Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published June 1981

Operational Models in Urban Planning

Abstract

This paper evaluates the role of operational models in urban, physical planning. A theory of planning is proposed and used to guide discussion of the experience of urban development planning in the USA and UK during the last two decades. It is concluded that physical planning is an institution which controls the location and level of public investment in urban infrastructure and which produces plans of the development of urban areas as a means of increasing the profitability and reducing the risks associated with private land development. Operational models are used in this process to provide forecasts of development; the nature of these models can then be deduced.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Ambrose P, Colenutt R, 1975 The Property Machine (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middx).
Barber B, 1968 “Comments (on a paper by Lowry)” in Urban Development Models Ed. Hemmens G C, special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 146–149.
Barras R, Broadbent T A, 1979 “The analysis in English structure plans” Urban Studies 16 1–18.
Barras R, Broadbent T A, Cordey-Hayes M, Massey D, Willis J, 1971 “An operational urban development model of Cheshire” Environment and Planning 3 109–242.
Batty M, 1975 “Recent developments in activity allocation models in a British experience” in LUBFS Conference Proceedings 3: Urban Development Models Eds Baxter R, Echenique M, Owers J, (Construction Press, Lancaster, Lanes).
Batty M, 1976 Urban Modelling (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Batty M, 1978 “Urban models in the planning process” in Geography and the Urban Environment, Volume 1 Eds Herbert D T, Johnston R J, (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex) pp 63–134.
Batty M, 1979a “Progress, success, and failure in urban modelling” Environment and Planning A 11 863–878.
Batty M, 1979b “Review of Pack's ‘Urban models: Diffusion and policy application’” Environment and Planning A 11 1445–1446.
Baxter R, Echenique M, Owers J, (Eds), 1975 LUBFS Conference Proceedings 3: Urban Development Models (Construction Press, Lancaster, Lanes).
Blake P, 1964 God's Own Junkyard (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York).
Bonsall P W, Chanternowen A F, Cripps E L, Goodman P R, Hankin A, Mackett R L, Sanderson I, Senior M L, Southworth F, Stence K, Williams H C W L, Wilson AG, 1977 “Models for urban transport planning” in Models of Cities and Regions: Theoretical and Empirical Developments Eds Wilson A G, Rees P H, Leigh C M, (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex) pp 457–521.
Boyce D E, Day N D, McDonald C, 1970 Metropolitan Plan Making Monograph 4, Regional Science Research Institute, Philadelphia.
Brand D, Barber B, Jacobs M, 1968 “Techniques for relating transportation improvements and urban development patterns” Highway Research Record 207 53–67.
Braybooke D, Lindblom C E, 1963 A Strategy for Decision (Free Press, New York).
Broadbent T A, 1977 Planning and Profit in the Urban Economy (Methuen, Andover, Hants).
Brown H J, Ginn J R, James F J, Kain J F, Straszheim M R, 1972 Empirical Models of Urban Land Use (National Bureau of Economic Research, New York).
Bruton M J, (Ed.), 1974 “Introduction: General planning and physical planning” in The Spirit and Purpose of Planning (Hutchinson, London) pp 7–22.
CATS, 1962 Transportation Plan, Final Report Chicago Area Transportation Study, Chicago, Ill.
Cherry G E, 1974 The Evaluation of British Town Planning (Leonard Hill, Leighton Buzzard, Beds).
Clark G L, 1980 “Towards a critique of the Tiebout hypothesis” in Politics and Geography: Anglo-American Perspective Eds Burnett A, Taylor P J, (John Wiley, New York).
Cockburn C, 1977 The Local State (Pluto Press, London).
Cullingworth J B, 1960 Housing Needs and Planning Policy (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London).
Dear M J, Clark G, 1978 “The state and geographic process: A critical review” Environment and Planning A 10 173–183.
Dear M J, Scott A J, (Eds), 1981 “The urban question: Towards a framework for analysis” in Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society. (Methuen, London) forthcoming.
DoT, 1972 Urban Transportation Planning: General Information Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Echenique M, 1975 “Urban development models: Fifteen years of experience” in LUBFS Conference Proceedings: Urban Development Models Eds Baxter R, Echenique M, Owers J, (Construction Press, Lancaster, Lanes) pp 19–29.
