Role of Imaging in the COVID-19 Pandemic

 

 Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

In the last 2 years, we have seen the most unprecedented times of our lives. The pandemic appears to be petering off and hopefully will become endemic. These 2 years have been a significant learning experience with many new imaging techniques, medical and social concepts introduced. Also, along the pandemic course, numerous articles and editorials were penned on new learnings, as well as new thoughts on controlling and mitigating the suffering of those afflicted. From a collection of editorials and articles in The Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging (IJRI) on the pandemic, this review is constructed to put imaging-related facts in a perspective.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Even though the pandemic may have petered off, this will serve as a memory, as well as repository of information for future pandemics.

Publication History

Article published online:
19 September 2023

© 2022. Indographics. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

• References

• 1 Kohli A. Was non-utilisation of computed tomography as a public health tool a costly lapse in closing the pandemic?. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (Suppl. 01) S1-S3
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Kohli A, Joshi A, Shah A. et al. Does CT help in reducing RT-PCR false negative rate for COVID-19?. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (Suppl. 01) S80-S86
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Kohli A, Jha T, Pazhayattil AB. The value of AI based CT severity scoring system in triage of patients with Covid-19 pneumonia as regards oxygen requirement and place of admission. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (Suppl. 01) S61-S69
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Kohli A. COVID-19: the second wave—are there lessons from the first wave to prepare us for the second wave?. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (01) 1-2
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Kohli A. Can imaging impact the coronavirus pandemic?. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2020; 30 (01) 1-3
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Kohli A. COVID-19 pneumonia-residual changes on CT scan are they all fibrosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2020; 30 (04) 415-419
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Kohli A. COVID 19- Tips for getting back to work. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2020; 30 (02) 105-110
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Kohli A. HRCT surrogate for vaccine efficacy?. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (02) 243-244
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Kohli A. COVID-19 pandemic: The value of antibody testing for imaging facilities. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2020; 30 (03) 251-252
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Kohli A, Hande PC, Chugh S. Role of chest radiography in the management of COVID-19 pneumonia: An overview and correlation with pathophysiologic changes. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (Suppl. 01) S70-S79
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Kohli A, Shetty A, Joshi A, Bansal A. Where have all the diseases gone during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31 (Suppl. 01) S119-S121
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Mason RJ. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective. Eur Respir J 2020; 55 (04) 2000607
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y. et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8 (04) 420-422
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M. et al. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology 2020; 295 (03) 200463
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 215 (01) 87-93
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Parry AH, Wani AH, Yaseen M. et al. Spectrum of chest computed tomographic (CT) findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients in India. Eur J Radiol 2020; 129: 109147
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Caruso D, Zerunian M, Polici M. et al. Chest CT Features of COVID-19 in Rome, Italy. Radiology 2020; 296 (02) E79-E85
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Wang Y, Sun J, Zhu A, Zhao J, Zhao J. Current understanding of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in human and animal models. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (Suppl. 19) S2260-S2271
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Du L, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Lu L, Li F, Jiang S. MERS-CoV spike protein: a key target for antivirals. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21 (02) 131-143
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng B-J, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV–a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7 (03) 226-236
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Carotti M, Salaffi F, Sarzi-Puttini P. et al. Chest CT features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: key points for radiologists. Radiol Med (Torino) 2020; 125 (07) 636-646
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S. et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol 2020; 30 (06) 3306-3309
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Wang Y, Dong C, Hu Y. et al. Temporal changes of CT findings in 90 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a longitudinal study. Radiology 2020; 296 (02) E55-E64
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Han R, Huang L, Jiang H, Dong J, Peng H, Zhang D. Early clinical and CT manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 215 (02) 338-343
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W. et al. Chest CT findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and its relationship with clinical features. Invest Radiol 2020; 55 (05) 257-261
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Hani C, Trieu NH, Saab I. et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Interv Imaging 2020; 101 (05) 263-268
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Prokop M, van Everdingen W, van Rees Vellinga T. et al; COVID-19 Standardized Reporting Working Group of the Dutch Radiological Society. CO-RADS: a categorical CT assessment scheme for patients suspected of having COVID-19-definition and evaluation. Radiology 2020; 296 (02) E97-E104
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H. et al. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology 2020; 296 (02) E32-E40
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1282: 1-23
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J. et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology 2020; 296 (02) E115-E117
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M. et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020;25(03):
  Google Scholar
• 32 Tahamtan A, Ardebili A. Real-time RT-PCR in COVID-19 detection: issues affecting the results. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20 (05) 453-454
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Yu F, Yan L, Wang N. et al. Quantitative detection and viral load analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71 (15) 793-798
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Winichakoon P, Chaiwarith R, Liwsrisakun C. et al. Negative nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs do not rule out COVID-19. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58 (05) e00297-e20
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X. et al. Clinical characteristics of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Jiangsu Province: a multicenter descriptive study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71 (15) 706-712
