The Clinical Relevance of a Socioecological Conceptualization of Self-Worth
Abstract
Low self-worth pervades discussions of psychopathology, is a central feature of many psychiatric disorders, and appears in conceptions of psychological distress in a range of cultural contexts. Explication of this aspect of self-evaluation offers clinical utility especially when adequate attention is paid to social and cultural aspects of the self. In this paper, we propose that refining the conceptualization of self-worth as felt perceptions of one’s mattering and deservingness of equity and psychological, social, and material resources offers a unique clinical utility. We present an argument for this definition of self-worth, building on existing literature, as a relativistic construct informed and reinforced by dynamic feedback from intrapersonal, interpersonal, sociocultural, and structural socioecological levels. To highlight that self-worth has been an implied but under-examined concept, we follow with a selective review of psychological and sociological perspectives of self-esteem and related constructs. We conclude with a discussion of our conceptualization’s implications for measurement and treatment, including the potential transdiagnostic utility of self-worth.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
Ainsworth M. D. S. (Ed.). (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; distributed by Halsted Press Division of Wiley.
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Ang R. P., Neubronner M., Oh S.-A., Leong V. (2006). Dimensionality of Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale among normal-technical stream students in Singapore. Current Psychology, 25(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-006-1007-3
Bachman J. G., O’Malley P. M., Freedman-Doan P., Trzesniewski K. H., Donnellan M. B. (2011). Adolescent self-esteem: Differences by race/ethnicity, gender, and age. Self and Identity: The Journal of the International Society for Self and Identity, 10(4), 445–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298861003794538
Bandura A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan.
Baral S., Logie C. H., Grosso A., Wirtz A. L., Beyrer C. (2013). Modified social ecological model: A tool to guide the assessment of the risks and risk contexts of HIV epidemics. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 482. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-482
Batchelder A. W., Brisbane M., Litwin A. H., Nahvi S., Berg K. M., Arnsten J. H. (2013). “Damaging what wasn’t damaged already”: Psychological tension and antiretroviral adherence among HIV-infected methadone-maintained drug users. AIDS Care, 25(11), 1370–1374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.766303
Batchelder A. W., Choi K., Dale S. K., Pierre-Louis C., Sweek E. W., Ironson G., Safren S. A., O’Cleirigh C. (2019). Effects of syndemic psychiatric diagnoses on health indicators in men who have sex with men. Health Psychology, 38(6), 509–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000724
Batchelder A. W., Foley J. D., Kim J., Thiim A., Kelly J., Mayer K., O’Cleirigh C. (2021). Intersecting internalized stigmas and HIV self-care among men who have sex with men and who use substances. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 275, 113824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113824
Batchelder A. W., Gonzalez J. S., Palma A., Schoenbaum E., Lounsbury D. W. (2015a). A social ecological model of syndemic risk affecting women with and at-risk for HIV in impoverished urban communities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56(3–4), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9750-y
Batchelder A. W., Peyser D., Nahvi S., Arnsten J. H., Litwin A. H. (2015b). “Hepatitis C treatment turned me around”: Psychological and behavioral transformation related to hepatitis C treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 153, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.007
Baumeister R. F., Campbell J. D., Krueger J. I., Vohs K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 4(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431
Baumeister R. F., Vohs K. D. (2018). Revisiting our reappraisal of the (surprisingly few) benefits of high self-esteem. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617701185
Behnke A. O., Plunkett S. W., Sands T., Bámaca-Colbert M. Y. (2011). The relationship between Latino adolescents’ perceptions of discrimination, neighborhood risk, and parenting on self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(7), 1179–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110383424
Bertschy G., Viel J. F., Ahyi R. G. (1992). Depression in Benin: An assessment using the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale and the principal component analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25(3), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(92)90003-O
Blumer H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. University of California Press.
Borge L., Fagermoen M. S. (2008). Patients’ core experiences of hospital treatment: Wholeness and self-worth in time and space. Journal of Mental Health, 17(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230701505996
Bowlby J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
Bowleg L., Bauer G. (2016). Invited reflection: Quantifying intersectionality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316654282
Brady L. M., Fryberg S. A., Shoda Y. (2018). Expanding the interpretive power of psychological science by attending to culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(45), 11406–11413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803526115
Bronfenbrenner U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
Bronfenbrenner U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Bronfenbrenner U., Ceci S. J. (1994). Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.568
Brown J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-evaluation: Feeling is believing. In The self in social perspective (pp. 27–58). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brown K. M., McMahon R. P., Biro F. M., Crawford P., Schreiber G. B., Similo S. L., Waclawiw M., Striegel-Moore R. (1998). Changes in self-esteem in black and white girls between the ages of 9 and 14 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 23(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00238-3
Bulger C. (2013). Self-conscious emotions: A new direction for emotion research in occupational stress and well-being. In The Role of Emotion and Emotion Regulation in Job Stress and Well Being (Vol. 11, pp. 225–256). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Cameron J. J., Granger S. (2019). Does self-esteem have an interpersonal imprint beyond self-reports? A meta-analysis of self-esteem and objective interpersonal indicators. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 23(1), 73–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318756532
Capitanio J. P., Herek G. M. (1999). AIDS-related stigma and attitudes toward injecting drug users among Black and White Americans. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(7), 1148–1161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764299042007007
Carragher N., Mewton L., Slade T., Teesson M. (2011). An item response analysis of the DSM-IV criteria for major depression: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1–2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.033
Cassidy. (2018). Handbook of attachment. Guilford Press.
Cassidy J., Jones J. D., Shaver P. R. (2013). Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 Pt 2), 1415–1434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000692
Cha M. (2016). The mediation effect of mattering and self-esteem in the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and depression: Based on the social disconnection model. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.008
Choi C., Ferro M. A. (2018). Comparing self-concept among youth currently receiving inpatient versus outpatient mental health services. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(1), 57–62.
Clark L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 505–521. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.505
Cohn D. (2015, September 30). How U.S. immigration laws and rules have changed through history. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/30/how-u-s-immigration-laws-and-rules-have-changed-through-history/
Collins R. L. (1996). For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.51
Collins R. L. (2000). Among the better ones: Upward assimilation in social comparison. In Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research (pp. 159–171). Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_9
Cooley C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. In The social self: On the meanings of ‘I’ (pp. 136–141). Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Coopersmith S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. W.H. Freeman.
Corrigan P. W. (1998). The impact of stigma on severe mental illness. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5(2), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(98)80006-0
Corrigan P. W., Watson A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16–20.
Corruble E., Chouinard V.-A., Letierce A., Gorwood P. A. P. M., Chouinard G. (2009). Is DSM-IV bereavement exclusion for major depressive episode relevant to severity and pattern of symptoms? A case-control, cross-sectional study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(8), 1091–1097. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04475
Covington M. (2009). Self-worth theory: Retrospection and prospects. In Handbook of motivation at school. Routledge.
Covington M. V. (1984). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. The Elementary School Journal, 85(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1086/461388
Covington M. V., Beery R. G. (1976). Self-worth and school learning (pp. 77–166). Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Crocker J. (1999). Social stigma and self-esteem: Situational construction of self-worth. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1998.1369
Crocker J., Knight K. M. (2005). Contingencies of self-worth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 200–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00364.x
Crocker J., Luhtanen R. K., Cooper M. L., Bouvrette A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
Crocker J., Park L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392
Crocker J., Park L. E. (2012). Contingencies of self-worth. In Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 309–326). The Guilford Press.
Crocker J., Sommers S. R., Luhtanen R. K. (2002). Hopes dashed and dreams fulfilled: Contingencies of self-worth and graduate school admissions. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1275–1286. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812012
Crocker J., Wolfe C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593–623. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593
Diener E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Donnellan M. B., Trzesniewski K. H., Robins R. W. (2011). Self-esteem: Enduring issues and controversies. In The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences (pp. 718–746). Wiley-Blackwell.
Elliott G. C., Kao S., Grant A.-M. (2004). Mattering: Empirical validation of a social-psychological concept. Self and Identity, 3(4), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000119
Eriksson M., Ghazinour M., Hammarström A. (2018). Different uses of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory in public mental health research: What is their value for guiding public mental health policy and practice? Social Theory & Health, 16(4), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41285-018-0065-6
Farruggia S. P., Chen C., Greenberger E., Dmitrieva J., Macek P. (2004). Adolescent self-esteem in cross-cultural perspective: Testing measurement equivalence and a mediation model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(6), 719–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104270114
Festinger L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
Fiske E. (2019). Self-transcendence theory and contemplative practices. Holistic Nursing Practice, 33(5), 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000340
Franks D. D., Marolla J. (1976). Efficacious action and social approval as interacting dimensions of self-esteem: A tentative formulation through construct validation. Sociometry, 39(4), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033498
Freeman J. M., Vining E. P., Pillas D. J., Pyzik P. L., Casey J. C., Kelly L. M. (1998). The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: A prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics, 102(6), 1358–1363. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.6.1358
Freud S. (1993). Mourning and melancholia. In Pollock G. H. (Ed.), Pivotal papers on identification. (pp. 21–39). International Universities Press, Inc.
Gecas V. (1972). Parental behavior and contextual variations in adolescent self-esteem. Sociometry, 35(2), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786627
Gecas V., Schwalbe M. L. (1983). Beyond the looking-glass self: Social structure and efficacy-based self-esteem. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033844
Gerber J. P., Wheeler L., Suls J. (2018). A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on. Psychological Bulletin, 144(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127
Goffman E. (1963). Stigma. Prentice-Hall.
Goldsmith R. E. (1986). Dimensionality of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 1(2), 253–264.
Gray-Little B., Hafdahl A. R. (2000). Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 26–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.26
Gray-Little B., Williams V. S. L., Hancock D. (1997). An item response theory analysis of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(5), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297235001
Greenberg J., Pyszczynski T., Solomon S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In Baumeister R. F. (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189–212). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_10
Greenberg J., Simon L., Pyszczynski T., Solomon S., Chatel D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one’s worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 212–220. https://doi.orgg/10.1037//0022-3514.63.2.212
Greenberg J., Solomon S., Pyszczynski T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In Zanna M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61–139). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60016-7
Harter S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Heine S. J., Lehman D. R., Markus H. R., Kitayama S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
Henrich J., Heine S. J., Norenzayan A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83; discussion 83-135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Hoemann K., Feldman Barrett L. (2019). Concepts dissolve artificial boundaries in the study of emotion and cognition, uniting body, brain, and mind. Cognition & Emotion, 33(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1535428
Holmes E. P., River L. P. (1998). Individual strategies for coping with the stigma of severe mental illness. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(98)80008-4
Insel T., Cuthbert B., Garvey M., Heinssen R., Pine D. S., Quinn K., Sanislow C., Wang P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379
James W. (1892). Psychology: Briefer course. Macmillan and Co. https://doi.org/10.1037/11630-000
Janoff-Bulman R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
Jones E. E., Edward E. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. W.H. Freeman.
Kahng S. K., Mowbray C. (2004). Factors influencing self-esteem among individuals with severe mental illness: Implications for social work. Social Work Research, 28(4), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/28.4.225
Kahng S. K., Mowbray C. (2005). Assessment of self-esteem among individuals with severe mental illness: Testing two dimensions of self-esteem theory and implications for social work practice. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 11(3–4), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v11n03_05
Kaiser C. R., Vick S. B., Major B. (2006). Prejudice expectations moderate preconscious attention to cues that are threatening to social identity. Psychological Science, 17(4), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01707.x
Kenny M. E., Sirin S. R. (2006). Parental attachment, self-worth, and depressive symptoms among emerging adults. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00380.x
Kernis M. H. (2005). Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1569–1605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00359.x
Kernis M. H., Cornell D. P., Sun C. R., Berry A., Harlow T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1190–1204. https://doi.orgg/10.1037//0022-3514.65.6.1190
Kidd S. A., Styron T. H., Carlson S., Hoge M. (2004). Utilization management for residential programs. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 31(6), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:apih.0000036412.21987.6a
Krabbendam L., Janssen I., Bak M., Bijl R. V., Graaf R., Os J. (2002). Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s127-002-8207-y
Kroenke K., Stump T. E., Chen C. X., Kean J., Bair M. J., Damush T. M., Krebs E. E., Monahan P. O. (2020). Minimally important differences and severity thresholds are estimated for the PROMIS depression scales from three randomized clinical trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 266, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.101
Kuster F., Orth U. (2013). The long-term stability of self-esteem: Its time-dependent decay and nonzero asymptote. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(5), 677–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213480189
Leary M. R. (2005a). Interpersonal cognition and the quest for social acceptance: Inside the sociometer. In Interpersonal cognition (pp. 462–480). Guilford Press.
