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Germination of Oat and Quinoa and Evaluation of the Malts as Gluten Free Baking Ingredients

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Abstract

Germination can be used to improve the sensory and nutritional properties of cereal and pseudocereal grains. Oat and quinoa are rich in minerals, vitamins and fibre while quinoa also contains high amounts of protein of a high nutritional value. In this study, oat and quinoa malts were produced and incorporated in a rice and potato based gluten free formulation. Germination of oat led to a drastic increase of α-amylase activity from 0.3 to 48 U/g, and minor increases in proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Little change was observed in quinoa except a decrease in proteolytic activity from 9.6 to 6.9 U/g. Oat malt addition decreased batter viscosities at both proofing temperature and during heating. These changes led to a decrease in bread density from 0.59 to 0.5 g/ml and the formation of a more open crumb, but overdosing of oat malt deteriorated the product as a result of excessive amylolysis during baking. Quinoa malt had no significant effect on the baking properties due to low α-amylase activity. Despite showing a very different impact on the bread quality, both malts influenced the electrophoretic patterns of rice flour protein similarly. This suggests that malt induced proteolysis does not influence the technological properties of a complex gluten free formulation.

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Abbreviations

CD:

Celiac disease

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

FDA:

US Food and Drug Administration

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

HPMC:

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose

RVA:

Rapid visco analyzer

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

WPI:

Whey protein isolate

λex :

Excitation wavelength

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Eva Bernardis for technical assistance. This study was funded by the Food Institutional Research Measure (FIRM) administered by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Ireland).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland

    Outi E. Mäkinen, Emanuele Zannini & Elke K. Arendt

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  1. Outi E. Mäkinen
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  2. Emanuele Zannini
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  3. Elke K. Arendt
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Correspondence to Elke K. Arendt.

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Mäkinen, O.E., Zannini, E. & Arendt, E.K. Germination of Oat and Quinoa and Evaluation of the Malts as Gluten Free Baking Ingredients. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 68, 90–95 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-013-0335-3

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