Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published March 1996

Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review Essay of Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work

MARGARET LEVIView all authors and affiliations
Volume 24, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329296024001005
First page of PDF

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

Get Access
1.
1. Margaret Levi, “Making Democracy Work: A Review,” Comparative Political Studies 26, no. 3 (1993): 375-9.
2.
2. Robert Putnam was the 1994 winner of the Gregory Luebert Prize in Comparative Politics presented by the Organized Section on Comparative Politics, American Political Science Association.
3.
3. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
4.
4. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, 111.
5.
5. Ibid., 116.
6.
6. Douglas C. North, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
7.
7. Suzanne Berger argued forcefully for an alternative history in her discussion at a roundtable on the book at the American Political Science Meetings, New York, September 1994. Also, see Filippo Sabetti this issue.
8.
8. See my discussion of the problems of using path dependence as a metaphor in Margaret Levi, “The New Economic Institutionalism in the Analysis of Revolutions” (paper presented at Workshop on Revolutions, SCASSS, August 1995).
9.
9. Paul David, “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY,”American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 332-7; and W. Brian Arthur, “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events”, The Economic Journal 99 (March 1989): 116-31.
10.
10. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, 170.
11.
11. Ibid., 171.
12.
12. Comments during the Roundtable on Trust, American Political Science Association Meetings, Chicago, September 1995.
13.
13. Ibid., 171-4.
14.
14. Ibid., 174.
15.
15. Robert Sugden, The Economics of Rights, Co-operation, and Welfare (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
16.
16. Margaret Levi, “Trusting the State” (paper presented at Russell Sage Foundation/Russell Sage Workshop on “Trust and Social Structure,” Seattle, WA, September 1995).
17.
17. Neil Pinney and John Scholz, “Can Cognitive Consistency Cure Collective Dilemmas? Self-Interest Versus Duty to Pay Taxes,” working paper no. 28, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1992; John T. Scholz, “The Adaptive Compliance of Citizens: Tax Compliance as Contingent Consent” (Canberra, Australia: ANU, Administration, Compliance and Governability Working Paper No. 21, 1994).
18.
18. John Orbell and Robyn M. Dawes, “A `Cognitive Miser' Theory of Cooperators' Advantage,”American Political Science Review 85, no. 2 (June 1991): 515-28; Idem, “Social Welfare, Cooperators' Advantage, and the Option of Not Playing the Game,”American Sociological Review 58 (December 1993): 787-800.
19.
19. There are several versions of this argument. See, e.g., Valerie Braithwaite, “Games of Engagement: Postures within the Regulatory Community,” working paper no. 26, Administration, Compliance, & Governability Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 1995; Avner Greif, “Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies,”Journal of Political Economy 102, no. 5 (1994): 912-50; and Toshio Yamagishi and Midori Yamagishi, “Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan,”Motivation and Emotion 18, no. 2 (1994): 129-66. While both Greif and Yamagishi and Yamagishi rely on incentives and sanctions to account for trust or what Yamagishi and Yamagishi label commitment, Braithwaite relies more on a sense of shared identity.
20.
20. This is my argument in “Trusting the State”. On non-state institutions, see Paul R. Milgrom, Douglas C. North, and Barry R. Weingast, “The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Medieval Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs,”Economics and Politics 1 (1990): 1-23.
21.
21. There are numerous versions of this argument. Some rely on reputation, e.g., Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993); and Avner Greif, “Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders,”Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4 (December 1989): 857-82. Others focus on encapsulated self-interest, e.g., Russell Hardin, comments at the New York University/Russell Sage Foundation Workshop on Trust, New York, February 1995.
22.
22. Russell Hardin, “The Street Level Epistemology of Trust,”Politics & Society 21, no. 4 (December 1993): 505-29.
23.
23. David, “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY,” 36.
24.
24. Stephen Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: MacMillan, 1993).
25.
25. Ibid.
26.
26. Russell Hardin, One for All. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
27.
27. Although he discusses government actors in the empirical section (101-4), they pretty much disappear in the last chapter.
28.
28. A similar line of argument is pursued by Sidney Tarrow, “Making Social Science Work across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work,” American Political Science Review (forthcoming).
29.
29. Robert Putnam, “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life,”The American Prospect 13 (Spring 1993): 35-42; and Robert Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital,”Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (January 1995): 65-78.
30.
30. Fukuyama, Trust.
31.
