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Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects: A Clarification of Hypotheses and Approaches *

Steven L. Chown

†Author names are in alphabetical order.

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Allen G. Gibbs

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Stefan K. Hetz

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C. Jaco Klok

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John R. B. Lighton

‡Corresponding author; e‐mail: [email protected].

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, and

Elrike Marais

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¹Spatial, Physiological, and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; ²Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154; ³Department of Animal Physiology, Humboldt University at Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; ⁴Sable Systems International, 7231 S. Eastern Avenue B199, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119

Abstract

Many adult and diapausing pupal insects exchange respiratory gases discontinuously in a three‐phase discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC). We summarize the known biophysical characteristics of the DGC and describe current research on the role of convection and diffusion in the DGC, emphasizing control of respiratory water loss. We summarize the main theories for the evolutionary genesis (or, alternatively, nonadaptive genesis) of the DGC: reduction in respiratory water loss (the hygric hypothesis), optimizing gas exchange in hypoxic and hypercapnic environments (the chthonic hypothesis), the hybrid of these two (the chthonic‐hygric hypothesis), reducing the toxic properties of oxygen (the oxidative damage hypothesis), the outcome of interactions between O₂ and CO₂ control set points (the emergent property hypothesis), and protection against parasitic invaders (the strolling arthropods hypothesis). We describe specific techniques that are being employed to measure respiratory water loss in the presence or absence of the DGC in an attempt to test the hygric hypothesis, such as the hyperoxic switch and H₂O/CO₂ regression, and summarize specific areas of the field that are likely to be profitable directions for future research.

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

Volume 79, Number 2March/April 2006

Sponsored by Division of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology

Article DOI

https://doi.org/10.1086/499992

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History

Accepted 4/25/2005

Journal History

This article was published in Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-2023), which is continued by Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology (2024-present).

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Katrin Jõgar, Aare Kuusik, Angela Ploomi, Luule Metspalu, Ingrid Williams, Külli Hiiesaar, Irja Kivimägi, Marika Mänd, Tea Tasa, Anne Luik Oxygen convective uptakes in gas exchange cycles in early diapause pupae of Pieris brassicae, Journal of Experimental Biology 214, no.1717 (Sep 2011): 2816–2822.
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Roberto F. Nespolo, Loreto Correa, Cristian X. Pérez-Apablaza, Pablo Cortés, José L. Bartheld Energy metabolism and the postprandial response of the Chilean tarantulas, Euathlus truculentus (Araneae: Theraphosidae), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 159, no.44 (Aug 2011): 379–382.
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Steven L. Chown, Jesper G. Sørensen, John S. Terblanche Water loss in insects: An environmental change perspective, Journal of Insect Physiology 57, no.88 (Aug 2011): 1070–1084.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.05.004

Melissa A. Albers and Timothy J. Bradley On the Evolution of Saline Tolerance in the Larvae of Mosquitoes in the Genus Ochlerotatus, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 84, no.33 (Jul 2015): 258–267.
https://doi.org/10.1086/659769

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