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Solastalji ve Orman Yangınları

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 468 - 476, 30.09.2023

Çiğdem Alaca

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1172916

Abstract

İklim değişiminin yarattığı önemli sorunlardan biri orman yangınlarıdır. Orman yangınları gerek doğal gerekse de antropojenik sebeplerden dolayı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sıcaklığın artması, kuraklık, sıcak dalgaları, iklim koşulları gibi iklim değişikliğinin etkileri ile ortaya çıkan orman yangınları giderek artmaktadır. Orman yangınları nedeniyle ortaya çıkan akut ve kronik etkiler yaşamda önemli değişimlere neden olmaktadır. Yangınların neden olduğu akut ve kronik etkiler sonucunda sadece ormanlar zarar görmez aynı zamanda flora, yaban hayatı, su kaynakları, toprak, iklim, rekreatif amaçlarla insanların faydalandıkları alanlar ile ormanlık alanların yakını ve çevresindeki yerleşim yerleri de zarar görmektedir. Sonuçta sıcaklığın artması, kirlilik, salgın hastalıklar, kuraklık, besin kıtlığı, orman yangınları gibi değişimler ruh ve beden sağlığını doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Orman yangınlarına maruz kalmak doğrudan travmatik bir etki yaratırken; dolaylı olarak da yoksulluk, işsizlik ve barınma gibi bir dizi sosyal, politik ve ekonomik nedenlerde ruh sağlığını etkilemektedir. Orman yangınları bir çevresel değişim de yaratmaktadır. Bu çevresel değişim bireyde kayıp duygusu yaratmakta, aidiyet duygusu kaybolmakta, yeni çevre ile bağ kuramamakta, uyum sağlaması güçleşmekte ve sıkıntı yaşamasına neden olmaktadır. İklim değişikliği nedeniyle sık karşılaşılan psikolojik sorunlar gelecek hakkında belirsizlik, çaresizlik, stres, anksiyete, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyon olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İklim değişiminin sonuçlarının ruh sağlığını etkilemesi nedeniyle bazı yeni ruh sağlığı kavramları tanımlanmaktadır. “Solastalji” bu yeni ruh sağlığı kavramlarından biridir. Solastalji insanın teselli bulduğu şeyin/şeylerin kaybı ve çevresel değişimin neden olduğu acıyı ve sıkıntıyı ifade eden bir terim olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Solastalji, ekosistem sağlığı ve insan sağlığı arasındaki bağlantıları, özellikle iklimsel ve çevresel değişimin zihinsel, duygusal ve ruhsal sağlık üzerindeki kümülatif etkilerini anlamak için ruh sağlığı uzmanları tarafından bilinmesi gerekli bir kavramdır.

