S. A., Cesana, G., Chepfer, H., et al. (2013). Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: Project and database initiated by the GEWEX radiation panel. Bulletin America Meteorology Social, 94(7), 1031–1049. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00117.1
- Su, W., Corbett, J., Eitzen, Z., & Liang, L. (2015a). Next-generation angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux calculations from CERES instruments: Methodology. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(2), 611–632. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-611-2015
- Su, W., Corbett, J., Eitzen, Z., & Liang, L. (2015b). Next-generation angular distribution models for top-of-atmosphere radiative flux calculations from CERES instruments: Validation. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 3297–3313. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3297-2015
- Tromeur, E., & Rossow, W. B. (2010). Interaction of tropical deep convection with the large-scale circulation in the Madden-Julian oscillation. Journal of Climate, 23(7), 1837–1853. https://doi.org/10.1175/202009jcli3240.1
- Tselioudis, G., Rossow, W. B., Jakob, C., Remillard, J., Tropf, D., & Zhang, Y.-C. (2021). Evaluation of clouds, radiation, and precipitation in CMIP6 models using global weather states derived from ISCCP-H cloud property data. Journal of Climate, 34, 7311–7324. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0076.1
- Van Den Broeke, M., Reijmer, C., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R., & Oerlemans, J. (2005). Seasonal cycles of Antarctic surface energy balance from automatic weather stations. Annals of Glaciology, 41, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813168
- Wang, J., Rossow, W. B., & Zhang, Y.-C. (2000). Cloud vertical structure and its variations from a 20-year global rawinsonde dataset. Journal of Climate, 13(17), 3041–3056. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3041:cvsaiv>2.0.co;2
- Wielicki, B. A., Wong, T., Allan, R. P., Slingo, A., Kiehl, J. T., Soden, B. J., et al. (2002). Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget. Science, 295(5556), 841–844. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065837
- Wild, M. (2009). Global dimming and brightening: A review. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011470
- Wild, M., Gilgen, H., Roesch, A., Ohmura, A., Long, C. N., Dutton, E. G., et al. (2005). From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth’s surface. Science, 308(5723), 847–850. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103215
- Wild, M., Hakuba, M. Z., Folini, D., Dorig-Ott, P., Schar, C., Kato, S., & Long, C. (2018). The cloud-free global energy balance and inferred cloud radiative effects: An assessment based on direct observations and climate models. Climate Dynamics, 52(7–8), 4787–4812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4413y
- Wong, T., Wielicki, B. A., Lee, R. B., Smith, G. L., Bush, K. A., & Willis, J. K. (2006). Reexamination of the observed decadal variability of the Earth radiation budget using altitude-corrected ERBE/ERBS nonscanner WFOV data. Journal of Climate, 19(16), 4028–4040. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3838.1
- Young, A. H., Knapp, K. R., Inamdar, A., Hankins, W., & Rossow, W. B. (2018). The international satellite cloud climatology project H-series climate data record product. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-583-2018
- Zhang, Y., Rossow, W. B., & Stackhouse, P. W. (2006). Comparison of different global information sources used in surface radiative flux calculation: Radiative properties of the near-surface atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(1–13), D13106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006873
- Zhang, Y.-C. (2017). ISCCP-FH radiative flux profile produc, climate algorithm theoretical basis document (C-ATBD), NOAA NCEI climate data record (CDR) program, Retrieved from https://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/pub/flux-fh/docs/C-ATBD_ISCCP-FH.pdf, through login to Retrieved from https://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/projects/flux.html
- Zhang, Y.-C., & Rossow, W. B. (1997). Estimating meridional energy transports by the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations using boundary fluxes. Journal of Climate, 10(9), 2358–2373. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2358:emetbt>2.0.co;2
- Zhang, Y.-C., Rossow, W. B., & Lacis, A. A. (1995). Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP datasets 1. Method and sensitivity to input data uncertainties. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D1), 1149–1165. https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02747
- Zhang, Y.-C., Rossow, W. B., Lacis, A. A., Oinas, V., & Mishchenko, M. I. (2004). Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(D19), D19105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004457
- Zhang, Y.-C., Rossow, W. B., Long, C. N., & Dutton, E. G. (2010). Exploiting diurnal variations to evaluate the ISCCP-FD flux calculations and radiative-flux-analysis-processed surface observations from BSRN, ARM and SURFRAD. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D15), D15105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012743
- Zhang, Y.-C., Rossow, W. B., & Stackhouse, P. W. (2007). Comparison of different global information sources used in surface radiative flux calculation: Radiative properties of the surface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(D1), D01102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd007008