Leary M. R. (2005b). Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 75–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280540000007
Leary M. R., Baumeister R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1–62). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80003-9
Leary M. R., Tambor E. S., Terdal S. K., Downs D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518
Link B. G., Wells J., Phelan J. C., Yang L. (2015). Understanding the importance of “symbolic interaction stigma”: How expectations about the reactions of others adds to the burden of mental illness stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38(2), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000142
Markus H. R., Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Marsh H. W. (1996). Positive and negative global self-esteem: A substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 810–819. https://doi.orgg/10.1037//0022-3514.70.4.810
Marshall S. K. (2001). Do I matter? Construct validation of adolescents’ perceived mattering to parents and friends. Journal of Adolescence, 24(4), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0384
Martin C. R., Thompson D. R., Chan D. S. (2006). An examination of the psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) in Chinese acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(4), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500500407367
McLeroy K. R., Bibeau D., Steckler A., Glanz K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15(4), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401
Mead G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. University of Chicago.
Miller C. T. (2006, August 15). Social psychological perspectives on coping with stressors related to stigma. Stigma and Group Inequality. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617057-7
Murphy M. C., Steele C. M., Gross J. J. (2007). Signaling threat: How situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering settings. Psychological Science, 18(10), 879–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01995
Mussweiler T. (2003). Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review, 110(3), 472–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.472
Mussweiler T., Strack F. (2000). The “relative self”: Informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 23–38. https://doi.orgg/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.23
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Ending discrimination against people with mental and substance use disorders: The evidence for stigma change. The National Academies Press.
National Center for Health Statistics. (2021). Multiple cause of death, 1999–2020. US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html
Neff K. D. (2012). The science of self-compassion. In Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy: Deepening mindfulness in clinical practice (pp. 79–92). The Guilford Press.
Nolen-Hoeksema S., Watkins E. R. (2011). A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: Explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 6(6), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419672
Orth U., Robins R. W., Widaman K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025558
Oyserman D., Elmore K., Smith G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In Leary M.R., Tangey J. P. (Eds.), A handbook of self and identity (pp. 69–104). The Guildford Press.
Pachankis J. E., McConocha E. M., Reynolds J. S., Winston R., Adeyinka O., Harkness A., Burton C. L., Behari K., Sullivan T. J., Eldahan A. I., Esserman D. A., Hatzenbuehler M. L., Safren S. A. (2019). Project ESTEEM protocol: A randomized controlled trial of an LGBTQ-affirmative treatment for young adult sexual minority men’s mental and sexual health. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1086. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7346-4
Pescosolido B. A., Monahan J., Link B. G., Stueve A., Kikuzawa S. (1999). The public’s view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.9.1339
Pietromonaco P. R., Barrett L. F. (2000). Attachment theory as an organizing framework: A view from different levels of analysis. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.107
Radloff L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Robins R. W., Hendin H. M., Trzesniewski K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201272002
Robins R. W., Trzesniewski K. H., Tracy J. L., Gosling S. D., Potter J. (2002). Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(3), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423
Rogers C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships: As developed in the client-centered framework (Vol. 3). McGraw-Hill.
Rosenberg M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press; JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pjjh
Rosenberg M. (1979). Components of Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. Conceiving the self. Basic Books.
Rosenberg M., McCullough B. C. (1981). Mattering: Inferred significance and mental health among adolescents. Research in Community & Mental Health, 2, 163–182.