31. Robert Putnam, “Bowling Alone”; Robert Putnam, “Bowling Alone, Revisited,”The Responsive Community (Spring 1995): 18-33.
32.
32. Yamagishi and Yamagishi, “Trust and Commitment in the United States and Japan.”
33.
33. See, e.g., Barry R. Weingast, “Constructing Trust: The Political and Economic Roots of Ethnic and Regional Violence” (paper presented at the University of Maryland/National Science Foundation Conference on Institutions, College Park, MD, October 1994); Barry R. Weingast, Institutions and Political Commitment: A New Political Economy of the American Civil War Era (forthcoming).
34.
34. Margaret Levi, The Contingencies of Consent (forthcoming).
35.
35. Douglass C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: Norton, 1981), 20.
36.
36. Greif, “Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society.”
37.
37. Putnam provides some corrective to this earlier position in “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America” (the Ithiel de Sola Pool Lecture, American Political Science Association Meetings, Chicago, September 1995).
38.
38. Talk at the Annual World Bank Conference, Washington, DC, May 1995.
39.
39. The Mafia is, of course, based on vertical interactions. It, however, relies on and produces distrust, not trust. See, especially, Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia.
40.
40. Fareed Zakaria, “Bigger than the Family, Smaller than the State: Are Voluntary Groups What Make Countries Work?”New York Times, 13 August 1995, pp. 1, 25.
41.
41. Elinor Ostrom, “Investing in Capital, Institutions, and Incentives,” in Institutions and Economic Development, ed. Christopher Clague (forthcoming). Also, see Hardin, One for All.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Volume 24, Issue 1
Pages: 45 - 55
Article first published: March 1996
Issue published: March 1996

Rights and permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Politics & Society.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 3353

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016

Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 397 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 390

  1. Unpacking the relevance of interpersonal trust in the blockchain era: ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Probabilistic justice against status defense: inequality, uncertainty,...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. The social regulation of inter-SME relations: Norms shaping SMEs relat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Public opinion on COVID‐19 pandemic in Bangladesh: Disruption to publi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Building social trust through education
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Getting Personal: the issues of trust and distrust in small and medium...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Social capital and polarization: The case of Polish think tanks
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Potentials and pitfalls of social capital ties to climate change adapt...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Economic inclusion and social trust in Africa: The positive effects of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. The dark side of social capital: a contextual perspective
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. Uses of Information Systems to Develop Trust in Family Firms
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. Determinants of Journalists’ Trust in Public Institutions: A Macro and...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Aid and social cohesion
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Unravelling the Concepts of Institutions and Entrepreneurial Networks
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. Introduction
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Community social capital and the health-related quality of life among ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Exploring the effects of traditional media, social media, and foreign ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. Trauma and Trust: How War Exposure Shapes Social and Institutional Tru...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. The Role of Self-Interest in Deliberation: A Theory of Deliberative Ca...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  20. Historical Border Changes, State Building, and Contemporary Trust in E...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. Perceptions of institutions and social capital accumulation: A social ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. eParticipation for Supporting Societal Participation Self-efficacy and...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. Speaking Acquaintances or Helpers in Need: Participation in Civic Asso...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. Exploring crisis governance: Quest for functional resilience during CO...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. Place matters: government capacity, community characteristics, and soc...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Exploring the role of network diversity and resources in relationship ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. Trust levels within categories of information and communication techno...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. Culture and tax avoidance: the case of Italy
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. Predictors and outcome of customer satisfaction: moderating effect of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  30. Experiences matter: A longitudinal study of individual-level sources o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Good Governance and Corruption in Latin America *
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. Introduction
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. Capital conception of estimating the impact of sport activity of the p...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Farmers and Social Innovations in Rural Development: Collaborative Arr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Pastoralists’ Herding Strategies and Camp Selection in the Local Commo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. Regional Social Capital and Economic Growth: Exploratory Evidence from...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Economic hardship and social capital in Europe: A comparative analysis...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. State, Civil Society, and Syrians in Turkey
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. PARA ALÉM DE PUTNAM Cultura, capital social e liberdades, no sul do Br...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. Toward an institutional perspective on social capital health intervent...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Assessing Democratic Engagement through Student Organizations
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. Social Capital and Disaster Resilience in the Ninth Ward
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. The Impact of Workplace Democracy on Social Capital: The Moderating Ef...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Individual-Level Evidence on the Causal Relationship Between Social Tr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Estudio sobre la corrupción en América Latina
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. Community self-governance: Prerequisites, functions, evaluation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Democracy in Ghana
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. Discrimination experience, family relations, and generalized trust in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. How Engaged are American Citizens, and What is Civic Engagement Anyway...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. A Causal Mechanism among Three Forms of Trust: A Comparative Case Stud...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Social capital, religion and small business activity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Social capital, citizen participation in public administration, and pu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. Ethnic Homogeneity and Community Policing: The Surprising Effects of S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. Ethnic Diversity and Generalized Trust: Testing the Contact Hypothesis...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. Cashable Value: Social Capital and Practical Habits in the Analysis of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. Home and away: volunteering among ultra-Orthodox men in Israel
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. Political science: Moral dialogues and our understanding of American p...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. Ending institutions: Rule enforcement in self-governance systems
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. Clarifying the concept of social capital through its three perspective...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. After and Beyond Amoral Familism: The Impact of the Economic Crisis on...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. Self-Selection or Socialization? The Longitudinal Relation Between Civ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. Une approche empirique du capital politique dans un réseau de gouverna...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. An Organization of the Theoretical Perspectives in the Field of Civic ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. Industrial pollution, spatial stigma and economic decline: the case of...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. Trust and Social Capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  66. Robert D. Putnam: Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. Ethnic Diversity and Social Capital in the Russian Context
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. Effects of Policy PR, Policy Tools, Policy Outputs, and Government Cap...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. Values and Corruption: Do Postmaterialists Justify Bribery?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Social Capital: Intuition, Precept, Concept and Theory
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  71. Theoretical Studies on Content Analysis and Empirical Research
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. Households’ experience of local government during recovery from cyclon...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  73. Divided Nation: The North-South Cleavage in Italian Tax Compliance
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  74. The Internet and the Commitment of Volunteers...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. Coping with Poverty through Internalization and Resistance...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  76. Social capital, institutional performance, and sustainability in Italy...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. The Origins of Political Trust in East Asian Democracies: Psychologica...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. The Linkage Between Political Trust and the Quality of Government: An ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  79. Global perspectives on volunteerism
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  80. Exploring Anti-Semitism in the Classroom: A Case Study Among Norwegian...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  81. Uma discussão sobre a possibilidade da criação institucional e sinergi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. SOCIAL CAPITAL AND PLACE OF CHARITABLE ASSISTANCE EXPENSES IN IT: OVER...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. Public Trust in Government in China and South Korea: Implications for ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Regional differences in political trust: Comparing the Vysocina and Us...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  85. Mediating effects of public trust in government on national competitiv...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Economic Development and Civic Engagement in Latin America...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  87. Trusting the State, Trusting Each Other? The Effect of Institutional T...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  88. Associations and Social Capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  89. Who Do You Trust?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  90. Introduction: Why this Book?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  91. Formal and Informal Social Capital in Germany: The Role of Institution...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  92. Social capital and willingness-to-pay for coastal defences in south-ea...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  93. Microcredit and political empowerment in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  94. Is trust in government a short-term strategic value or a long-term dem...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  95. The effect of uncertainty avoidance and social trust on supply chain c...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  96. Trust in adolescents: Specific trust, general trust, public trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  97. The impacts of social trust on open and closed B2B e-commerce: A Europ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  98. Como hacer funcionar la democracia: Capital social y tradiciones cívic...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  99. Social Capital and Subjective Happiness: Which Contexts Matter?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  100. The Interaction of Grassroots Communities and Local Authorities in Rus...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  101. What Drives Financial Reform? Economics and Politics of the State-Leve...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  102. The impact of poverty on the acquisition of social capital among stude...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  103. Social Capital and Socioeconomic Development in Rural China
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  104. Re-examining a modern classic: does Putnam's Making Demo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  105. Social participation and transnational engagement among Korean residen...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  106. Resilience for Whom? Emerging Critical Geographies of Socio‐ecological...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  107. Engajamento cívico e capital social: um modelo interativo para o efeit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  108. Voluntary Associations, Social Inequality, and Participatory Democracy...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  109. Local-level law enforcement: Muscovites and their uchastkovyy
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  110. Schools, social capital and space
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  111. Do Institutions or Culture Determine the Level of Social Trust? The Na...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  112. Corporatism and Social Trust: Bringing Voluntary Organizations ‘Back I...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  113. How does political trust affect social trust? An analysis of survey da...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  114. Urban regeneration and social capital in China: A case study of the Dr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  115. Store survival in online marketplace: An empirical investigation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  116. A Study on Influence Factors of Russian Civil Participation ― Focusing...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  117. Blaming the Government for Environmental Problems...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  118. Exploring the Relationship Between Social Capital and Individuals' Pol...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  119. Notes