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Mizumoto K, Kagaya K, Zarebski A, Chowell G. Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill 2020;25(10):
  Google Scholar
• 37 Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X. et al. CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 2020; 295 (01) 202-207
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Song F, Shi N, Shan F. et al. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology 2020; 295 (01) 210-217
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Tanaka N, Emoto T, Suda H. et al. High-resolution computed tomography findings of influenza virus pneumonia: a comparative study between seasonal and novel (H1N1) influenza virus pneumonia. Jpn J Radiol 2012; 30 (02) 154-161
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Deng J, Zheng Y, Li C, Ma Z, Wang H, Rubin BK. Plastic bronchitis in three children associated with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection. Chest 2010; 138 (06) 1486-1488
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Kim YN, Cho HJ, Cho YK, Ma JS. Clinical significance of pleural effusion in the new influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia in children and adolescent. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47 (05) 505-509
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395 (10223): 497-506
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Altmayer S, Zanon M, Pacini GS. et al. Comparison of the computed tomography findings in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2020; 30 (12) 6485-6496
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Ye Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Song B. Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pictorial review. Eur Radiol 2020; 30 (08) 4381-4389
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Elicker BM, Jones KD, Henry TS, Collard HR. Multidisciplinary approach to hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Thorac Imaging 2016; 31 (02) 92-103
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Vagal A, Mahoney M, Allen B. et al. Rescheduling nonurgent care in radiology: implementation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. J Am Coll Radiol 2020; 17 (07) 882-889
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Aguiar de Sousa D, Sandset EC, Elkind MSV. The curious case of the missing strokes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stroke 2020; 51 (07) 1921-1923
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Naidich JJ, Boltyenkov A, Wang JJ, Chusid J, Hughes D, Sanelli PC. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on imaging case volumes. J Am Coll Radiol 2020; 17 (07) 865-872
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Nakajima K, Kato H, Yamashiro T. et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: infection control protocol inside computed tomography suites. Jpn J Radiol 2020; 38 (05) 391-393
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Fan L, Liu S. CT and COVID-19: Chinese experience and recommendations concerning detection, staging and follow-up. Eur Radiol 2020; 30 (09) 5214-5216
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Singh S, Kalra MK, Ali Khawaja RD. et al. Radiation dose optimization and thoracic computed tomography. Radiol Clin North Am 2014; 52 (01) 1-15
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Yang Q, Liu Q, Xu H, Lu H, Liu S, Li H. Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019: a Chinese expert consensus statement. Eur J Radiol 2020; 127: 109008
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Baghbanian SM, Namazi F. Post COVID-19 longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM)-a case report. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121 (06) 1875-1876
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Conde Cardona G, Quintana Pájaro LD, Quintero Marzola ID, Ramos Villegas Y, Moscote Salazar LR. Neurotropism of SARS-CoV 2: mechanisms and manifestations. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412: 116824
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Chen C, Zhang XR, Ju ZY, He WF. Advances in the research of mechanism and related immunotherapy on the cytokine storm induced by coronavirus disease 2019 [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2020; 36 (06) 471-475
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S. et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (26) 2574-2576
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Alekseyev K, Didenko L, Chaudhry B. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis and COVID-19 pneumonia. J Med Cases 2021; 12 (03) 85-89
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K. et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020; 26 (07) 1017-1032
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Huang L, Zhao P, Tang D. et al. Cardiac involvement in patients recovered from COVID-2019 identified using magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13 (11) 2330-2339
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Jacobi A, Chung M, Bernheim A, Eber C. Portable chest X-ray in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A pictorial review. Clin Imaging 2020; 64: 35-42
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Cevik M, Kuppalli K, Kindrachuk J, Peiris M. Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ 2020; 371: m3862
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Sun R, Liu H, Wang X. Mediastinal emphysema, giant bulla, and pneumothorax developed during the course of COVID-19 pneumonia. Korean J Radiol 2020; 21 (05) 541-544
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Hsu C-W, Sun S-F. Iatrogenic pneumothorax related to mechanical ventilation. World J Crit Care Med 2014; 3 (01) 8-14
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Durrani M, Haq IU, Kalsoom U, Yousaf A. Chest X-rays findings in COVID 19 patients at a university teaching hospital - a descriptive study. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36 (COVID19-S4): S22-S26
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Sherren PB, Jovaisa T. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema presenting in a woman on the intensive care unit: case report and review of literature. J Med Case Reports 2011; 5: 236
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Chastre J, Fagon J-Y. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165 (07) 867-903
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Magill SS, Li Q, Gross C, Dudeck M, Allen-Bridson K, Edwards JR. Incidence and characteristics of ventilator-associated events reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network in 2014. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (12) 2154-2162
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN. et al. Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano 2020; 14 (04) 3822-3835
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Francone M, Iafrate F, Masci GM. et al. Chest CT score in COVID-19 patients: correlation with disease severity and short-term prognosis. Eur Radiol 2020; 30 (12) 6808-6817
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Huang L, Han R, Ai T. et al. Serial quantitative chest CT assessment of COVID-19: a deep learning approach. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2020; 2 (02) e200075
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Zhang J, Meng G, Li W. et al. Relationship of chest CT score with clinical characteristics of 108 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Respir Res 2020; 21 (01) 180
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Liu W, Liu L, Kou G. et al. Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58 (06) e00461-e20
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Udwadia ZF, Raju RS. The N-95 mask: invaluable ally in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic. Lung India 2020; 37 (04) 323-328
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar