Animal Models for Evaluation of Bone Implants and Devices: Comparative Bone Structure and Common Model Uses
Abstract
Evaluating Implants In Vivo: Biological Relevance, Biofunctionality, Biocompatibility/Safety, and Clinical Relevance/Efficacy
Biological Relevance
Biofunctionality
Biocompatibility/Safety
Clinical Relevance/Efficacy
Diseases/Conditions Commonly Modeled
Enhancing Osteoinductive and Chondrogenic Potential After Injury
Large Bone Defects and Nonunions
Implant-Related Complications
Human Bone: Terminology, Organization, and Development
Terminology
Organization
Development
Factors to Consider When Selecting a Model
Factor | Implications for Model |
---|---|
Implant site | Cancellous vs cortical vs specialized (ie, alveolar bone in oral cavity) |
Microstructure at implant site | |
Bone large enough to accept human-sized implant | |
Vascular supply to bone | |
Adjacent soft tissue that will be disturbed during implantation/provide vascular support | |
Control groups and materials | Autologous graft availability (gold standard for bone repair material) |
Sham-operated sites | |
Nutrition | Reduced healing under food restriction or reduced ability to eat postimplant28,76 |
Age | Greater bone and cartilage healing ability in younger animals15,57 |
Genetic background | Strain variability, inbred vs outbred34,43 |
Species | Secondary Centers of Ossification Present at Birth28 | Macroscopic Similarity to Human Bone37,52–53,60 | Microscopic Structure45,60,62,64,81 | Osteonal Remodeling10,28,48,56,66 | Age of Skeletal Maturity3,11,15,52 | Average Cartilage Thickness (Femur, mm)16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Yes, limited to distal femur and proximal tibia | NA | Circumferential lamellar bone with extensive remodeling | Yes (in utero) | 16–20 y15,84 | 2.2–2.523 |
NHP | No | Very similar | Similar to human | Yes (age varies by species) | 5 y (baboon), 7 y (rhesus) | 0.57–0.72 (cynomolgus)7,13 |
Rodent | No | Not similar | Primary bone predominates over life span | Minimal, advanced age | ∼26 wk, with potential for continuous growth68 | 0.030–0.1 (mouse), 0.17 (rat)73 |
Rabbit | No | Minimally similar | Primary bone predominates, secondary osteons develop with age | Minimal, advanced age | 8–11 mo | 0.2–0.44 |
Dog | No | Moderately similar | Plexiform bone, some remodeling to small secondary osteons | Yes (<1 y) | 10–18 mo83 | 0.6–1.3 |
Pig | Yes | Moderately similar | Plexiform with transition to dense secondary osteonal | Yes (>6 m) | 18–24 mo (mini),75 2–4 y (conventional) | 1.5 |
Small ruminant | Yes | Very similar | Plexiform until 7–9 y (sheep), heterogeneous secondary osteonal with age (goat) | Yes (>1 y) | 15–18 mo (sheep), 2–3 y (goat) | 0.4–0.5 (sheep), 0.6–1.7 (goat)57 |
Rodents
Model Uses
Relevance to Human Bone and Joint Conditions
Guinea Pig
Rabbit
Model Uses
Relevance to Human Bone and Joint Conditions
Dog
Model Uses
Relevance to Human Bone and Joint Conditions
Pig (Conventional and Minipig)
Model Uses
Relevance to Human Bone and Joint Conditions
Sheep and Goats
Model Uses
Relevance to Human Bone and Joint Conditions
NHPs
Study Design, Nomenclature, and Scoring Criteria for Bone/Joint Implants
Issuing Organization | Primary Category | Standard No. | Standard Name |
---|---|---|---|
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | Biocompatibility | 10993-6 | Tests for local effects after implantation |
10993-11 | Tests for systemic toxicity | ||
ASTM (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials) | Biocompatibility | F748—06 (2010) | Standard Practice for Selecting Generic Biological Test Methods for Materials and Devices |
F763—04 (2010) | Standard Practice for Short-Term Screening of Implant Materials | ||
F981—04 (2010) | Standard Practice for Assessment of Compatibility of Biomaterials for Surgical Implants with Respect to Effect of Materials on Muscle and Bone | ||
F1027—86 (2012) | Standard Practice for Assessment of Tissue and Cell Compatibility of Orofacial Prosthetic Materials and Devices | ||
F1408—97 (2013) | Standard Practice for Subcutaneous Screening Test for Implant Materials | ||
F1439—03 (2013) | Standard Guide for Performance of Lifetime Bioassay for the Tumorigenic Potential of Implant Materials | ||
F1904—14 | Standard Practice for Testing the Biological Responses to Particles In Vivo | ||
F1983—99 (2008) | Standard Practice for Assessment of Compatibility of Absorbable/Resorbable Biomaterials for Implant Applications | ||
Biofunctionality | F2721-09 | Standard Guide for Preclinical In Vivo Evaluation in Critical Sized Segmental Bone Defects | |
F2451—05 (2010) | Standard Guide for In Vivo Assessment of Implantable Devices Intended to Repair or Regenerate Articular Cartilage | ||
F2529—13 | Standard Guide for In Vivo Evaluation of Osteoinductive Potential for Materials Containing Demineralized Bone (DBM) | ||
F2721—09 | Standard Guide for Preclinical In Vivo Evaluation in Critical Size Segmental Bone Defects | ||
F2884—12 | Standard Guide for Preclinical In Vivo Evaluation of Spinal Fusion |
Concluding Thoughts
Acknowledgements
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
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