Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review
DENIS A. SAUNDERS,
RICHARD J. HOBBS,
CHRIS R. MARGULES,
DENIS A. SAUNDERS
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology LMB 4 P.O. Midland Western Australia 6056, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD J. HOBBS
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology LMB 4 P.O. Midland Western Australia 6056, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCHRIS R. MARGULES
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology P.O. Box 84 Lyneham Australian Capital Territory 2602, Australia
Search for more papers by this author
DENIS A. SAUNDERS,
RICHARD J. HOBBS,
CHRIS R. MARGULES,
DENIS A. SAUNDERS
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology LMB 4 P.O. Midland Western Australia 6056, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD J. HOBBS
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology LMB 4 P.O. Midland Western Australia 6056, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCHRIS R. MARGULES
CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology P.O. Box 84 Lyneham Australian Capital Territory 2602, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
enAbstract. Abstract Research on fragmented ecosystems has focused mostly on the biogeograpbic consequences of the creation of habitat “islands” of different sizes and has provided little of practical value to managers. However, ecosystem fragmentation causes large changes in the physical environment as well as biogeograpbic changes. Fragmentation generally results in a landscape that consists of remnant areas of native vegetation surrounded by a matrix of agricultural or other developed land. As a result fluxes of radiation, momentum (La, wind), water, and nutrients across the landscape are altered significantly. These in turn can have important influences on biota within remnant areas, especially at or near the edge between the remnant and the surrounding matrix. The isolation of remnant areas by clearing also has important consequences for the biota. These consequences vary with the time since isolation distance from other remnants, and degree of connectivity with other remnants. The influences of physical and biogeographic changes are modified by the size, shape, and position in the landscape of individual remnant, with larger remnants being less adversely affected by the fragmentation process. The Dynamics of remnant areas are predominantly driven by factors arising in the surrounding landscape. Management of, and research on, fragmented ecosystems should be directed at understanding and controlling these external influences as much as at the biota of the remnants themselves. There is a strong need to develop an integrated approach to landscape management that places conservation reserves in the context of the overall landscape
Abstract
esResumen: Resumen: La investigación sobre los ecosistemas fragmentados se ha enfocado principalmente en las comnsecuencias biogeograficas de la creación de “islas” de habitat de diferentes tamanios y ha sido de muy poco valor practico para los manejadores del rescurso. Como quiera que sea, la fragmenentes de los ecosistemas causa grandes cambios en el medio ambiente fisico asi como en el ambito biogeografico. La fragmentación resulta generalmente en terrenos que consisten de areas remanentes de vegetación native rodeada de una matriz de tierras agricolas u otras formas de uso de la tierra. Como un resultado de esto, el flujo de la radiación, del momentum (ej el viento), del agua y de los nutrientes a través de la tierra son alterados significativamente. Esto en su turno, puede influenciar e la biota dentro de las areas remanentes, especialmente en o cerca de los limites entre los remanentes y la matriz que los rodea. El aislamiento de las areas remanentes por la tala también tiene importantes consecuencias para la biota y estas consecuencias varian con, el tiempo desde el momento del aislamiento la distancia hasta los otros remanentes y el grado de conección entre ellos. La influencia de los cambios fisicos y biogeograficos es modi- ficada por el tamatno, la forma y la posición en el terreno de remanentes individuals siendo los remanentes grandes los menos afectados adversamante por el proceso de flagmentación. La dinamica de las areas remanmtes son dirigidas predominantemente por factores que surgen en el terreno circundante. El manejo y la investigación de los eeosistemas fiagmentados deberia de dirigirse tanto al entendimiento y control de estas influencias externas como a las biotas re-manentes en si. Hay una fuerte necesidad para el desarrollo de un enfoque integrado en el manejo de tierras que coloca a las reservas para la conservación en el contecto del terreno en general.
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