Keywords

Solastalji Ruh Sağlığı Orman Yangınları Çevresel Kayıp

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

References

  • Ágoston C, Csaba B, Nagy B, K˝ováry Z, Dúll A, Rácz J et al. (2022) Identifying types of eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, eco-grief, and eco-coping in a climate sensitive population: a qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 21;2461.
  • Albrecht G, Sartore GM, Connor L, Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Kelly B at al. (2007) Solastalgia: the distress caused by environmental change. Australas Psychiatry. 15:95-98.
  • Albrecht, G (2005) 'Solastalgia'. A new concept in health and identity. PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature, 3:44-59.
  • Albrecht, G (2006) Solastalgia. Alternatives Journal, 32:34-36.
  • Albrecht, G (2010) Solastalgia and the creation of new ways of living. In Nature and Culture: Rebuilding Lost Connections. (Eds S Pilgrim, JN Pretty). London, UK, Earthscan.
  • Albrecht, G.A (2020) Negating solastalgia: An emotional revolution from the anthropocene to the symbiocene. Am Imago, 77:9-30.
  • Arslan MB, Şahin HT, Duru ME (2021) Çam balı üretiminde Basra Böceği (Marchalina Hellenica Genn.) ile konukçu ağaçların kimyasal içeriği arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine bir inceleme. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23:1042-1053.
  • Askland HH, Bunn M (2018) Lived experiences of environmental change: Solastalgia, power and place. Emot Space Soc, 27:16-22.
  • Ayanoğlu S, Dölarslan M, Gül E (2017) Sadece Bir Yangın mı? Ekolojik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Açıdan Orman Yangınları. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 10:32-35.
  • Barnett J, Graham S, Quinn T, Adger WN, Butler C (2021) Three ways social identity shapes climate change adaptation Environ Res Lett, 16:124029.
  • Belleville G, Ouellet MC, Morin CM (2019) Post-traumatic stress among evacuees from the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires: exploration of psychological and sleep symptoms three months after the evacuation. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8:1604.
  • Brown MJ, White BP, Nicholas PK (2022) Mental health impacts of climate change: considerations for nurse practitioners. J Nurse Pract, 18:359-363.
  • Burns MR, Taylor JG, Hogan JT (2007) Integrative healing: e importance of community collaboration in post re recovery and pre re planning. In Wildfire Risk: Human Perceptions and Management Implications (Eds WE Martin, C Raish, B Kent):81-98. New York, NY, Routledge.
  • Butler A, Sarlöv-Herlin I, Knez I, Ångman E, Ode Sang Å, Åkerskog A (2018) Landscape identity, before and after a forest fire. Landsc Res, 43:878-889.
  • Calda B, An N, Turp MT, Kurnaz L (2020) İklim değişikliğinin Akdeniz havzasındaki orman yangınlarına etkisi. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 32:15-32.
  • Cattaneo C, Beine M, Fröhlich CJ, Kniveton D, MartinezZarzoso I, Mastrorillo M at al. (2019) Human migration in the era of climate change. Rev Environ Econ Policy, 13:189-206.
  • Charlson F, Ali S, Benmarhnia T, Pearl M, Massazza A, Augustinavicius J, Scott JG.(2021) Climate change and mental health: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 23:4486.
  • Christensen, J (2019) Climate anxiety is real, but there's something you can do about it. https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/climate-anxiety-real-theres-something-can/ Accessed date:01.07.2019.
  • Cianconi P, Betrò S, Janiri L.(2020) The impact of climate change on mental health: a systematic descriptive review. Front Psychiatry, 11:74.
  • Clayton S, Manning C, Krygsman K, Speiser M (2017) Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, And Guidance. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • CNN TÜRK (2021) Çam balı üretiminin yüzde 95’i Türkiye’deydi: Yangınlarda arı kovanları da kül oldu. https://www.cnnturk.com/. Accessed date:05.08.2021
  • Connors E (2020) New APA poll reveals that Americans are increasingly anxious about climate change’s impact on planet, mental health. American Psychiatric Assocation. https://psychiatry.org/. Accessed 21.10.20222.
  • Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R et al. (2009) Managing the health effects of climate change: lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet, 373:1693-1733.
  • CPA (2020) Handbook of Climate Psychology. London, UK, Climate Psychology Alliance.
  • Cunsolo A, Ellis NR (2018) Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss. Nat Clim Change, 8:275-281.
  • Cunsolo Willox A, Harper SL, Ford JD, Edge VL, Landman K, Houle K et al. (2013) Climate change and mental health: an exploratory case study from Rigolet, Nunatsiavut. Canada. Clim Change, 121:255-270.
  • Dalbay RS (2018) “Kimlik” ve “toplumsal kimlik” kavramı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31:161-176.
  • Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Hess JJ, Ebi KL (2019) Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Clim Change, 153:1–14.
  • Deniz M, Hiç Ö (2022) İklim değişikliği ve tarımın değişen yüzü: artan riskler, tarımdaki daralmalar ve orman yangınları sonrası politika önerileri. Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3:12-22.
  • Dodd W, Scott P, Howard C, Scott C, Rose C, Cunsolo A, Orbinski J (2018) Lived experience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories. Can J Public Health, 109:327-337.
  • Eisenman D, McCaffrey S, Donatello I, Marshal G (2015) An ecosystems and vulnerable populations perspective on solastalgia and psychological distress after a wildfire. EcoHealth, 12:602-610.
  • Galway LP, Beery T, Jones-Casey K, Tasala K (2019) Mapping the solastalgia literature: a scoping review study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16:2662.
  • Gawrych M (2021) Climate change and mental health: a review of current literature. Psychiatr Pol, 56:1-13.
  • HASUDER (2021) Orman yangınlarının halk sağlığına etkileri ve çözüm önerileri hakkında bilgi notu. https://hasuder.org.tr/ Accessed 05.08.2021.
  • IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
  • İşçi M (2021) 2021 Yılı Orman Yangınları Değerlendirme Raporu. Muğla, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Muğla Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü.
  • Lancer D (2016) Exploring autonomy, locus of control, and self-efficacy. https://psychcentral.com. Accessed 17.05.2016.
  • MacSuibhne SP (2009) What makes" a mental illness?” What makes" a new mental illness”?: The cases of solastalgia and hubris syndrome. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 5:210-225.
  • Medyascope (2021) 2 Ağustos 2021, Pazartesi Dünya alevler içinde: İtalya, İspanya, Yunanistan, Rusya ve Kanada da orman yangınlarıyla boğuşuyor. https://medyascope.tv. Accessed 02.08.2021.
  • Pihkala P (2020a) Anxiety and the ecological crisis: an analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. Sustainability, 12:7836.
  • Pihkala P (2020b) Eco-anxiety and environmental education. Sustainability, 12:10149.
  • Romanello M, McGushin A, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, Hughes N, Jamart L et al. (2021) The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Lancet, 398:1619-1662.
  • Scannell L, Gifford R (2016) Place attachment enhances psychological need satisfaction. Environ Behav, 49:1-31.
  • Şen Z (2022) İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye. Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1:1-19.
  • Silver A, Grek-Martin J (2015) “Now we understand what community really means”: Reconceptualizing the role of sense of place in the disaster recovery process. J Environ Psychol, 42:35–41.
  • To P, Eboreime E, Agyapong VIO (2021) The impact of wildfires on mental health: a scoping review. Behav Sci, 11:126
  • Tschakert P, Ellis NR, Anderson C, Kelly A, Obeng J (2019) One thousand ways to experience loss: a systematic analysis of climate-related intangible harm from around the world. Glob Environ Change, 55:58–72.
  • TTB (2022) Temmuz-Ağustos 2021 Orman Yangınları Değerlendirme Raporu. Ankara, Türk Tabipler Birliği.
  • Watts N, Amann M, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Bouley T, Boykoff M, Costello A (2018) The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. Lancet, 391:581-630.
  • Wood VJ, Gesler W, Curtis SE, Spencer IH, Close HJ, Mason J, Reilly JG (2015) Therapeutic landscapes' and the importance of nostalgia, solastalgia, salvage and abandonment for psychiatric hospital design. Health Place, 33:83-89.
  • Xu R, Yu P, Abramson MJ, Johnston FH, Samet JM, Bell ML et al. (2020) Wildfires, global climate change, and human health. N Engl J Med, 383:2173-2181.

