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Abstract

Abstract

Objective:

Our study examined the stress level and psychological distress of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) survivors 1 year after the outbreak.

Method:

During the SARS outbreak in 2003, we used the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) to assess SARS survivors treated in 2 major hospitals (non–health care workers, n = 49; health care workers, n = 30). We invited SARS survivors from the same hospitals (non–health care workers, n = 63; health care workers, n = 33) to complete the PSS-10 again in 2004. At that time, they were also asked to complete the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and measures of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic symptoms. PSS-10 scores were also obtained from matched community control subjects during the outbreak (n = 145) and again in 2004 (n = 112).

Results:

SARS survivors had higher stress levels during the outbreak, compared with control subjects (PSS-10 scores =19.8 and 17.9, respectively; P < 0.01), and this persisted 1 year later (PSS-10 scores =19.9 and 17.3, respectively; P < 0.01) without signs of decrease. In 2004, SARS survivors also showed worrying levels of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic symptoms. An alarming proportion (64%) scored above the GHQ-12 cut-off that suggests psychiatric morbidity. During the outbreak, health care worker SARS survivors had stress levels similar to those of non–health care workers, but health care workers showed significantly higher stress levels in 2004 (PSS-10 score = 22.8, compared with PSS-10 score = 18.4; P < 0.05) and had higher depression, anxiety, posttraumatic symptoms, and GHQ-12 scores.

Conclusions:

One year after the outbreak, SARS survivors still had elevated stress levels and worrying levels of psychological distress. The situation of health care worker SARS survivors is particularly worrying. The long-term psychological implications of infectious diseases should not be ignored. Mental health services could play an important role in rehabilitation.

Résumé

Objectif:

Notre étude a examiné le niveau de stress et de détresse psychologique des survivants du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS), 1 an après l'épidémie.

Méthode:

Durant l'épidémie de SRAS en 2003, nous avons utilisé l'échelle de stress perçu en 10 items (PSS-10) pour évaluer les survivants du SRAS traités dans 2 grands hôpitaux (travailleurs de la santé, n = 49; non-travailleurs de la santé, n = 30). Nous avons invité les survivants du SRAS des mêmes hôpitaux (travailleurs de la santé, n = 63; non-travailleurs de la santé, n = 33) à remplir la PSS-10 de nouveau en 2004. On leur a également demandé, au même moment, de répondre au Questionnaire sur l'état de santé général (GHQ-12) et à des mesures de la dépression, de l'anxiété et des symptômes post-traumatiques. Des scores à la PSS-10 ont aussi été obtenus de sujets témoins assortis de la communauté durant l'épidémie (n = 145) et ensuite en 2004 (n = 112).

Résultats:

Comparés aux sujets témoins, les survivants du SRAS avaient des niveaux de stress plus élevés durant l'épidémie (scores à la PSS-10 = 19,8 et 17,9, respectivement; P < 0,01), et cela a persisté 1 an plus tard (scores à la PSS-10 = 19,9 et 17,3, respectivement; P < 0,01) sans signe de diminution. En 2004, les survivants du SRAS montraient aussi des niveaux inquiétants de dépression, d'anxiété et de symptômes post-traumatiques. Une proportion alarmante (64%) a obtenu des scores au-dessus du seuil d'inclusion du GHQ-12 qui suggère une morbidité psychiatrique. Durant l'épidémie, les travailleurs de la santé ayant survécu au SRAS avaient des niveaux de stress semblables à ceux des non-travailleurs de la santé, mais les travailleurs de la santé présentaient un stress significativement plus élevé en 2004 (score à la PSS-10 = 22,8, comparé au score à la PSS-10 = 18,4; P < 0,05) et avaient des taux plus élevés de dépression, d'anxiété et de symptômes post-traumatiques, et des scores plus élevés au GHQ-12.

Conclusions:

Un an après l'épidémie, les survivants du SRAS avaient encore des niveaux de stress élevés et des taux inquiétants de détresse psychologique. La situation des travailleurs de la santé ayant survécu au SRAS est particulièrement préoccupante. Les implications psychologiques à long terme de maladies infectieuses ne doivent pas être ignorées. Les services de santé mentale pourraient jouer un rôle important dans le rétablissement.

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Published In

Article first published: April 2007
Issue published: April 2007

Keywords

  1. severe acute respiratory syndrome
  2. SARS
  3. depression
  4. anxiety
  5. posttraumatic symptoms
  6. long-term psychological distress
  7. health care workers
  8. infectious disease outbreak
  9. Hong Kong

Rights and permissions

© 2007 Canadian Psychiatric Association.
Request permissions for this article.
PubMed: 17500304

Authors

Affiliations

Antoinette M Lee, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Josephine GWS Wong, MRCPsych
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Grainne M McAlonan, MBBS, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Vinci Cheung, MPhil
PhD Candidate, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Charlton Cheung, BSc
PhD Candidate, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Pak C Sham, MRCPsych, PhD
Chair Professor in Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Chung-Ming Chu, FRCP
Head, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine & Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Honorary Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Poon-Chuen Wong, MRCP
Consultant, TB and Chest Unit, Department of Medicine, Grantham Hospital, Wong Chuk Hang, Hong Kong SAR, China
Kenneth WT Tsang, FRCP
Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
Siew E Chua, MRCPsych
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China

Notes

Address for correspondence: Josephine GWS Wong, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; [email protected]

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