Psychiatric Annals, 2013;43(2):87–92
- 1.Day M. Sympathetic blocks: the evidence. Pain Pract. 2008; 8(2):98–109.
10.1111/j.1533-2500.2008.00177.x > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 2.Elias M. Cervical sympathetic and stellate ganglion blocks. Pain Physician. 2000; 3(3):294–304. > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Raj PP, Anderson SR. Stellate ganglion block. In: , ed. Interventional Pain Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. > Google Scholar
- 4.Slapppendel R, Thijssen HO, Crul BJ, Merx JL. The stellate ganglion in magnetic resonance imaging, a quantification of anatomic variability. Anesthesiology. 1995; 83(2):424–426.
10.1097/00000542-199508000-00026 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 5.Matsumoto S. Thermographic assessments of the sympathetic blockade by stellate ganglion (1); comparison between C7-SGB and C6-SGB in 40 patients. Masui. 1991; 40(4):562–569. Japanese > Google Scholar
- 6.Mastsumoto S. Thermographic assessment of the sympathetic blockade by stellate ganglion block (20); comparison between C7-SGB and C6-SGB in 20 healthy volunteers. Masui. 1991; 40(5):692–701. Japanese > Google Scholar
- 7.Malmqvist EL, Bengtsson M, Sörensen J. Efficacy of stellate ganglion block: a clinical study with bupivacaine. Reg Anesth. 1992; 17(6):340–347. > Google Scholar
- 8.Gofeld M, Shankar H. Ultrasound-guided sympathetic blocks: stellate ganglion and celiac plexus block. In: , eds. Essentials of Pain Medicine e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
10.1016/B978-1-4377-2242-0.00076-6 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 9.Gainotti G. Unconscious emotional memories and the right hemisphere. In: , ed. Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience. Milan, Italy: Springer; 2006:150–173. > Google Scholar
- 10.Buckley FP, Morricca G, Murphy TM. Neurolytic blockade and hypophysectomy. In: , ed. The Management of Pain. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger;1990:2012–2014. > Google Scholar
- 11.Wulf H, Maier C. Complications and side effects of stellate ganglion blockade. Results of a questionnaire survey. Anaesthesist. 1992; 41(3):146–151. > Google Scholar
- 12.Hogan QH, Abram SE. Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis. A review. Anesthesiology. 1997; 86(1):216–241.
10.1097/00000542-199701000-00026 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 13.Breivik H, Cousins MJ, Lofstrom JB. Sympathetic neural blockade of the upper and lower extremity. In: , eds. Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. > Google Scholar
- 14.Bonica JJ. Block of stellate ganglion and cervicothoracic and thoracic chains. In: , ed. Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain Diagnosis and Therapy: Technical Considerations, Vol. II. Des Plaines, IL: Breon Laboratories; 1984:61–77 > Google Scholar
- 15.Takinami Y. Evaluation of effectiveness of stellate ganglion block (SGB) treatment of sudden hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012; 132(1):33–38.
10.3109/00016489.2011.616911 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 16.Arden RL, Bahu SJ, Zuazu MA, Berguer R. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the face: current treatment recommendations. Laryngoscope. 1998; 108(3):437–442.
10.1097/00005537-199803000-00023 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 17.Lehmann LJ, Warfield CA, Bajwa ZH. Migraine headache following stellate ganglion block for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Headache. 1996; 36(5):335–337.
10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3605335.x > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 18.Lipov E, Lipov S, Stark JT. Stellate ganglion blockade provides relief from menopausal hot flashes: a case report series. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005; 14(8):737–741.
10.1089/jwh.2005.14.737 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 19.Lipov EG, Joshi JR, Sanders S, Effects of stellate-ganglion block on hot flushes and night awakenings in survivors of breast cancer: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9(6):523–532.
10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70131-1 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 20.Daban C, Martinez-Aran A, Cruz N, Vieta E. Safety and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2008; 110(1–2):1–15.
10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.012 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 21.Karnosh LJ, Gardner WJ. The effects of bilateral stellate ganglion block on mental depression; report of 3 cases. Cleve Clin Q. 1947; 14(3):133–138. > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Takano M, Takano Y, Sato I. Unexpected beneficial effect of stellate ganglion block in a schizophrenic patient. Can J Anaesth. 2002; 49(7):758–759.
10.1007/BF03017464 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 23.Ikeda K, Isshiki A, Yoshimatsu N, Oumi A, Ito S, Ikeda T. Three case reports of the use of stellate ganglion block for the climacteric psychosis. Masui. 1993; 42(11):1696–1698. Japanese. > Google Scholar
- 24.Telaranta T. Treatment of social phobia by endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1998;(580):27–32. > Google Scholar
- 25.Pohjavaara P, Telaranta T, Väisänen E. Endoscopic sympathetic block–new treatment of choice for social phobia?Ann Chir Gynaecol. 2001; 90(3):177–184. > Google Scholar
- 26.Sciuchetti JF, Ballabio D, Corti F, Romano F, Benenti C, Costa Angeli M. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy by clamping in the treatment of social phobia: the Monza experience. Minerva Chir. 2006; 61(5):417–420. > Google Scholar
- 27.Jadresic E, Súarez C, Palacios E, Palacios F, Matus P. Evaluating the efficacy of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for generalized social anxiety disorder with blushing complaints: a comparison with sertraline and no treatment-Santiago de Chile 2003–2009. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2011; 8(11):24–35. > Google Scholar
- 28.Lebovits AH, Yarmush J, Lefkowitz M. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and posttraumatic stress disorder. Multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment. Clin J Pain. 1990; 6(2):153–157.
10.1097/00002508-199006000-00015 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 29.Lipov EG, Joshi JR, Lipov S, Sanders SE, Siroko MK. Cervical sympathetic blockade in a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 20(4):227–228.
10.1080/10401230802435518 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 30.Lipov E. Successful use of stellate ganglion block and pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report. Pain Res Treat. 2010; 2010:963948. > Google Scholar
- 31.Lipov EG, Navaie M, Stedje-Larsen ET, A novel application of stellate ganglion block: preliminary observations for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med. 2012; 177(2):125–127. > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Mulvaney SW, McLean B, de Leeuw J. The use of stellate ganglion block in the treatment of panic/anxiety symptoms with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder; preliminary results of long-term follow-up: a case series. Pain Pract. 2010; 10(4):359–365.
10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00373.x > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 33.Hickey A, Hanling S, Pevney E, Allen R, McLay RN. Stellate ganglion block for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(7):760.
10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11111729 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 34.Lipov EG, Navaie M, Brown PR, Stellate ganglion block improves refractory post-traumatic stress disorder and associated memory dysfunction: a case report and systematic literature review. Mil Med. 2012 (In Press). > Google Scholar
- 35.Olszewki TM, Varrasse JF. The neurobiology of PTSD: implications for nurses. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2005; 43(6):40–47. > LinkGoogle Scholar
- 36.Bowirrat A, Chen TJ, Blum K, Neuro-psychopharmacogenetics and neurological antecedents of posttraumatic stress disorder: unlocking the mysteries of resilience and vulnerability. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2010: 8(4):335–358.
10.2174/157015910793358123 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 37.Morilak DA, Barrera G, Echevarria DJ, Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 29(8):1214–1224.
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.007 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 38.Westerhaus MJ, Loewy AD. Central representation of the sympathetic nervous system in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 2001; 903(1–2);117–127.
10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02453-2 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 39.Uchida K, Tateda T, Hino H. Novel mechanism of action hypothesized for stellate ganglion block related to melatonin. Med Hypoth. 2002; 59(4):446–449.
10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00158-5 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 40.Takatori M, Kuroda Y, Hirose M. Local anesthetics suppress nerve growth factor-mediated neurite outgrowth by inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity of TrkA. Anesth Analg. 2006; 102(2):462–467.
10.1213/01.ane.0000194334.69103.50 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 41.Pan W, Banks WA, Kastin AJ. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to neurotrophins. Brain Res. 1998; 788(1–2):87–94
10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01525-4 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 42.McLay RN, Freeman SM, Harlan RE, Aging in the hippocampus: interrelated actions of neurotrophins and glucocorticoids. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1997; 21(5):615–629.
10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00046-2 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar - 43.Wells TS, Miller SC, Adler AB, Engel CC, Smith TC, Fairbank JA. Mental health impact of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts: a review of US research, service provision, and programmatic responses. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011; 23(2):144–152.
10.3109/09540261.2011.558833 > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
