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Depositional environments of the Early Proterozoic Espanola Formation, Ontario, Canada

Publication: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
April 1990

Abstract

The carbonate-rich Espanola Formation forms part of the Huronian Supergroup, deposited in Early Proterozoic time between about 2.5 and 2.1 Ga ago. The Espanola Formation overlies glacigenic diamictites of the Bruce Formation and is gradationally overlain by fluvial sandstones of the Serpent Formation. In the southern part of the outcrop belt, the Espanola Formation comprises a lower limestone member, a middle siltstone member, and an upper heterolithic member. These rocks record what may be the first marine incursion in the early Huronian and perhaps indicate a pre-rift phase of sedimentation. The limestone and siltstone members reflect low-energy conditions with sporadic influxes of fine-grained siliciclastics and carbonate debris from turbidity or storm-derived currents. Deposition took place subtidally, either in a shallow-marine setting or in a large lake, following the end of Bruce glaciation. Deposition of the coarser grained heterolithic member took place in higher energy environments, dominated by shallow-marine tide and storm processes.In the study area, most carbonate is detrital in origin. Paleocurrents suggest a northerly source. The restricted nature of the basin, postglacial warming, and shallower marine conditions could have been factors in carbonate precipitation.

Résumé

La Formation d'Espanola, faisant partie du Supergroupe Huronien, est un dépôt riche en carbonate daté de 2,5 à 2,1 Ga, soit du Protérozoïque précoce. La Formation d'Espanola recouvre les diamictites glaciogéniques de la Formation de Bruce, et elle est surmontée des grès fluviatiles de la Formation de Serpent. Dans la partie sud de la ceinture de roches exposées, la Formation d'Espanola inclut un membre inférieur de calcaire, un membre central de siltite et un membre supérieur hétérolithique. Ces roches témoignent de ce qui pourrait être la première incursion marine de l'Huronien précoce et indiquent, possiblement, une phase de sédimentation ayant précédé le stade de distension. Les membres formés de calcaires et de siltites reflètent des conditions faiblement énergétiques, accompagnées d'apports sporadiques de débris silicoclastiques et carbonatés dérivés de courants de tempêtes ou de turbidité. La sédimentation a pris place en milieu subtidal, soit dans un contexte de mer peu profonde ou d'un très grand lac, succédant la fin de la glaciation de Bruce. Le dépôt du membre hétérolithique, à grain plus grossier, a pris place en milieux plus énergétiques, dominés par des processus de marées d'eau peu profonde et de tempêtes.Dans la région étudiée les carbonates sont en général d'origine détritique. Les paléocourants dévoilent une source nourricière vers le nord. L'étroitesse du bassin, le réchauffement postglaciaire et les conditions de mer peu profonde sont des facteurs qui ont influencé la précipitation des carbonates. [Traduit par la revue]

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cover image Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Volume 27Number 4April 1990
Pages: 539 - 551

History

Version of record online: 8 February 2011

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16. Geochemistry of precambrian carbonates: IV. Early paleoproterozoic (2.25 ± 0.25 ga) seawater

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