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First published online July 7, 2010

Wisdom of the crowd or technicity of content? Wikipedia as a sociotechnical system

Sabine Niederer and José van DijckView all authors and affiliations
Volume 12, Issue 8
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365297

Abstract

Wikipedia is often considered as an example of ‘collaborative knowledge’. Researchers have contested the value of Wikipedia content on various accounts. Some have disputed the ability of anonymous amateurs to produce quality information, while others have contested Wikipedia’s claim to accuracy and neutrality. Even if these concerns about Wikipedia as an encyclopaedic genre are relevant, they misguidedly focus on human agents only. Wikipedia’s advance is not only enabled by its human resources, but is equally defined by the technological tools and managerial dynamics that structure and maintain its content. This article analyses the sociotechnical system — the intricate collaboration between human users and automated content agents — that defines Wikipedia as a knowledge instrument.

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1.
1 ‘Digital methods’ is a term for medium-specific methods for web research coined by Richard Rogers (2009). The research for this article was conducted with the Digital Methods Initiative (2008) and the Govcom.org Foundation (2008).
2.
2 On top of the set of rules, there is a fourth important general principle emphasizing the ideals of openness and collaboration that lie at the core of the project: ignore all rules. This general principle was written up by Larry Sanger to make clear that, above all, Wikipedia is an open platform. Wikipedians should first and foremost strive to improve and maintain Wikipedia (see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules).
3.
3 Halavais’s approach was heavily criticized, mainly because he deliberately littered his object of study. After the event, Halavais regretted his approach, especially because the media attention on his experiment encouraged others to test Wikipedia by inserting mistakes. His website (http:// alex.halavais.net/the-isuzu-experiment) now includes a call for testing Wikipedia in a ‘nondestructive way’.
4.
4 In the summer of 2008, Virgil Griffith launched the WikiWatcher suite, a set of tools designed for monitoring and maintaining Wikipedia. The suite includes a tool that makes it possible to de-anonymize users with a username whose IP addresses match those of other user(name)s or companies/institutions in an IP-to-Geo database. This stretches the notion of anonymity from the unregistered to the registered with a username (see Griffith, 2008b).
5.
5 WikiScanner 2 works the other way around: enter a company name or URL and the tool shows you which Wikipedia articles were edited from that organization’s IP address.
6.
6 An overview of the available local Wikipedias is given on the Wikipedia portal page (www. wikipedia.org). Wikipedia currently has 264 language versions, some of which only have a main page and no articles as of yet. The largest Wikipedia is in English, with more than 2 million articles; followed by the German, French, Polish and Japanese editions, each of which contain more than half a million articles. Seventeen other language editions contain 100,000+ articles, and more than 100 other languages contain 1000+ articles; the overview also includes the smaller ones with only 100+ articles and even Wikipedias that have only a main page (http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects).
7.
7 In a case study on Wikipedia as ‘networked content’ that Sabine Niederer conducted with Richard Rogers et al. (2008), during the 10-Year Jubilee Workshop of the Govcom.org Foundation, the researchers noticed the great discrepancy between bot activity in English and the other language versions of Wikipedia.
8.
8 The top 45 most active bots on the German Wikipedia consist of 27 interwiki bots and 18 bots with various tasks such as editing, fixing links and adding categories (http://stats.wikimedia. org/EN/TablesWikipediaDE.htm).
9.
9 To this date, communication scholars like Halavais and Lackaff (2008) examine Wikipedia’s reliability and completeness, assessing the qualities of its users rather than those of its systems.

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Published In

Volume 12, Issue 8
Pages: 1368 - 1387
Article first published online: July 7, 2010
Issue published: December 2010

Keywords

  1. collaborative knowledge
  2. protocol
  3. sociotechnical system
  4. Web 2.0
  5. Wikipedia

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Sabine Niederer
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, [email protected]
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José van Dijck
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, [email protected]
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