Evans A W, 1974 “Economics and planning” in Studies in Social Science and Planning Ed. Forbes J, (John Wiley, New York) pp 89–99.
Foley D L, 1964 “An approach to metropolitan spatial structure” in Exploration into Urban Structure Eds Webber M M, Dyckman J W, Foley D L, Guttenberg A Z, Wheaton C W L, Wurster C B, (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pa) pp 21–78.
Friedmann J, 1973 Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning (Doubleday, Garden City, NY).
Geddes P, 1915 Cities in Evolution (Williams and Norgate, London).
Goldner W, 1971 “The Lowry model heritage” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 37 100–110.
Hall P, 1975a Urban and Regional Planning (David and Charles, Newton Abbot, Devon).
Hall P, 1975b “The future of models” in LUBFS Conference Proceedings: Urban Development Models Eds Baxter R, Echenique M, Owers J, (Construction Press, Lancaster, Lanes) pp 297–300.
Hall P, Gracey H, Drewett R, Thomas R, 1973 The Containment of Urban England, Volume 2: The Planning System (Allen and Unwin, London).
Hamburg J R, Creighton R L, 1959 “Predicting Chicago's land use pattern” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25 67–72.
Hansen W G, 1959 “How accessibility shapes land use” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25 73–76.
Harris B, 1965 “New tools for planning” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 90–95.
Harris B, 1968 “Conference summary and recommendations” in Urban Development Models Ed. Hemmens G C, special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 3–27.
Harris B, 1978 “A note on planning theory” Environment and Planning A 10 221–224.
Harvey D, 1975 “The political economy of urbanization in advanced capitalist economies: The case of the United States” in The Social Economy of Cities Eds Gappert G, Rose H M, (Sage, Beverly Hills, Calif.) pp 119–163.
Harvey D, 1978 “Labor, capital, and class struggle around the built environment in advanced capitalist societies” in Urbanization and Conflict in Market Societies Ed. Cox K, (Methuen, Andover, Hants) pp 9–37.
Headey B, 1978 Housing Policy in the Developed Economy (Croom Helm, London).
Hemmens G C, (Ed.), 1968a Urban Development Models special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC.
Hemmens G C, (Ed.), 1968b “Survey of planning agency experience with urban development models, data processing, and computers” in Urban Development Models special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 219–230.
Herbert J D, Stevens B H, 1960 “A model for the distribution of residential activity in cities” Journal of Regional Science 2 21–36.
Hill D M, 1965 “A growth allocation model for the Boston region” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 111–120.
Kain J F, Quigley J M, 1975 Housing Markets and Racial Discrimination: A Microeconomic Analysis (National Bureau of Economic Research, New York).
Kaplan M, 1964 “The planner, general planning, and the city” Land Economics 40 295–302.
Kaplan M, 1973 Urban Planning in the 1960s (Praeger, New York).
Keats J, 1957 The Crack in the Picture Window (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Mass).
Kuhn T S, 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.).
Lakshmanan T R, Hansen W G, 1965 “A retail market potential model” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 134–143.
Lathrop G T, Hamburg J R, 1965 “An opportunity-accessibility model for allocating regional growth” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 95–103.
Lee D B, 1973 “Requiem for large scale models” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 39 163–178.
Los M, 1978 “Some reflections on epistemology, design and planning theory” report 110, Centre de Recherche sur les Transports, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
Lowry I S, 1964 A Model of Metropolis RM-4035-RC, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.
Lowry I S, 1968 “Seven models of urban development: A structural comparison” in Urban Development Models Ed. Hemmens G C, special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 121–146.
Lunqvist L, 1975 “Transportation analysis and activity location in land use planning, with application to the Stockholm region” in Dynamic Allocation of Urban Space Eds Karlqvist A, Lunqvist L, Snickars F, (D C Heath, Farnborough, Hants) pp 227–257.
Mandel E, 1978 Late Capitalism (Verso, London).
March L, 1975 “Models, modes and mores” in LUBFS Conference Proceedings: Urban Development Models Eds Baxter R, Echenique M, Owers J, (Construction Press, Lancaster, Lanes) pp 301–310.
