Gender Differences in the Perceived Effectiveness of Narcissistic Leaders
Corresponding Author
Annebel H.B. De Hoogh
Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Address for correspondence: Annebel H.B. De Hoogh, University of Amsterdam, Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDeanne N. Den Hartog
Department of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, University of Amsterdam Business School, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorBarbora Nevicka
Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Annebel H.B. De Hoogh
Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Address for correspondence: Annebel H.B. De Hoogh, University of Amsterdam, Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDeanne N. Den Hartog
Department of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, University of Amsterdam Business School, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorBarbora Nevicka
Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Researchers have obtained inconsistent results on the relationship between leader narcissism and leader effectiveness evaluations. Here we draw on social role theory and recent findings on prescriptive gender stereotypes to propose that leader's and follower's gender influence the degree to which narcissistic leaders are perceived as effective. Narcissistic female leaders lack stereotypically gender appropriate qualities (e.g. kindness) and demonstrate undesirable qualities associated with the other gender (e.g. arrogance). This combination is potentially threatening to the traditionally higher status of males, thus resulting in poor leader effectiveness ratings, especially by male subordinates. Conversely, we expect narcissism to be tolerated in male leaders. We find support for this idea in a study on 145 leader subordinate dyads. Female narcissistic leaders were seen as less effective than male narcissistic leaders. However, looking more closely, these lower ratings were only found when male subordinates served as raters. Specifically, male subordinates rated female narcissistic leaders lower while their effectiveness ratings of male leaders were not affected by narcissism. Female subordinates showed no gender bias in their effectiveness evaluations of narcissistic leaders. Thus, gender differences may be an important source of inconsistencies in evaluations of narcissistic leaders.
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