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  120. Ethnic Giving Versus Mainstream Giving by Foreign-Born Korean Immigran...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  121. Social Capital and Internet Use: The Irrelevant, the Bad, and the Good
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  122. Economic inequality and its asymmetric effect on civic engagement: evi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  123. Social control and institutional trust: Reconsidering the effect of mo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  124. Ethnicity and Trust in National and International Institutions: Kurdis...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  125. Nationalism and the Cohesive Society...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  126. Where You Come From or Where You Live? Examining the Cultural and Inst...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  127. THE ELUSIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS AND CRIME: AN...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  128. Trust in Trade: Studying the Causal Role of Trust on Public Support fo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  129. Social Trust and Social Network in Iran
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  130. Social and Political Consequences of Administrative Corruption: A Stud...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  131. Internal versus External Social Capital and the Success of Community I...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  132. Homeownership and Social Trust in Neighbors
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  133. Living with nuclear power: Sense of place, proximity, and risk percept...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  134. Media Use and Political Engagement in Three New Democracies...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  135. The role of trust in the development of connectivities amongst rural e...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  136. Social Networking as a Development Tool: A Critical Reflection
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  137. Sponsoring Civil Society: State and Community Movement in Taiwan*
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  138. Beyond the Objectivist Conception of Civil Society: Social Actors, Civ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  139. Social Capital, Particularized Trust, and Political Confidence - A Stu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  140. Gender and the image evaluation of party spokesperson’s impact on vote...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  141. Spill‐Up and Spill‐Over of Trust: An Extended Test of Cultural and Ins...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  142. Patterns of Social Capital, Voluntary Activity, and Area Deprivation i...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  143. Capital social e dilema da ação coletiva
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  144. A Blessing and a Curse? Political Institutions in the Growth and Decay...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  145. Social Media and Online Political Communication: The Role of Interpers...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  146. Globalization: Civilizing or destructive? An empirical test of the int...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  147. Media Independence and Trust in NGOs...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  148. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND CORRUPTION IN 20 EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  149. Exploring the relationship between employment-based social capital, jo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  150. Generalizing Trust: How Outgroup-Trust Grows Beyond Ingroup-Trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  151. The contextual effects of social capital on health: A cross-national i...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  152. Social Capital Across European Countries: Individual and Aggregate Det...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  153. Making Civil Society Work: Models of Democracy and Their Impact on Civ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  154. Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  155. Bonding and Bridging Associational Social Capital and the Financial Pe...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  156. Individual Participation in Collective Action in the Context of a Cari...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  157. Does Fiscal Decentralisation Strengthen Social Capital? Cross-Country ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  158. Exhaustion and Exclusion in the African Village: The Non-State Social ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  159. Social capital and household solid waste management policies: a case s...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  160. Bibliography
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  161. Human geography and the institutions that underlie economic growth
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  162. Migration, Integration und Sport — Perspektiven auf zivilgesellschaftl...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  163. Sozialkapital als theoretische Fundierung relationaler Forschungsansät...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  164. Does Ethnic Diversity Erode Trust? Putnam’s ‘Hunkering Down’ Thesis Re...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  165. The Local Path to Sustainable Development: Social Capital in Naples
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  166. “Leaven” and “Yeast”: Social Capital and the Social Foundations of Dem...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  167. Symbiosis, re-use and evolution: administrators, politicians, citizens...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  168. Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence From Mex...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  169. Sources of Trust in Institutions in the Czech Republic
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  170. Racial and Ethnic Determinants of Interracial and Ethnic Trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  171. Re-thinking Putnam in Italy: The role of beliefs about democracy in sh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  172. Is nationalism left or right? Critical junctures in Québécois national...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  173. Sustainable development: Social outcomes of structural adjustments in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  174. The Rise and Routinization of Social Capital, 1988–2008
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  175. Environmental activation of citizens in the context of policy agenda f...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  176. The Revolution Will be Networked...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  177. How Do Religions Differ in Their Impact on Individuals’ Social Capital...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  178. Introduction: Civicness, Equality, and Democracy—A “Dark Side” of Soci...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  179. Voluntary Associations and Tolerance: An Ambiguous Relationship
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  180. Vergleichende Sozialkapitalforschung
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  181. Biometric Authentication and Authorization Infrastructures in Trusted ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  182. The Democratic Utility of Trust: A Cross-National Analysis
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  183. Unsocial Capital and Self-Rated Health: Contrasts Between Latinos and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  184. What People Make of Social Capital Online: An Empirical Study on the C...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  185. 8. Between family and market: urban informal workers’ networks and ide...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  186. The Nature of Trust in Virtual Entrepreneurial Networks
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  187. THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR THE ENVIRONM...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  188. The Evolution of Russia's Civil Society under Vladimir Putin: A Cause ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  189. Meaningful distinctions within a concept: Relational, collective, and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  190. STATES AS MOLDERS OF INFORMAL RELATIONS?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  191. Ideational Social Capital and the Civic Culture: Extricating Putnam’s ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  192. Social Capital in Emerging Democracies
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  193. Making Decentralization Work: A Cross-national Examination of Local Go...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  194. Membership in voluntary organizations and democratic performance: Euro...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  195. The impact of social trust on electronic interfirm cooperation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  196. Social Capital, Local Institutions, and Cooperation between Firms
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  197. Opposition and Integration in Norwegian Youth Networks...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  198. 청소년의 법적 신뢰감 형성 요인 분석
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  199. Where You Stand Depends Upon Where Your Grandparents Sat: The Inherita...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  200. The State and the Creation of an Environment for the Growing of Trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  201. From ‘Bricklaying’ to ‘ Bricolage ’: Trans...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  202. Are rural development programmes socially inclusive? Social inclusion,...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  203. Government intervention and the structure of social capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  204. Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank and the Nobel Peace Prize: What Political...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  205. Exchange Relationships in Inshore Fisheries 1
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  206. How to make head or tail of ‘bridging’ and ‘bonding’?: addressing the ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  207. Social Capital Put to the Test
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  208. Immigrants and Social Networks in a Job-Scarce Environment: The Case o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  209. The Rhetorical Capital of Theories: The Democratic Peace and the Road ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  210. Social Capital in Greece: Measurement and Comparative Perspectives
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  211. What Have We Learned About Generalized Trust, If Anything?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  212. An Individual-Level Study on the Components of Social Capital and Thei...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  213. Unravelling the dynamics and trends of social capital: Case of South K...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  214. Reconsidering the Effects of Bonding Social Capital: A Closer Look at ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  215. Social Capital and Physical Health
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  216. Models of Civil Society and Their Implications for the Northern Irelan...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  217. Tyranny and Democracy: Reflections on Some Recent Literature
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  218. School Choice and the Creation of Social Capital Reexamined
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  219. Social capital, environmental health and collective action: a Hamilton...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  220. When Is Social Trust a Desirable Outcome?...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  221. How Does Social Capital Grow? A Seven-Year Study of Villages in India
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  222. Four Wrongs Can Make a Right: From Stocks of Social Capital to Competi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  223. ‘Making democracy work’ in the eastern half of Europe: Explaining and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  224. Civic Culture and Public Service Failure: An Empirical Exploration
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  225. The Importance of Political Context for Understanding Civic Engagement...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  226. SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND CHANGING SCHOOL CONTEXTS: A SCOTT...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  227. Vicious Virtuous Circles: Barriers to Institution-Building after War
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  228. Political Support: Social Capital, Civil Society and Political and Eco...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  229. Explaining trust in political institutions: Some illustrations from th...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  230. Public Institutions, Overlapping Consensus and Trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  231. How Ethnic and Linguistic Heterogeneity Influence the Prospects for Ci...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  232. Integrated Deliberation: Reconciling Civil Society's Dual Role in Deli...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  233. Putting social capital in its place
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  234. Why Social Capital Subverts Institution Building in Risky Settings
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  235. US state- and county-level social capital in relation to obesity and p...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  236. Sport and Social Capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  237. Making Democracy Work More? Exploring the Linkage between Social Capit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  238. Governance and Social Capital in Urban Regeneration: A Comparison betw...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  239. Social Capital Theory, Television, and Participation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  240. Government-aided participation in planning Singapore
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  241. Local News Coverage in a Social Capital Capital: Election 2000 on Minn...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  242. The Empirics of Social Capital and Economic Development: A Critical Pe...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  243. Bowling the state back in: Political institutions and the creation of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  244. Sport, civil society and social integration: The case of Norwegian vol...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  245. To Trust an Adversary: Integrating Rational and Psychological Models o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  246. Ethnicity and Trust: Evidence from Russia