Solastalgia and Forest Fires

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 468 - 476, 30.09.2023

Çiğdem Alaca

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1172916

Abstract

One of the important problems created by climate change is forest fires. Forest fires occur due to both natural and anthropogenic causes. Forest fires, which occur with the effects of climate change such as an increase in temperature, drought, heat waves, and climatic conditions, are increasing gradually. Acute and chronic effects caused by forest fires cause significant life changes. As a result of the fire, not only forests are damaged, but also flora, wildlife, water resources, soil, climate, areas used by people for recreational purposes, and settlements near and around forested areas. As a result, changes such as increases in temperature, pollution, epidemics, drought, food shortage, and forest fires, affect mental and physical health. While exposure to forest fires creates a direct traumatic effect; indirectly, it affects mental health for a number of social, political and economic reasons such as poverty, unemployment and housing. Forest fires also create an environmental change. This environmental change creates a sense of loss, the sense of belonging is lost, it cannot connect with the new environment, it becomes difficult to adapt and causes distress.Uncertainty about the future, helplessness, stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression are common psychological problems due to climate change. It defines some new mental health concepts as the consequences of climate change affect mental health. "Solastalgia" is one pf these new concepts. Solastalgia is defined as a term that expresses the pain and distress caused by the loss of the thing/things that people find solace and environmental change. Solastalgia is a necessary concept for mental health professionals to understand the links between ecosystem health and human health, especially the cumulative effects of climatic and environmental change on mental, emotional and spiritual health.