MWP, 1943 Report of the Committee on Land Utilization in Rural Areas (HMSO, London).
Moore T, 1978 “Why allow planners to do what they do? A justification from economic theory” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 44 387–398.
Mumford L, 1961 The City in History (Harcourt, Brace and World, New York).
Murie A, Niner P, Watson C J, 1976 Housing Policy and the Housing System (Allen and Unwin, London).
Neutra R, 1954 Survival through Design (Oxford University Press, New York).
Pack J R, 1978 Urban Models: Diffusion and Policy Applications monograph 7, Regional Science Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.
Robinson I M, Wolfe H B, Barringer R L, 1965 “A simulation model for renewal programming” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 126–134.
Rose E A, 1974 “Philosophy and purpose of planning” in The Spirit and Purpose of Planning Ed. Bruton M J, (Hutchinson, London) pp 23–65.
Ross W B, 1968 “Opening statement” in Urban Development Models Ed. Hemmens G C, special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 21–23.
Roweis S T, Scott A J, 1978 “The urban land question” in Urbanization and Conflict in Market Societies Ed. Cox K, (Methuen, Andover, Hants) pp 38–75.
Sayer R A, 1976 “A critique of urban modelling” Progress in Planning 6 187–254.
Sayer R A, 1979a “Understanding urban models versus understanding cities” Environment and Planning A 11 853–862.
Sayer R A, 1979b “Philosophic bases of the critique of urban modelling: A reply to Wilson” Environment and Planning A 11 1055–1067.
Schlager K J, 1965 “A land-use design model” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 31 103–111.
Scott A J, Roweis S T, 1977 “Urban planning in theory and practice: A reappraisal” Environment and Planning A 9 1097–1119.
SELNEC Transportation Study, 1972 A Broad Plan for 1984 Town Hall, Manchester, England.
Simon H A, 1965 “The architecture of complexity” General Systems 10 63–76.
Steger W A, Lakshmanan T R, 1968 “Plan evaluation methodologies: Some aspects of decision requirements and analytical response” in Urban Development Models Ed. Hemmens G C, special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 33–72.
Sweezy P M, 1970 The Theory of Capitalist Development (Monthly Review Press, New York).
Tiebout C M, 1956 “A pure theory of local expenditures” Journal of Political Economy 64 416–424.
Voorhees A M, 1959 “The nature and uses of models in city planning” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25 57–60.
Walker B, 1980 “Urban planning and social welfare” Environment and Planning A 12 217–225.
Walker R A, 1978 “The transformation of urban structure in the nineteenth century and the beginning of suburbanization” in Urbanization and Conflict in Market Societies Ed. Cox K, (Methuen, Andover, Hants) pp 165–212.
Webber M J, 1972 Impact of Uncertainty on Location (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass).
Wheaton W L C, 1964 “Public and private agents of change in urban expansion” in Exploration into Urban Structure Eds Webber M M, Dyckman J W, Foley D L, Guttenberg A Z, Wheaton C W L, Wurster C B, (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pa) pp 154–196.
Whyte W, 1958 The Exploding Metropolis (Anchor Books, Garden City, NY).
Wilson A G, 1974 Urban and Regional Models in Geography and Planning (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex).
Wurster C B, 1964 “Introduction” in Exploration into Urban Structure Eds Webber M M, Dyckman J W, Foley D L, Guttenberg A Z, Wheaton C W L, Wurster C B, (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pa) pp 9–13.
Zwick C J, 1968 “Opening statement” in Urban Development Models Ed. Hemmens G C, special report 97, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 23–30.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published: June 1981
Issue published: June 1981

Rights and permissions

© 1981 SAGE Publications.
Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

M J Webber
Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 41

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Altmetric

See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores



Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 3 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 2

  1. Mortgage Interest Deductions and the Consumption Theory of Land Rent
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Empirical Tests and Sensitivity Analysis of a Model of Residential and...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub