Abstract
In the history of European integration, policies addressing race and ethnicity are a relatively new phenomenon. Gender equality policies were part of policymaking in the European Community (EC) from the outset. The principle of equal pay for equal work of women and men was first enshrined in the Treaty of Rome of 1958, but it had a mainly a programmatic purpose and was later followed up by a directive on equal pay that had more direct national implications. The 1980s and 1990s brought issues of gender equality, such as how to reconcile work and family, gender and violence and women’s role in decision making, onto the political agenda. The European Parliament and its Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM) have been important players in this development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agustín, L. R. (2011). ‘(Re)defining Women’s Interests? Political Struggles over Women’s Collective Representation in the Context of the European Parliament’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 1: 1–18.
Bell, M. (2002). Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bell, M. (2008). Extending EU Anti-Discrimination Law: Report of an ENAR Ad Hoc Expert Group on Anti-Discrimination Law. Brussels. http://cms.horus.be/files/99935 /MediaArchive/pdf/Extending%20EU%20Anti-Discrimination%20 Law%20final.pdf, accessed 17 September 2008.
Bonacker, T. (2001). ‘Die politische Theorie der Dekonstruktion: Jacques Derrida’ in A. Brodocz and G. S. Schaal (eds) Politische Theorien der Gegenwart, Band II. Opladen, pp. 129–59.
Chouliaraki, L. (2005). ‘Media Discourse and the Public Sphere’ in D. Howarth and J. Torfing (eds) Discourse Theory in European Politics. Identity, Policy and Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 275–96.
Cluver, C. (2005). Killing Me Softly: The Slow Death of Anti-discrimination Legislation in Germany.http://www.epc.eu/en/ce.asp?TYP=CEandLV=177andsee=yandt=42andPG=CE/EN/detailandl=2andAI=463, accessed 19 September 2008.
Derrida, J. (1992). ‘Force of Law: The “Mystical Foundation of Authority”’ in D. Cornell, M. Rosenfeld and D. G. Carlson (eds) Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. New York: Routledge, pp. 3–67.
European Commission (2006). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Roadmap for equality between women and men, 2006–2010. Brussels http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do?uri=COM:2006:0092:FIN:EN:PDF, accessed 17 September 2008.
European Commission (2007a). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The application of Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_ rights/pdf/legisln/appl78_en.pdf, accessed 17 September 2008.
European Commission (2007b). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Commission Legislative and Work Programme 2008. Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/atwork/programmes/docs/clwp2008_en.pdf, accessed 17 September 2008.
Foucault, M.(1988).‘“Technologies of the Self”. Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault’, Ed. Luther H. Martin et al. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, pp. 16–49.
Gaus, D. (2004). ‘Demokratie zwischen Konflikt und Konsens. Zur politischen Philosophie’ in C. Leforts in O. Flügel, R. Heil and A. Hetzel (eds) Die Rückkehr des Politischen. Demokratietheorien heute. Darmstadt, pp. 65–86.
Habermas, J. (1996). Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hoskyns, C. (1996). Integrating Gender. Women, Law and Politics in the European Union. London: Verso Books.
Jegher,S.(2003).‘Gender Mainstreaming.Ein umstrittenes Konzept auf feministischer Perspektive’, Widerspruch. BeitriigezusozialistischerPolitik23, 1 (44): Feminismus, Gender Geschlecht, pp. 5–18.
Kantola, J. (2009). ‘Tackling Multiple Discrimination: Gender and Crosscutting Inequalities in Europe’ in M. Franken, A. Woodward, A. Cabó and B. M. Bagilhole (eds) Teaching Intersectionality: Putting Gender at the Centre. Utrecht and Stockholm, pp. 15–30. http://www.erg.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.39115.1320403014!/Teaching_Intersectionality.pdf, accessed 6 January 2012.
Kantola, J. (2010). Gender and the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Krizan, A., H. Skjeie and J. Squires (forthcoming). ‘European Equality Regimes: Institutional Change and Political Intersectionality’ in A. Krizan, H. Skjeie and J. Squires (eds) Institutionalizing Intersectionality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 209–239.
Lefort, C. (1990). ‘Menschenrechte und Politik’, in U. Rödel et al. (eds) Autonome Gesellschaft und libertiire Demokratie. Frankfurt/ M.: Suhrkamp, pp. 239–80.
Lombardo, E., P. Meier and M. Verloo (eds) (2009). The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality. London: Routledge/ECPR.
Lombardo, E. and M. Forest (eds) (2012). The Europeanization of Gender Equality Policies. A discursive-Sociological Approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mouffe, C. (2000). The Democratic Paradox. London/New York: Verso.
Pollack M. and E. Hafner-Burton (2000). Hafner-Burton (2000). ‘Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union’. Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 2/00, http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/000201.rtf,accessed 17 September 2008.
Pollak, J. (2006). Repräsentation ohne Demokratie. Kollidierende Systeme der Repräsentation in der Europäischen Union. Vienna: Springer Verlag.
Schiek, D. (2009). ‘From European Union Non-discrimination Law towards Multidimensional Equality Law for Europe’ in D. Schiek and V. Chege (eds) European Union Non-Discrimination Law: Cavendish: Routledge, pp. 3–27.
Schunter-Kleemann, S. (2003). ‘Was ist neoliberal am Gender Mainstreaming?’ Widerspruch.BeiträgezusozialistischerPolitik 23, 1 (44): Feminismus, Gender Geschlecht, pp. 19–33.
Squires, J. (2007). The New Politics of Gender Equality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Stiegler, B. (2002). ‘Heute schon gegendert? Gender Mainstreaming als geschlechterpolitische Strategie für Organisationen’, Streitkultur. MagazinfürPolitik und Kultur in Europa 1: 5–7.
Verloo, M. (2006). ‘Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union’, European Journal of Women’s Studies 13 (3): 211–28.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2013 Monika Mokre and Anette Borchorst
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mokre, M., Borchorst, A. (2013). The EU’s Gender and Diversity Policies and the European Public Spheres. In: Siim, B., Mokre, M. (eds) Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an Emergent European Public Sphere. Gender and Politics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291295_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291295_8
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-34765-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-29129-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)