Keywords

Solastalgia Mental Health Forest Fires Environmental Loss

Project Number

yok

References

  • Ágoston C, Csaba B, Nagy B, K˝ováry Z, Dúll A, Rácz J et al. (2022) Identifying types of eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, eco-grief, and eco-coping in a climate sensitive population: a qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 21;2461.
  • Albrecht G, Sartore GM, Connor L, Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Kelly B at al. (2007) Solastalgia: the distress caused by environmental change. Australas Psychiatry. 15:95-98.
  • Albrecht, G (2005) 'Solastalgia'. A new concept in health and identity. PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature, 3:44-59.
  • Albrecht, G (2006) Solastalgia. Alternatives Journal, 32:34-36.
  • Albrecht, G (2010) Solastalgia and the creation of new ways of living. In Nature and Culture: Rebuilding Lost Connections. (Eds S Pilgrim, JN Pretty). London, UK, Earthscan.
  • Albrecht, G.A (2020) Negating solastalgia: An emotional revolution from the anthropocene to the symbiocene. Am Imago, 77:9-30.
  • Arslan MB, Şahin HT, Duru ME (2021) Çam balı üretiminde Basra Böceği (Marchalina Hellenica Genn.) ile konukçu ağaçların kimyasal içeriği arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine bir inceleme. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23:1042-1053.
  • Askland HH, Bunn M (2018) Lived experiences of environmental change: Solastalgia, power and place. Emot Space Soc, 27:16-22.
  • Ayanoğlu S, Dölarslan M, Gül E (2017) Sadece Bir Yangın mı? Ekolojik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Açıdan Orman Yangınları. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 10:32-35.
  • Barnett J, Graham S, Quinn T, Adger WN, Butler C (2021) Three ways social identity shapes climate change adaptation Environ Res Lett, 16:124029.
  • Belleville G, Ouellet MC, Morin CM (2019) Post-traumatic stress among evacuees from the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires: exploration of psychological and sleep symptoms three months after the evacuation. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8:1604.
  • Brown MJ, White BP, Nicholas PK (2022) Mental health impacts of climate change: considerations for nurse practitioners. J Nurse Pract, 18:359-363.
  • Burns MR, Taylor JG, Hogan JT (2007) Integrative healing: e importance of community collaboration in post re recovery and pre re planning. In Wildfire Risk: Human Perceptions and Management Implications (Eds WE Martin, C Raish, B Kent):81-98. New York, NY, Routledge.
  • Butler A, Sarlöv-Herlin I, Knez I, Ångman E, Ode Sang Å, Åkerskog A (2018) Landscape identity, before and after a forest fire. Landsc Res, 43:878-889.
  • Calda B, An N, Turp MT, Kurnaz L (2020) İklim değişikliğinin Akdeniz havzasındaki orman yangınlarına etkisi. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 32:15-32.
  • Cattaneo C, Beine M, Fröhlich CJ, Kniveton D, MartinezZarzoso I, Mastrorillo M at al. (2019) Human migration in the era of climate change. Rev Environ Econ Policy, 13:189-206.
  • Charlson F, Ali S, Benmarhnia T, Pearl M, Massazza A, Augustinavicius J, Scott JG.(2021) Climate change and mental health: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 23:4486.
  • Christensen, J (2019) Climate anxiety is real, but there's something you can do about it. https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/climate-anxiety-real-theres-something-can/ Accessed date:01.07.2019.
  • Cianconi P, Betrò S, Janiri L.(2020) The impact of climate change on mental health: a systematic descriptive review. Front Psychiatry, 11:74.
  • Clayton S, Manning C, Krygsman K, Speiser M (2017) Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, And Guidance. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • CNN TÜRK (2021) Çam balı üretiminin yüzde 95’i Türkiye’deydi: Yangınlarda arı kovanları da kül oldu. https://www.cnnturk.com/. Accessed date:05.08.2021
  • Connors E (2020) New APA poll reveals that Americans are increasingly anxious about climate change’s impact on planet, mental health. American Psychiatric Assocation. https://psychiatry.org/. Accessed 21.10.20222.
  • Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R et al. (2009) Managing the health effects of climate change: lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet, 373:1693-1733.
  • CPA (2020) Handbook of Climate Psychology. London, UK, Climate Psychology Alliance.
  • Cunsolo A, Ellis NR (2018) Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss. Nat Clim Change, 8:275-281.
  • Cunsolo Willox A, Harper SL, Ford JD, Edge VL, Landman K, Houle K et al. (2013) Climate change and mental health: an exploratory case study from Rigolet, Nunatsiavut. Canada. Clim Change, 121:255-270.
  • Dalbay RS (2018) “Kimlik” ve “toplumsal kimlik” kavramı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31:161-176.
  • Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Hess JJ, Ebi KL (2019) Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Clim Change, 153:1–14.
  • Deniz M, Hiç Ö (2022) İklim değişikliği ve tarımın değişen yüzü: artan riskler, tarımdaki daralmalar ve orman yangınları sonrası politika önerileri. Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3:12-22.
  • Dodd W, Scott P, Howard C, Scott C, Rose C, Cunsolo A, Orbinski J (2018) Lived experience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories. Can J Public Health, 109:327-337.
  • Eisenman D, McCaffrey S, Donatello I, Marshal G (2015) An ecosystems and vulnerable populations perspective on solastalgia and psychological distress after a wildfire. EcoHealth, 12:602-610.
  • Galway LP, Beery T, Jones-Casey K, Tasala K (2019) Mapping the solastalgia literature: a scoping review study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16:2662.
  • Gawrych M (2021) Climate change and mental health: a review of current literature. Psychiatr Pol, 56:1-13.
  • HASUDER (2021) Orman yangınlarının halk sağlığına etkileri ve çözüm önerileri hakkında bilgi notu. https://hasuder.org.tr/ Accessed 05.08.2021.
  • IPCC (2021) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
  • İşçi M (2021) 2021 Yılı Orman Yangınları Değerlendirme Raporu. Muğla, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Muğla Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü.
  • Lancer D (2016) Exploring autonomy, locus of control, and self-efficacy. https://psychcentral.com. Accessed 17.05.2016.
  • MacSuibhne SP (2009) What makes" a mental illness?” What makes" a new mental illness”?: The cases of solastalgia and hubris syndrome. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 5:210-225.
  • Medyascope (2021) 2 Ağustos 2021, Pazartesi Dünya alevler içinde: İtalya, İspanya, Yunanistan, Rusya ve Kanada da orman yangınlarıyla boğuşuyor. https://medyascope.tv. Accessed 02.08.2021.
  • Pihkala P (2020a) Anxiety and the ecological crisis: an analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. Sustainability, 12:7836.
  • Pihkala P (2020b) Eco-anxiety and environmental education. Sustainability, 12:10149.
  • Romanello M, McGushin A, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, Hughes N, Jamart L et al. (2021) The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Lancet, 398:1619-1662.
  • Scannell L, Gifford R (2016) Place attachment enhances psychological need satisfaction. Environ Behav, 49:1-31.
  • Şen Z (2022) İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye. Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1:1-19.
  • Silver A, Grek-Martin J (2015) “Now we understand what community really means”: Reconceptualizing the role of sense of place in the disaster recovery process. J Environ Psychol, 42:35–41.
  • To P, Eboreime E, Agyapong VIO (2021) The impact of wildfires on mental health: a scoping review. Behav Sci, 11:126
  • Tschakert P, Ellis NR, Anderson C, Kelly A, Obeng J (2019) One thousand ways to experience loss: a systematic analysis of climate-related intangible harm from around the world. Glob Environ Change, 55:58–72.
  • TTB (2022) Temmuz-Ağustos 2021 Orman Yangınları Değerlendirme Raporu. Ankara, Türk Tabipler Birliği.
  • Watts N, Amann M, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Bouley T, Boykoff M, Costello A (2018) The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. Lancet, 391:581-630.
  • Wood VJ, Gesler W, Curtis SE, Spencer IH, Close HJ, Mason J, Reilly JG (2015) Therapeutic landscapes' and the importance of nostalgia, solastalgia, salvage and abandonment for psychiatric hospital design. Health Place, 33:83-89.
  • Xu R, Yu P, Abramson MJ, Johnston FH, Samet JM, Bell ML et al. (2020) Wildfires, global climate change, and human health. N Engl J Med, 383:2173-2181.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry, Psychology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Çiğdem Alaca 0000-0003-0531-0078

Project Number yok
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Acceptance Date November 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Alaca Ç. Solastalgia and Forest Fires. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. September 2023;15(3):468-476. doi:10.18863/pgy.1172916

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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.