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  247. Social Traps and the Problem of Trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  248. Sub‐state nationalism and the left–right divide: critical junctures in...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  249. The Theory That Won't Die: From Mass Society to the Decline of Social ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  250. Social Capital and Corruption: Vote Buying and the Politics of Reform ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  251. Social capital, voluntary associations and collective action: Which as...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  252. Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or No...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  253. (Anti)Social Capital in the Production of an (UN)Civil Society in Paki...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  254. CITIZENSHIP AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  255. Family, friend or foe? Critical reflections on the relevance and role ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  256. The inequality of social capital and the reproduction of chronic pover...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  257. Making and Breaking Social Capital...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  258. Regime Type and Diffusion in Comparative Politics Methodology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  259. Sozialkapital als eine sinnvolle wissenschaftliche Metapher in der Soz...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  260. Introduction
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  261. Anthropology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  262. Area Studies/Asian Studies
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  263. Economics
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  264. Economics/Philosophy of Science
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  265. History
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  266. Political Science/Political Theory
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  267. Sociology and Economics
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  268. Sociology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  269. Philosophy and Critical Realism
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  270. Philosophy and Standpoint Theory
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  271. Economics and Critical Realism
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  272. Process and Temporality in Sociology
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  273. Psychoanalysis as Critique
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  274. Sociology of Science
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  275. Making Sense in and of Political Science
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  276. Being Undisciplined
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  277. Conclusion
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  278. References
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  279. All for All: Equality and Social Trust
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  280. Happiness and Life Satisfaction in Advanced European Countries
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  281. The normalizing role of rationalist assumptions in the institutional e...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  282. Making sense of social capital, health and policy
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  283. Trust in God and Trust in Man: The Ambivalent Role of Religion in Shap...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  284. Citizen Participation and the Neighborhood Context: A New Look at the ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  285. Social Capital 1
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  286. Social trust: individual and cross-national approaches
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  287. Zwischen Kultur und Kalkül? Vertrauen und Sozialkapital im Kontext der...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  288. Social Capital: A Missing Link to Disaster Recovery
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  289. Social capital and poverty of the wage‐labour class: problems with the...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  290. The role of religious networks and other factors in types of volunteer...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  291. Present and Absent in Troubling Ways: Families and Social Capital Deba...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  292. Breaking the Path of Institutional Development? Alternatives to the Ne...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  293. Selbstorganisation und Zivilgesellschaft. Soziale Assoziationen und po...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  294. Einleitung: Integration, Zivilgesellschaft und Sozialkapital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  295. Determinanten sozialen Vertrauens Ein international vergleichender The...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  296. Die dunklen Seiten der Zivilgesellschaft Grenzen einer zivilgesellscha...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  297. Sozialkapital, Netzwerke und Demokratie
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  298. Linking capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  299. Social Capital as a Useful Scientific Metaphor
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  300. Social Trust and Honesty in Government: A Causal Mechanisms Approach
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  301. SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION: IMMIGRANTS FROM THE FORMER SOVIET...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  302. What's the Civil in Civil Society? Robert Putnam, Italy and the Republ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  303. The Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in the Netherlands: Diverge...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  304. The Corrosive Effect of Acculturation: How Mexican Americans Lose Poli...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  305. Social capital and social exclusion in England and Wales (1972–1999)
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  306. The Effects of News and Entertainment on Interpersonal Trust: Politica...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  307. Capital social e confiança: questões de teoria e método
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  308. Social Capital in (Dis)Similar Democracies...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  309. When Trust Matters: Explaining Differences in Voter Turnout
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  310. Out of the shadows: exploring contemporary geographies of voluntarism
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  311. Associations and Democracy: Between Theories, Hopes, and Realities
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  312. TRUSTING THE TAX OFFICE: DOES PUTNAM'S THESIS RELATE TO TAX?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  313. Civic Engagement and Particularized Trust...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  314. Social Capital: Recent Debates and Research Trends
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  315. The importance of trust and community in developing and maintaining a ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  316. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  317. The onward sweep of social capital: causes and consequences for unders...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  318. Introduction: Social Capital in Scandinavia
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  319. Conceptual Problems as Obstacles to Progress in Political Science...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  320. The Role of Social Capital in Regional Technological Innovation: Seein...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  321. Conclusion: The Sources of Social Capital Reconsidered
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  322. The Sources of Social Capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  323. Voluntary Associations and Democratic Attitudes: Value Congruence as a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  324. Rain or Fog? An Empirical Examination of Social Capital’s Rainmaker Ef...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  325. Moving beyond individualism in leisure theory: a critical analysis of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  326. The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: a glue...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  327. Die Qualität von demokratischen Regimen. Zur Erklärung der politischen...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  328. Social Capital, Ethnicity and Support for Democracy in the Post-Commun...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  329. Enhancing Political Participation in Democracies...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  330. Social Capital and Political Sociology: Re-imagining Politics?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  331. Placing social capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  332. Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  333. Reforming the Economy without Society: Social and Institutional Constr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  334. Social Capital and Community Electronic Networks...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  335. Bürgergesellschaft und soziales Kapital. Die politische Leerstelle im ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  336. Das soziale Kapital der Schweiz: vergleichende Einschätzungen zu Aspek...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  337. Street Children in Moscow: Using and Creating Social Capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  338. Social Capital and Local Governance: Exploring the Institutional Desig...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  339. Putnam und Bourdieu und das soziale Kapital in Deutschland
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  340. Environmental risk and (re)action: air quality, health, and civic invo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  341. Moving from the Stock of Social Capital to the Flow of Benefits: The R...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  342. Young people’s explanations and experiences of social exclusion: retri...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  343. Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  344. What Comes Around Goes Around: Teaching For and About Social and Human...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  345. What Are the Origins of Political Trust?...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  346. Social Capital and the Environment
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  347. Creating Social Capital in Russia: The Novgorod Model
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  348. Zur Bedeutung von sozialem Kapital bei städtischer Bürgerbeteiligung: ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  349. Soziales Kapital und wirtschaftliches Wachstum: ‚Vertrauen‘ als Determ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  350. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  351. Civil Society, Public Spheres, and Democratic Deliberation
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  352. Social Capital and Economic Growth: A County-Level Analysis
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  353. Bringing Putnam to the European Regions...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  354. Social Capital and Urban Governance: Adding a More Contextualized ‘Top...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  355. Typology Of Volunteers For A Changing Sociopolitical Context: The Impa...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  356. A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  357. Development Economics: An Institutional Bastion
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  358. Economic Growth and Social Capital
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  359. ‘New governance’ in the European union: A cross‐disciplinary compariso...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  360. Social Capital and Grassroots Development: The Case of Roma Self-Gover...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  361. Personality Strength and Social Capital...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  362. Trust, Networks and Norms: The Creation of Social Capital in Agricultu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  363. Participatory development and empowerment: The dangers of localism
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  364. Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflectio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  365. Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflectio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  366. Soziales Kapital und Lokale Agenda 21. Lokale umweltpolitische Initiat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  367. Bürgerschaftliches Engagement — Formen, Bedingungen, Perspektiven
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  368. Literaturverzeichnis
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  369. Uses of Social Capital in Russia: Modern, Pre-modern, and Anti-modern
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  370. Social capital, British social democracy and new labour
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  371. Conceptualising Social Capital in Relation to the Well-Being of Childr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  372. A model of social capital and access to productive resources
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  373. Truth, trust and market transactions: What do we know?
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  374. The Everyday Maker: A New Challenge to Democratic Governance
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  375. Political participation and political trust in Amsterdam: Civic commun...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  376. The Political Geography of Civic Engagement in Ukraine
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  377. Civic Association and Democratic Participation in Central America...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  378. Three Views of Associationalism in 19th‐Century America: An Empirical ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  379. Assoziationen und Interessenrepräsentation in neuen Demokratien
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  380. The UnCivic Culture: Communication, Identity, and the Rise of Lifestyl...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  381. Social capital, institutional learning and European regional policy: E...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  382. SOCIAL CAPITAL AND POLITICS
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  383. Civil society, social capital and the Twelve Step group
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  384. Social capital in civic and stressful societies
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  385. Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  386. Civil Society and Political Institutionalization
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  387. Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflectio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  388. Vergleichende Sozialkapitalforschung
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  389. Robert D. Putnam in Zusammenarbeit mit Robert Leonardi und Raffaella Y...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  390. Bibliographie
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Subscribe to this journal

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

Start 2 week free trial
Need help?

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub
Download PDF

Also from Sage