Saha S., Chung M. C., Thorne L. (2011). A narrative exploration of the sense of self of women recovering from childhood sexual abuse. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.586414
Saito M., Iwata N., Kawakami N., Matsuyama Y., Ono Y., Nakane Y., Nakamura Y., Tachimori H., Uda H., Nakane H., Watanabe M., Naganuma Y., Furukawa T. A., Hata Y., Kobayashi M., Miyake Y., Takeshima T., Kikkawa T. (2010). Evaluation of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for depressive disorders in a community population in Japan using item response theory. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19(4), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.320
Serpe R. T., Stryker S. (2011). The symbolic interactionist perspective and identity theory. In Schwartz S. J., Luyckx K., Vignoles V. L. (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 225–248). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_10
Sheikh J. I., Yesavage J. A. (1986). Geriatric depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging and Mental Health, 5(1–2), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09
Shevlin M. E., Bunting B. P., Lewis C. A. (1995). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Psychological Reports, 76(3), 707–710. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3.707
Smith C. O., Levine D. W., Smith E. P., Dumas J., Prinz R. J. (2009). A developmental perspective of the relationship of racial-ethnic identity to self-construct, achievement, and behavior in African American children. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015538
Solomon S., Greenberg J., Pyszczynski T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. In Zanna M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 93–159). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60328-7
Steele C. M., Spencer S. J., Aronson J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379–440). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80009-0
Stephens N. M., Markus H. R., Phillips L. T. (2014). Social class culture cycles: How three gateway contexts shape selves and fuel inequality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1), 611–634. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115143
Stryker S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.
Tafarodi R. W., Milne A. B. (2002). Decomposing global self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 70(4), 443–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.05017
Tafarodi R. W., Swann W. (1995). Self-linking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: Initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(2), 322–342. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6502_8
Tafarodi R. W., Swann W. B. (2001). Two-dimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(5), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00169-0
Tafarodi R. W., Vu C. (1997). Two-dimensional self-esteem and reactions to success and failure. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(6), 626–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297236006
Tagney J. P., Tracy J. (2011). Self-conscious emotions. In Handbook and self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 446–480). Guilford Press.
Taple B. J., Chapman R., Schalet B. D., Brower R., Griffith J. W. (2022). The impact of education on depression assessment: Differential item functioning analysis. Assessment, 29(2), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120971357
Treichler E. B. H., Lucksted A. A. (2018). The role of sense of belonging in self-stigma among people with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 41(2), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000281
Tsang H. W. H., Ching S. C., Tang K. H., Lam H. T., Law P. Y. Y., Wan C. N. (2016). Therapeutic intervention for internalized stigma of severe mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 173(1–2), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.013
Twenge J. M., Crocker J. (2002). Race and self-esteem: Meta-analyses comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians and comment on Gray-Little and Hafdahl (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 128(3), 371–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.3.371
Umaña-Taylor A. J., Diversi M., Fine M. A. (2002). Ethnic identity and self-esteem of Latino adolescents: Distinctions among the Latino populations. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(3), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558402173005
van Boekel L. C., Brouwers E. P. M., Weeghel J., Garretsen H. F. L. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018
Van Orden K. A., Cukrowicz K. C., Witte T. K., Joiner T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the interpersonal needs questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025358
Widiger T. A., Samuel D. B. (2005). Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders–Fifth edition. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.494
Wills T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245
Wood J. V. (1996). What is social comparison and how should we study it? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(5), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296225009
Yue A., Gao J., Yang M., Swinnen L., Medina A., Rozelle S. (2018). Caregiver depression and early child development: A mixed-methods study from rural China. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02500
Zimmerman F. J., Anderson N. W. (2019). Trends in health equity in the United States by race/ethnicity, sex, and income, 1993-2017. JAMA Network Open, 2(6), Article e196386. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6386
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: June 20, 2022
Issue published: March 2023
Keywords
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Review of General Psychology.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 544
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 1
-
Measuring and Addressing Stigma Within HIV Interventions for People Wh...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
