Mesozoic C-cycle perturbations and climate: evidence for increased resilience of the Cretaceous biosphere to greenhouse pulses
Publication: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
15 January 2019
Abstract
The Mesozoic C-isotope record traces the history of the global carbon cycle. Major perturbations of the carbon cycle triggered by extraordinary volcanic activity are recorded in negative spikes coupled with positive C-isotope excursions. Prominent examples are the C-isotope anomaly events at the Permian–Triassic boundary and at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary, in the Toarcian or in the Aptian. While the major volcanic pulses at the Permian–Triassic and Triassic–Jurassic boundaries are considered as the main trigger of mass extinctions, carbon cycle perturbations in the Jurassic and Cretaceous were not accompanied by comparable extreme changes in marine or terrestrial biota. The data suggest either that changes in degassing of large igneous provinces explain the difference in the biota’s response to perturbation or (and) that the resilience of the Mesozoic biosphere to volcanic pulses changed through time. It is hypothesized that two factors contributed to the increased resilience of the biosphere in the Late Mesozoic: (1) starting in the Middle Jurassic, pelagic carbonate developed into an important sink of CO2 in the long-term carbon cycle, contributing to increased resilience of the carbon cycle to perturbations, and (2) increasing fragmentation of Pangea resulted in the establishment of a transequatorial current system coupled with equatorial upwelling. This circulation pattern was intensified during greenhouse pulses. Increased marine productivity and widespread basinal anoxia favoured burial of organic carbon. Increased resilience of the Cretaceous biosphere against volcanic activity may explain why Deccan Trap volcanism was no longer sufficient as a trigger of a mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.
Résumé
Le registre mésozoïque des isotopes du C retrace l’histoire du cycle planétaire du carbone. De grandes perturbations du cycle du carbone déclenchées par une activité volcanique exceptionnelle sont enregistrées par des pointes négatives jumelées à des excursions positives des isotopes du C. Parmi les principaux exemples figurent les anomalies d’isotopes du C aux limites Permo–Trias et Trias–Jurassique dans le Toarcien ou dans l’Aptien. Si les grandes pointes d’activité volcanique aux limites Permo–Trias et Trias–Jurassique sont considérées comme les principaux déclencheurs d’extinctions massives, les perturbations du cycle du C au Jurassique et au Crétacé n’étaient pas accompagnées de telles modifications extrêmes des biotes marins ou terrestres. Les données donnent à penser que des modifications du dégazage de grandes provinces ignées expliquent les réactions différentes des biotes aux perturbations ou que la résilience de la biosphère mésozoïque aux pointes de volcanisme a changé au fil du temps. Il est postulé que deux facteurs ont contribué à accroître la résilience de la biosphère au Mésozoïque tardif, à savoir : (1) à partir du Jurassique moyen, le carbonate pélagique est devenu un important puits de CO2 dans le cycle du carbone à long terme, contribuant à accroître la résilience du cycle du carbone aux perturbations, et (2) la fragmentation accrue de la Pangée a mené à l’établissement d’un système de courants transéquatoriaux jumelé à la remontée des eaux équatoriales. Ce mode de circulation s’est intensifié durant des pointes d’effet de serre. Une productivité marine accrue et une anoxie répandue dans les bassins ont favorisé l’enfouissement de carbone organique. La résilience accrue de la biosphère crétacée à l’activité volcanique pourrait expliquer pourquoi le volcanisme des trappes du Deccan n’a pas suffi à déclencher une extinction massive à la limite Crétacé–Paléogène. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Volume 56 • Number 12 • December 2019
Pages: 1366 - 1374
History
Received: 15 September 2018
Accepted: 11 January 2019
Accepted manuscript online: 15 January 2019
Version of record online: 15 January 2019
Notes
This paper is part of a Special issue entitled “Understanding tectonic processes and their consequences: a tribute to A.M. Celâl Şengör”.
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Helmut Weissert. 2019. Mesozoic C-cycle perturbations and climate: evidence for increased resilience of the Cretaceous biosphere to greenhouse pulses. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 56(12): 1366-1374. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0227